Showing papers by "University of Portsmouth published in 1994"
TL;DR: The distribution of core histone acetylation across the chicken beta‐globin locus has been mapped in 15 day chicken embryo erythrocytes by immunoprecipitation of mononucleosomes with an antibody recognizing acetylated histones, followed by hybridization probing at several points in the locus.
Abstract: The distribution of core histone acetylation across the chicken beta-globin locus has been mapped in 15 day chicken embryo erythrocytes by immunoprecipitation of mononucleosomes with an antibody recognizing acetylated histones, followed by hybridization probing at several points in the locus. A continuum of acetylation was observed, covering both genes and intergenic regions. Using the same probes, the generalized sensitivity to DNase I was mapped by monitoring the disappearance of intact genomic restriction fragments from Southern transfers. Close correspondence between the 33 kb of sensitive chromatin and the extent of acetylation indicates that one role of the modification could be the generation and/or maintenance of the open conformation. The precision of acetylation mapping makes it a possible approach to the definition of chromosomal domain boundaries.
540 citations
TL;DR: The author discusses the relevance of phenomenology for nursing, and concludes that, as a research method within the qualitative paradigm, it has a great deal to offer nursing as a humanistic discipline.
Abstract: Nursing today, with its individualistic approach to care, shares many of its underlying beliefs and values with the school of philosophical thought known as phenomenology. The research method derived from phenomenology considers that the true meaning of phenomena can only be explored through the experience of them as described by the individual. This paper explores the features of phenomenology as a research method in relation to its relevance for nursing by first discussing the philosophical underpinnings of the method, and then proceeding to an examination of the features of the method with relation to research design, and data analysis. The specific issues of validity and generalizability are developed further, with reference to the criticisms levelled at the phenomenological method from the alternative quantitative paradigm. Finally, the author discusses the relevance of phenomenology for nursing, and concludes that, as a research method within the qualitative paradigm, it has a great deal to offer nursing as a humanistic discipline.
304 citations
TL;DR: In this article, various methods which have been used to measure the strength of attachment of both micro-and macrofouling to surfaces were outlined and results presented for substrata with a range of surface energies.
239 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a volume of collected papers, with the accompanying essays by the editors, is the definitive source book for the work of Albert Michotte, a Belgian experimental psychologist who has played an important role in much research on the development of perception.
Abstract: This volume of collected papers, with the accompanying essays by the editors, is the definitive source book for the work of this important experimental psychologist. Originally published in 1991, it offered previously inaccessible essays by Albert Michotte on phenomenal causality, phenomenal permanence, phenomenal reality, and perception and cognition. Within these four sections are the most significant and representative of the Belgian psychologist's research in the area of experimental phenomenology. Extremely insightful introductions by the editors are included that place the essays in context. Michotte's ideas have played an important role in much research on the development of perception, and his work on social perception continues to be influential in social psychology. The book also includes some lesser-known aspects of his work that are equally important; for example, a remarkable set of articles on pictorial analysis.
216 citations
TL;DR: In this article, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the electrochemistry of l -cystine reduction and l-cysteine oxidation are reviewed both mercury and a range of solid electrodes are considered.
190 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that whilst an operational definition of the concept of 'expert' is unlikely to be found, because of the problems of definition and measurement, it is possible, through various strategies, to recognize expert practice and use it to further develop nursing.
Abstract: The concept 'expert' has become common in the nursing literature since Benner's (1984) work more than a decade ago. Whilst the term has a common meaning, it is apparent that when used in nursing it refers to a multitude of attributes and lacks clear definition. This paper uses the strategy for concept analysis developed by Walker & Avant (1988) to seek an operational definition for the concept of 'expert', and suggests the defining attributes of: possession of a specialized body of knowledge and skill; extensive experience in a field of practice; highly developed levels of pattern recognition, and acknowledgement by others. These are discussed in relation to nursing practice and the circumstances under which the concept is used. Development of cases is carried out to exemplify the concept, and the antecedents and consequences of the attributes are discussed, suggesting that the concept lacks clarity, both in conceptualization, and in use. A first definition of the concept is posed to open debate concerning the relevance of the term for the future. The conclusions reached suggest that whilst an operational definition is unlikely to be found, because of the problems of definition and measurement, it is possible, through various strategies, to recognize expert practice and use it to further develop nursing. Furthermore, it is likely to become increasingly important to recognize and reward expert practitioners, given the political and economic constraints in health care today.
149 citations
TL;DR: Inquiry into the determinants of risk-related sexual behavior is important for the development of interventions to reduce the incidence of new cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Abstract: Inquiry into the determinants of risk-related sexual behavior is important for the development of interventions to reduce the incidence of new cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Recent social and behavioral research has revealed much about the individual and social factors influencing risk-taking. Findings from these studies have been important in the development of new educational and community-based interventions for communities at risk in the developed and developing worlds.
129 citations
121 citations
TL;DR: Recognition that gay men rape other gay men is needed, both by the gay community and support services for victims.
Abstract: Incidents of nonconsensual sexual activity among 930 homosexually active men living in England and Wales are analyzed. Of these men, 27.6% said they had been sexually assaulted or had sex against their will at some point in their lives; one third had been forced into sexual activity (usually anal intercourse) by men with whom they had previously had, or were currently having, consensual sexual activity. The contention that male rape is usually committed by heterosexually identified men, primarily as an expression of power and control, is not supported. Recognition that gay men rape other gay men is needed, both by the gay community and support services for victims.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an armed robbery was staged and information was elicited in witness interviews, and a qualitative analysis of interviewer behaviour showed that many officers had difficulty in applying the new cognitive techniques and in avoiding the use of closed and leading questions.
Abstract: The effectiveness of the cognitive interview (CI) technique has been demonstrated in experimental studies of eyewitness memory conducted in the USA, Germany, and the UK. Much of the research, however, has used college students as interviewers rather than professionals who regularly interview witnesses (e.g. police officers). The aim of this research was to examine the effects of such CI training using experienced police officers with established interviewing styles. An armed robbery was staged and information was elicited in witness interviews. The CI did not significantly increase correct recall but tended to produce more suppositions and errors. A qualitative analysis of interviewer behaviour showed that many officers had difficulty in applying the new cognitive techniques and in avoiding the use of closed and leading questions. The paper addresses two issues: first, that of training experienced police officers who have received relatively little prior training in investigative interviewing, and second, the extent to which we can generalize from the laboratory data elicited in previous studies of CI.
112 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that deception detection is easier under certain circumstances than under others, that is, spontaneous interviews are more detectable than planned interviews, and the presence of comparison with a baseline facilitates the detection of deception.
Abstract: Previous research shows that observers are hardly able to detect deception above the level of chance. The literature reveals several suggestions on how to improve the detection of deception. In this experiment the impact of four suggestions was tested. According to two suggestions the accuracy rate will improve if observers are provided with relevant information, such as (1) information about indicators of deception, or (2) outcome feedback. The two other suggestions emphasize that detecting deception is easier under certain circumstances than under others, that is, (3) spontaneous interviews are more detectable than planned interviews, and (4) the presence of comparison with a baseline facilitates the detection of deception. In the present experiment 360 police detectives assessed subjects' veracity on the basis of short videotaped interviews. Detectives watched the clips in one of 12 conditions formed by the crossing of four levels of setting (one spontaneous interview/one planned interview/two interviews-total image/two interviews-hands only) with three levels of information (no information/information about objective indicators of deception/information about objective indicators of deception plus feedback). Results revealed that information improved detection of deception, but only in the planned interview condition and the two interviews-hands only condition.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The observations presented here suggest that GATA-2 activation occurs by default in the absence of signals, that the restriction of its expression within the early embryo is controlled by negative signals emanating from the Nieuwkoop centre and the organiser, and that noggin and activin-like molecules play a role in these signalling pathways.
Abstract: To increase our understanding of haematopoiesis during early vertebrate development, we have studied the expression pattern of the transcription factor GATA-2 in Xenopus embryos, and asked how this is regulated. We show that the blood island precursors of the ventral mesoderm express GATA-2 RNA at neural tube stages, some 5 hours before globin RNA is detected in their derivatives. Prior to this however, GATA-2 is expressed much more widely within the embryo. Maternal transcripts are uniformly distributed, and zygotic transcription is activated during gastrulation throughout ventral and lateral regions of the embryo, with expression highest in the sensorial ectoderm and only weak in the ventral mesoderm. The domain of GATA-2 expression in neurulae outlines the region of the neural plate and suggests a possible wider role in dorsoventral patterning. To identify the signals involved in regulating this pattern of expression, we performed experiments with embryo explants. GATA-2 is activated autonomously in isolated animal caps and this activation is suppressed by the mesoderm-inducing factor activin, but not by FGF. Thus, the down-regulation of GATA-2 observed in the region of the Spemann organiser may be a response to an activin-like signal emanating from the dorsal-vegetal region or Nieuwkoop centre. GATA-2 activation in animal caps and ventral marginal zones was suppressed by co-culturing with dorsal marginal zones, suggesting that a signal from the Spemann organiser is involved in suppression of GATA-2 in the dorsal region of the embryo. Expression of a candidate for this signal, noggin, had the same effect. Taken together, the observations presented here suggest that GATA-2 activation occurs by default in the absence of signals, that the restriction of its expression within the early embryo is controlled by negative signals emanating from the Nieuwkoop centre and the organiser, and that noggin and activin-like molecules play a role in these signalling pathways.
TL;DR: The authors found that people travelling on a suburban railway significantly avoided sitting next to someone who appeared to have a facial port-wine stain and concluded that facially disfigured people's accounts of avoidant behaviour towards them are probably the results of correct perceptions.
Abstract: Most psychological research on the social effects of facial appearance has compared ‘normal’ with attractive faces whereas little work has been concerned with the possible differences in reactions to disfigured and ‘normal’ faces. Yet many cranio-facial surgeons wish to know whether their disfigured patients are reporting reality when they complain that members of the public avoid or react negatively to them. This study finds that people travelling on a suburban railway significantly avoided sitting next to someone who appeared to have a facial port-wine stain. It is concluded that facially disfigured people's accounts of avoidant behaviour towards them are probably the results of correct perceptions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the meaning of "dignity" was explored and a concept analysis was carried out by examining personal definitions of dignity contributed by students of DipHE Nursing courses, a literature review, and discussion with other professionals.
Abstract: Dignity is recognized as being important to maintain, but what is it, and is it the same for each person? The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of dignity, to clarify the concept in order to benefit clients, and to forward knowledge in nursing. The concept analysis was carried out by examining personal definitions of dignity contributed by students of DipHE Nursing courses, a literature review, and discussion with other professionals. The concept analysis contains a review of definitions, postulates critical attributes, offers case examples, and suggests related cases and antecedents. It is not intended to be conclusive, but to provide a catalyst for further thought and exploration.
TL;DR: This result confirms that template-directed approaches are useful for the design of linked DNA-interactive PBD dimers with viable DNA cross-linking potential and supports recent covalent footprinting studies revealing that this PBDdimer shows a selectivity for embedded base sequences of the type 5'-(pu/py)GATC(py/pu).
Abstract: The structure of the interstrand cross-linked adduct formed between a C8-C8'-linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer (DSB-120; 1,1'-(propane-1,3-diyldioxy)bis[(11aS)-7-methoxy-1,2,3,11a-t etrahydro-5H- pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepin-5-one]) and a self-complementary d(CICGATCICG)2 duplex has been determined from high-field 1D- and 2D-NMR data using a simulated annealing procedure. The refined structure supports earlier observations from solution NMR experiments and indicates that the covalently bound molecule spans six DNA base pairs in the minor groove, forming a symmetric cross-link between the spatially separated internal guanines and with active recognition of an embedded 5'-GATC bonding site. This result confirms that template-directed approaches are useful for the design of linked DNA-interactive PBD dimers with viable DNA cross-linking potential. Further, head-to-head connection of the PBD moieties results in an overall retention of 5'-GA bonding site preference for each alkylating PBD subunit. Structural analysis indicates that cross-link formation results in a localized perturbation of the DNA duplex, attributable in part to a mutual reduction in dynamic mobility or "covalent clamping" within the Gua4-Cyt7 base tract. However, ligand-induced distortion is confined to the Cyt7 and Ino8 residues on each strand. The Gua(N2)-Gua(N2) cross-link is stabilized by two directed H-bonds from the formed animal residues to N3 acceptor atoms of adenine bases on the 3'-side of each covalently modified guanine. Evidence for sequence-specific cross-linking with DSB-120 is provided by extended modeling studies which suggest that recognition of the favored d(.GATC.) motif is dominated by van der Waals steric factors, although electrostatic and H-bonded interaction terms also play a key role. This conclusion supports recent covalent footprinting studies revealing that this PBD dimer shows a selectivity for embedded base sequences of the type 5'-(pu/py)GATC(py/pu).
TL;DR: In this article, a FMO1-LC parallel plate, laboratory electrochemical reactor has been modified by the incorporation of stationary, flow-by, three-dimensional electrodes which fill an electrolyte compartment.
Abstract: A FMO1-LC parallel plate, laboratory electrochemical reactor has been modified by the incorporation of stationary, flow-by, three-dimensional electrodes which fill an electrolyte compartment The performance of several electrode configurations including stacked nets, stacked expanded metal grids and a metal foam (all nickel) is compared by (i) determining the limiting currents for a mass transport controlled reaction, the reduction of ferricyanide in 1 m KOH and (ii) measuring the limiting currents for a kinetically controlled reaction, the oxidation of alcohols in aqueous base It is shown that the combination of the data may be used to estimate the mass transfer coefficient, κL, and the specific electrode area, Ae, separately It is also confirmed that the use of three dimensional electrodes leads to an increase in cell current by a factor up to one hundred Finally, it is also shown that the FM01-LC reactor fitted with a nickel foam anode allows a convenient laboratory conversion of alcohols to carboxylic acids; these reactions are of synthetic interest but their application has previously been restricted by the low rate of conversion at planar nickel anodes
TL;DR: This article investigated the advantage of the cognitive interview over standard interview procedures and found that 60% more correct information was recalled by interviewees when interviewed using cognitive interviews than did those interviewed using standard interviews.
Abstract: The cognitive interview is a technique which has been developed by Geiselman and Fisher to help police officers interrogating witnesses. Previous research has shown the advantage of the cognitive interview over standard interview procedures. Reports generated with this interview technique comprise an average of 35% more correct information while the amount of incorrect information is usually unaffected. In previous studies, the number of correct and in correct details was counted directly from the transcriptions of the interviewee statements. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the novel idea of whether there would also be an advantage of the cognitive interview when the written accounts/protocols of the interviewers were used to analyse the amount of correct and incorrect information they produced. Interviewes saw a video film showing a blood donation event. One week later they were questioned about the film using either a cognitive or a standard interview. The interviewers prepared from their memory written accounts/protocols of the event. The number of correct, false, and confabulated details was counted from these protocols and from the tape recordings of the interviews. There sults showed when interviewed using the cognitive interview the interviewees recalled, as hypothesized, about 60% more correct information than did those interviewed using standard interviews. This advantage of the cognitive interview was preserved in the interviewer accounts/protocols where about 50% more correct facts were recalled by the interviewers.
TL;DR: For these groups and this methodology, parental language training is as effective as individual speech and language therapy and the effectiveness of the parental involvement approach cannot be accounted for by non-specific factors.
Abstract: Mothers of children randomly allocated to an experimental group attended fortnightly group parental language training sessions, over a 6-month period. Mothers of children allocated to a matched no ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of temperature on police officers' tension, perception, and behaviour in police-offender interactions was investigated, and it was hypothesized that increased temperature results in increased tension, negative impression of the offender, and aggressive behavior.
Abstract: The impact of temperature on police officers' tension, perception, and behaviour in police—offender interactions was investigated. It was hypothesized that increased temperature results in: (1) increased tension; (2) a negative impression of the offender; and (3) aggressive behaviour. The findings confirmed these hypotheses. Finally, some implications of the results are discussed.
TL;DR: The model suggests a more general scheme for the imposition of pseudo-dyad symmetry on protein subunits that have internal repeats by making equivalent contacts with additional subunits.
TL;DR: It is suggested that a mucocoadhesive dosage form capable of rapidly forming strong interactions with the mucosal surface, but only allowing limited hydration to form a rigid gel, would be the ideal candidate for stable long term mucoadhesion.
TL;DR: A model for the DNA binding of HMG boxes in which the N‐terminal residues and part of helix 1 contact the minor groove on the outside of a bent DNA duplex is suggested.
Abstract: To establish the basis of sequence-specific DNA recognition by HMG boxes we separately transferred the minor and major wings from the sequence-specific HMG box of TCF1 alpha into their equivalent position in the non-sequence-specific box 2 of HMG1. Thus chimera THT1 contains the minor wing (of 11 N-terminal and 25 C-terminal residues) from the HMG box of TCF1 alpha and the major wing (the 45 residue central section) from HMG1 box 2, whilst the situation is reversed in chimera HTH1. The structural integrity of the two chimeric proteins was established by CD, NMR and their binding to four-way junction DNA. Gel retardation and circular permutation assays showed that only chimera THT1, containing the TCF1 alpha minor wing, formed a sequence-specific complex and bent the DNA. The bend angle was estimated to be 59 degrees for chimera THT1 and 52 degrees for the HMG box of TCF1 alpha. Our results, in combination with mutagenesis and other data, suggests a model for the DNA binding of HMG boxes in which the N-terminal residues and part of helix 1 contact the minor groove on the outside of a bent DNA duplex.
TL;DR: The conformational stresses induced on the duplex by DSB-120 appear to make the region of covalent attachment more accessible to solvent than is the case for tomaymycin, and the strategies for template-directed DNA cross-linker design are assessed.
Abstract: The interstrand cross-linked DSB-120-d(CICG*ATCICG)2 DNA adduct (*indicates covalently modified guanine) was examined by two-dimensional NMR and compared to the bis-tomaymycin adduct on the same oligomer Tomaymycin and DSB-120 form self-complementary adducts with the d(CICGATCICG)2 duplex sequence in which the covalent linkage sites occur between C11 of either drug and the exocyclic 2-amino group of the single reactive guanine on each strand of d(CICGATCICG)2 In the case of DSB-120, this is evidence for the formation of a guanine--guanine DNA interstrand cross-link Both drugs show formation of an S stereo-chemistry at the covalent linkage site with an associated 3' orientation While the majority of DNA in these adducts appears to be B-form, DSB-120 interstrand cross-linking induces atypical properties in the 8I nucleotide, indicated by broadening of the 8IH2 proton resonance, non-C2' endo sugar geometry, and unusually weak internucleotide NOE connectivity to the 7C nucleotide Tomaymycin does not produce this regional dislocation For tomaymycin, while there are strong NOE connectivities from protons on the five-membered ring to the 8IH2 proton on the floor of the minor groove, the equivalent internucleotide connectivities in DSB-120 are weaker This indicates that the tomaymycin tail is close to the floor of the minor groove, while the five-membered ring of DSB-120 is more shallowly immersed, perhaps due to strain from cross-linking with a very short linker unit Last, the conformational stresses induced on the duplex by DSB-120 appear to make the region of covalent attachment more accessible to solvent than is the case for tomaymycin The 4GN2Hb resonance appears in 100% D2O on the tomaymycin adduct but is only observed in 90% H2O/10% D2O for the DSB-120 adduct On the basis of these results, the strategies for template-directed DNA cross-linker design are assessed
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine stainless steel surfaces with biofilms formed by pure and mixed cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the sulphate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas and a consortium isolated from a corroding, cast iron pipe carrying potable water.
TL;DR: In this article, a high speed, wideband channel probe is briefly described and the use of the probe on an experimental 158 km link across the English Channel is reported, and preliminary results depicting the time-variant and frequency-selective characteristics of the link are presented.
Abstract: A high speed, wideband channel probe is briefly described. The use of the probe on an experimental 158 km link across the English Channel is reported. Preliminary results depicting the time-variant and frequency-selective characteristics of the link are presented.
TL;DR: The statistical process control (SPC) is used to monitor production processes in order to prevent the production of waste and improve the quality of future output as discussed by the authors. The emphasis is on the prevention of problems before they occur instead of simply revealing and correcting past mistakes.
Abstract: The techniques of statistical process control (SPC) are designed to monitor production processes in order to prevent the production of waste and improve the quality of future output. The emphasis is on the prevention of problems before they occur instead of simply revealing and correcting past mistakes. SPC is now increasingly used for service processes as well as the manufacturing processes for which it was originally developed. This raises the question of whether the same benefits can be achieved, and whether the techniques need to be refined in any way, if they are to be equally useful in the service arena. Looks at a number of examples of the application of SPC techniques to service processes. Argues that there are features of many service processes which have implications for the way SPC should be applied. Proposes a set of guidelines for systems for the statistical monitoring of service processes. Argues that standard SPC techniques can yield substantial benefits for service processes, provided that...
TL;DR: Differences between SRB species in their aggressiveness towards mild steel under identical growth conditions are revealed, emphasising the importance of biochemistry and physiology of SRB for the biocorrosion process.
TL;DR: In this article, the major sources of dilute, metal ion liquors are identified within the metals production/processing and chemical industries and the developing role of electrochemical techniques is discussed.
Abstract: The major sources of dilute, metal ion liquors are identified within the metals production/processing and chemical industries. Problems associated with traditional methods of metal ion removal are highlighted and the developing role of electrochemical techniques is discussed. Electrode and cell reactions are illustrated via typical examples from laboratory and industrial practice. The need to select an appropriate cell design and to control the reaction conditions is emphasised via consideration of the problems caused by secondary reactions. Important design criteria for electrochemical reactors are summarised. Available reactors are classified according to the nature of the product which may be metal flake or powder, a metal deposited onto a disposable substrate, a metal ion concentrate or an insoluble metal compound. The applications for electrochemical techniques in environmental treatment are illustrated by examples which show features of reactor construction and their typical performance. Current trends are summarised and recommendations are made for further work in critical areas.
TL;DR: The Jersey island Offshore Finance Center (OFC) model may be used for other small island economies (SIEs) wishing to exploit offshore finance as a development option as mentioned in this paper, and the benefits of hosting an OFC outweigh the costs, and the increasing global offshore market indicates potential income generation for some OFCs located near the emerging supraregional blocs.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the geometric consequences for dust universes of isotropies within the set of idealized galactic observations, including area distance, number counts, proper motions and image distortion.
Abstract: We investigate the geometric consequences for dust universes of isotropies within the set of idealized galactic observations---area distance, number counts, proper motions and image distortion. Anisotropy in the Hubble parameter is shown to indicate non-zero proper motions. If the proper motions and distortion are assumed to be zero (semi-isotropic observations), then the vorticity vanishes, the Hubble and deceleration parameters are isotropic, and Einstein's equations strongly constrain the area distance and the number counts. These constraints allow limited anisotropy, and in principle they provide indirect tests for the presence of proper motions and distortion. If, further, we assume isotropy of the area distance and number counts (isotropic observations), then we prove that Einstein's equations force the spacetime geometry to be isotropic. With the Copernican principle, this leads to an observational proof of the standard FLRW model.