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Showing papers by "University of Queensland published in 1973"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A general theory of political party structure is expounded in this article, which covers most parties operating where open, organized, electoral competition is institutionalized, and in that it offers description and explanation.
Abstract: A GENERAL theory of political party structure is expounded below. The theory is general in that it covers most parties operating where open, organized, electoral competition is institutionalized, and in that it offers description and explanation. The theory is not general, however, in coverage of party structure. Its primary concern is hierarchical contrasts in substantive opinions. It deals with contrasting opinions not about basic values or extant conditions but about immediate policy alternatives, and with contrasts not in the clarity or intensity of such preferences but in their content. Summarily, our concern is with degrees of attitudinal congruence on substantive issues between echelons of co-partisans as well as between various echelons and public opinion at large. I shall first identify some opinion structures that can be imagined in view of premises to be specified. This culminates in the definition of a configuration that, in its two basic variants and with further variation in degree, is nominated as the most plausible approximation of reality. Subsequent sections will consider evidence of the configuration’s descriptive validity and causes of its ubiquity.

352 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

341 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple visualization technique which provides explanations of some of the measured results is described, and it is concluded that splitter planes reduce the drag markedly by stabilizing the separation points and produce a wake narrower than that for a plain cylinder, raise the base pressure by as much as 50% and affect the Strouhal number to a lesser degree.
Abstract: Experiments were carried out using models having L/D [les ] 2 and the resulting pressure distributions and vortex shedding characteristics are presented. A simple visualization technique which provides explanations of some of the measured results is described. It is concluded that splitter planes reduce the drag markedly by stabilizing the separation points and produce a wake narrower than that for a plain cylinder, raise the base pressure by as much as 50% and affect the Strouhal number to a lesser degree. Careful measurement techniques have enabled these effects to be presented accurately.

280 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that apoptosis can be triggered and inhibited in a differentiated adult tissue by hormones normally present in the blood, and suggest that the control of cell deletion might play just as important a role in the homeostasis of cell populations as does theControl of mitosis.
Abstract: Extensive loss of epithelial cells as a result of enhanced apoptosis was found to play a major role in castration-induced involution of the rat ventral prostate, the ultrastructural features of the phenomenon being essentially the same as those described in other tissues under both physiological and pathological conditions. Affected cells condensed and fragmented to produce membrane-bounded apoptotic bodies with morphologically intact organelles. These were either extruded into acinar lumina, where they underwent a change resembling coagulative necrosis, or were ingested by viable cells, to be rapidly degraded within phagolysosomes. The majority of the bodies were disposed of by macrophage-like cells found scattered along the basal part of the acinar lining, but some were taken up by epithelial cells. Whilst the participation of autophagy in the genesis of diffuse atrophy of remaining viable epithelial cells was confirmed, it should be stressed that the distinction between autophagic vacuoles and apoptotic bodies within heterophagosomes in epithelial cells is sometimes difficult to make. A low basal rate of ultrastructurally typical apoptosis was observed in the prostates of normal rats, and this was moderately augmented by estradiol administration. Exogenous testosterone prevented both atrophy of epithelial cells and enhancement of apoptosis after orchidectomy. However the dose used did not completely suppress apoptosis. The results indicate that apoptosis can be triggered and inhibited in a differentiated adult tissue by hormones normally present in the blood, and suggest that the control of cell deletion might play just as important a role in the homeostasis of cell populations as does the control of mitosis.

227 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Community-structure statistics (species diversity, species richness and evenness) showed definite spatial and temporal patterns and an analysis of numerically dominant species in the different associations indicated the relative importance of ubiquitous species and seasonally abundant species.
Abstract: Benthic macrofauna was sampled by grab at 16 stations in Hampton Roads and the adjacent Elizabeth River, Virginia, USA. Samples were taken in February, May and August. Sampling sites and species were grouped by a classification strategy which basically consisted of the Canberra metric dissimilarity-measure and flexible and group average clustering. Following reallocations, 8 site groups and 16 species groups instructively classified the 47 sites and 93 species considered in the analysis. The sites were grouped into “associations” on mud, muddy-sand and sand-bottom, and those in the Elizabeth River. Species groupings distinguished a few species most frequent at Elizabeth River or mud and muddy-sand sites, larger numbers of species restricted to muddy-sand and sand or solely to sand sites, ubiquitous species, epifaunal species which were microhabitat-restricted, and seasonal species. An analysis of numerically dominant species in the different associations indicated the relative importance of ubiquitous species and seasonally abundant species. Community-structure statistics (species diversity, species richness and evenness) showed definite spatial and temporal patterns. Diversity was high at sand and muddy-sand sites and low at mud and Elizabeth River sites. This spatial pattern was predominantly one of species richness. At Elizabeth River and mud stations, diversity increased from February to August because of increased evenness, while at sand and muddy-sand stations, diversity peaked in May in response to both high species richness and high evenness. The applicability of “community concepts”, the causes of substrate specificity, seasonality and species diversity, and the effects of pollution on community structure are discussed.

162 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
29 Jun 1973-Nature
TL;DR: It is suggested that, in rats differentially reared from weaning, the induced differences in brain weight reach a maximum during the first 30 d of separation, after which they decrease, but the evidence for this biphasic response has been based on relatively short periods of differential rearing.
Abstract: ANIMALS that have been exposed to environmental stimulation develop marked differences in brain structure and biochemistry when compared with animals that have not been exposed in this way1–4. Factors influencing the magnitude of these changes are the duration of rearing and the age of the animals when the environmental separation takes place. Most studies have focused on young animals because the brain is thought to be more plastic at this stage. As a result, temporal analyses of the induced changes have usually been limited to fairly short periods of environmental exposure early in the animal's life. Rosenzweig et al.3 have suggested that, in rats differentially reared from weaning, the induced differences in brain weight reach a maximum during the first 30 d of separation, after which they decrease. But the evidence for this biphasic response has been based on relatively short periods of differential rearing (15–160 d).

142 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1973-Toxicon
TL;DR: Epidermal secretory cells of fishes are of two types, one type elaborating proteinaceous material and the other type secreting mucus, which causes crinotoxic and venomous fishes to adopt a sedentary or station-keeping mode of life.

120 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that, contrary to previous observations reported in the literature, both fish and zooplankton were able to digest and assimilate blue-green algae.
Abstract: The fauna of Lake George is dominated by herbivores, in particular the fish Tilapia nilotica and Haplochromis nigripinnis, and the cyclopoid copepod Thermocyclops hyalinus Digestion, and the assimilation of carbon from algae, by these herbivores were studied in detail It was found that, contrary to previous observations reported in the literature, both fish and zooplankton were able to digest and assimilate blue-green algae The diurnal feeding patterns of the herbivores were examined, and methods devised for assessing, in terms of carbon, the daily ingestion of algae Hence, using biomass data, the total amount grazed by the herbivores was calculated Estimates of carbon requirements at other trophic levels were made, as was an assessment of the required level of net production by the algae for comparison with figures for standing crop and net algal production measured by other means Food selection by secondary and tertiary producers is discussed, and in several species age correlated changes in selectivity were examined Both the major herbivorous species of fish adopt phytoplankton feeding after a period of carnivorous or omnivorous feeding as fry Thermocyclops hyalinus is herbivorous all its life, but the size of particle taken changes with age There are more species of carnivorous than herbivorous fish and these exploit a wider variety of food sources; the few species studied also show changes in food preference with age

113 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: No significant correlation was found between the clinical severity of the condition and the enzyme activity in erythrocytes, and it is suggested that additional factors besides the actual level of HGPRTase activity present in red cells are important in determining the severity ofThe neurological lesions and of the urate abnormality in this condition.
Abstract: The spectrum of clinical manifestations of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) deficiency is presented by reference to eight patients from five kindred. These patients illustrate the range of associated neurological findings, together with the variety of presentation and complications due to the associated over-production of urate. Such a study permits the development of a unifying concept between primary over-production of urate and the subsequent development of uric acid crystalluria and calculi, hyperuricaemia, gouty arthritis, and renal insufficiency. Comparison is also made between the clinical manifestations and the levels of HGPRTase activity assayed in red cell haemolysates. Although it might have been expected that the degree of enzyme deficiency would parallel the clinical manifestations, no significant correlation was found between the clinical severity of the condition and the enzyme activity in erythrocytes. It is suggested that additional factors besides the actual level of HGPRTase activity present in red cells are important in determining the severity of the neurological lesions and of the urate abnormality in this condition.

111 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The heightened activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which is appropriate to normal pregnancy is an aggravating factor in established toxaemia, and may predispose to its development in some patients by failing to decline in late pregnancy.
Abstract: 1. In a prospective study involving fifty-six women, measurements of body weight, urinary creatinine, sodium and potassium and plasma sodium, potassium and renin activity were made in mid-pregnancy and at 36 weeks. The effect of sodium restriction and sodium loading on these measurements was assessed in mid-pregnancy. 2. Mean plasma renin activity was significantly higher throughout pregnancy than the normal non-pregnant mean level. It was lower at 36 weeks than in mid-pregnancy in those whose pregnancy was normal but not in those who developed toxaemia of pregnancy between 38 and 40 weeks. In mid-pregnancy in both groups sodium depletion was significantly elevated but sodium loading did not significantly depress plasma renin activity. 3. The urinary potassium/creatinine ratio in mid-pregnancy and urinary sodium/creatinine ratio at 36 weeks were lower in those who subsequently developed toxaemia, raising the possibility of a functional renal lesion which antedates the morphologically recognizable lesion of late pregnancy. 4. In a second study involving sixty-six different women plasma angiotensin II levels between 6 and 40 weeks of pregnancy were mostly above the normal range, and highest levels were observed between 21 and 30 weeks. The plasma angiotensin II levels in six women with established toxaemia of pregnancy were not significantly different from the levels in nine women with normal pregnancy of the same duration. 5. While the renal glomerular lesion is presumably the major determinant in the development of toxaemia, the heightened activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which is appropriate to normal pregnancy is an aggravating factor in established toxaemia, and may predispose to its development in some patients by failing to decline in late pregnancy.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A numerical analysis of these biochemical data, together with morphological characters, produces a new classification which suggests that the flavonoid data may have more systematic value than is indicated when they are applied to the traditional classification.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the incidence of zinc deficiency is correlated positively with high pH, low available zinc content, and high organic matter in the soil, and the problem fields often have poor drainage.
Abstract: Zinc deficiency occurs widely in lowland rice in Asia. The incidence of zinc deficiency is correlated positively with high pH, low available zinc content, and high organic matter in the soil. The problem fields often have poor drainage. An example of zinc deficiency was recorded for a “normal field” that had been cropped continuously. Visible symptoms and plant analyses were used as diagnostic techniques. The application of zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc oxide, and FTE to the soil, and dipping roots of seedlings in 1 or 2% zinc oxide suspension were quite effective. Merits and shortcomings of these methods are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the bovine plasma arylesterase preparation is either a lipoprotein or an enzyme-lipoprotein complex with properties very similar to those of the alpha(1)-lipop Protein or high-density lipop Protein (HDL(2)) fraction of serum.
Abstract: A purified arylesterase preparation from bovine plasma was characterized to the extent that it has a partial specific volume of 0.91ml/g and an apparent z-average molecular weight of 440000. The relatively large magnitude of the former reflects the presence of phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides and beta-carotene, the last-named being responsible for the pronounced yellow colour of the preparation. Removal of the lipid material is accompanied by a decrease in the apparent z-average molecular weight to 120000, the size of the smallest species detected by high-speed sedimentation equilibrium being in the vicinity of 70000 daltons: denaturation of the lipid-free preparation with 6m-guanidine hydrochloride caused essentially complete breakdown into subunits of this size. In kinetic studies on the enzyme the maximal velocity for the hydrolysis of phenyl acetate was found to increase by 60% on addition of 1 mm-Ca(2+), with the K(m) showing a concomitant decrease from 6.6 to 2.1 mm. Removal of lipid had no detectable effect on V(max.) or K(m) in either the presence or the absence of Ca(2+). It is concluded that the bovine plasma arylesterase preparation is either a lipoprotein or an enzyme-lipoprotein complex with properties very similar to those of the alpha(1)-lipoprotein or high-density lipoprotein (HDL(2)) fraction of serum.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of typical line insulation was determined using standard and non-standard impulse waves viz., long front, partially chopped and oscillatory impulses, which were used to calibrate the analytical models, and then used to predict the performance.
Abstract: Various analytical methods are available for predicting the performance of insulation stressed by lightning voltages of non-standard waveshape. This paper describes experimental and analytical studies for evaluating the effectiveness of the prediction methods. Flashover characteristics of typical line insulation were determined using standard and non-standard impulse waves viz., long front, partially chopped and oscillatory impulses. The standard impulse data were used to calibrate the analytical models, which were then used to predict the performance of the insulation stressed by non-standard impulses for comparison with the experimental data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the crustal structure of the Hawaiian Archipelago, northern Melanesia, and parts of the Central Pacific Basin using seismic refraction methods and found that the systematic variation found in crustal thickness in the Hawaiian Islands is explainable by a hypothesis of differential subsidence.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings indicate that cell loss by this means is often considerable in cervical carcinomas, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the spontaneous occurrence of apoptosis might largely account for the discrepancy known to exist between the rate of cell multiplication in malignant tumours and their rate of growth.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the results of a previously reported spatial seismicity study to deduce the tectonic nature of the New Guinea region in terms of plate tectonics.
Abstract: The focal mechanism solutions for a number of earthquakes in the New Guinea region are presented. These solutions, together with the results of a previously reported spatial seismicity study, are used to deduce the tectonic nature of the region in terms of plate tectonics, using the geological features of the region as constraints. The region is basically a zone of interaction of the Australian and South Pacific plates. Within this zone are several minor sub-plates referred to as the Solomon Sea, New Britain, and Manus plates. A consistent system of relative velocity vectors has been deduced for these plates. A zone of subduction is apparent under New Britain and the Solomon Islands, a zone of sinistral transcurrent movement operates between the New Britain and Manus plates, sea-floor spreading seems certain in the Woodlark Basin region, and a continent/island arc collision zone exists in northern New Guinea. An interpretation of the Cainozoic history of the New Guinea region is presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The life-cycle of Lobatostoma manteri is the simplest two-host cycle of trematodes known and must be considered the most primitive one, of a type from which digenean life-cycles have evolved.
Abstract: Lobatostoma manteri sp.nov. is described. It differs from other species of this genus in the number of marginal alveoli (usually 56–62), the location of the testis near the posterior end and the large size of the cirrus pouch. Mature worms occur in the intestine of the fish Trachinotus blochi. Eggs containing fully developed larvae are laid. The eggs are eaten by snails and hatch in the stomach. Larvae have an oral sucker, pharynx, simple caecum, ventro-terminal acetabulum, two dorsal excretory bladder cells in front of the acetabulum, and a caudal appendage. They migrate into the digestive gland and differentiate to pre-adults with fully developed genital organs and the full number of alveoli on the adhesive disk; young spermatozoa and egg cells develop but do not mature. Pre-adults have a minimum number of 8500 sensory papillae on the surface. The worms are usually found in a cavity formed by enlargement of the main duct and one or more (?) side ducts of the digestive gland near the stomach in Cerithium moniliferum, or in the stomach and main ducts of the digestive gland of Peristernia australiensis. They may creep from the ducts into the stomach and back into the ducts. Fish become infected by eating snails. Worms from fish die soon after transfer into sea water but can be kept alive for up to 13 days in frog's Ringer solution or dilute sea water (1:5), in which they lay eggs containing larvae infective to snails. Worms from snails remain alive in sea water, dilute sea water, frog's Ringer or Tyrode solution. Eggs of worms from single infections have the haploid chromosome number of 7; there is normally no self-fertilization and development does not reach the blastula stage. The life-cycle of Lobatostoma manteri is the simplest two-host cycle of trematodes known. Reasons are given why it must be considered the most primitive one, of a type from which digenean life-cycles have evolved.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results support those explanations of orientation-selective colour aftereffects (the McCullough effect) that have been offered in terms of adaptation of neural analysers tuned to both orientation and wavelength.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data strongly indicate that the violet "phosphoprotein phosphatase" from beef spleen contains iron, and moreover, support a 1:1 molar ratio of iron to enzyme.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: umerous small focal proliferations of atypical liver cells and of bile duct epithelium were observed after treatment with DMN, and the incidence of these lesions in the different experimental treatments varied in a similar manner to the liver tumours.
Abstract: Rats were given a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN, 20 mg/kg body weight) alone or 42 or 60 hours after a non-lethal hepatotoxic dose of carbon tetrachloride (CC14) and killed 12 months later. DMN alone produced no tumours in the kidney and a few in the liver, but when given 42 hours after CC14, tumours formed in the kidneys and the number in the liver was increased. When given after 60 hours, the incidence of kidney tumours was less but that of liver tumours was further increased. A larger dose of DMN (40 mg/kg) was tolerated 42 hours after CC14 and enhanced the number of kidney and liver tumours, the latter apparently due to an increased proportion of cholangiomata. Numerous small focal proliferations of atypical liver cells and of bile duct epithelium were observed after treatment with DMN. The incidence of these lesions in the different experimental treatments varied in a similar manner to the liver tumours.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the spectral components of turbulent momentum transfer for fully developed pipe flow were measured and the results indicated that near the wall (y+ < 15) two types of momentum transfer processes occur.
Abstract: Measurements of the spectral components of turbulent momentum transfer for fully developed pipe flow are presented. The results indicate that near the wall (y+ < 15) two types of momentum transfer processes occur. A net positive transfer takes place in the higher frequency range of the energy-containing part of the turbulence spectrum whereas a net negative transfer returns low momentum to the wall region at the lower end of the spectrum. Examination of the turbulence at various y+ shows that the significant features of the turbulence spectra scale on frequency at any given Reynolds number, thus leading to an interpretation of the flow structure which is consistent with the hydrogen-bubble visualization data of Runstadler, Kline & Reynolds (1963). The results are consistent with a flow model in which disturbances extend from the sublayer to the core of the flow. Recent turbulent heat transfer measurements are also interpreted successfully by this model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hypothesis that enhanced reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytosis and splenic sequestration of red blood cells are important aetiological factors in the haemolysis accompanying liver disease is examined.
Abstract: Summary. This study was undertaken to examine the hypothesis that enhanced reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytosis and splenic sequestration of red blood cells are important aetiological factors in the haemolysis accompanying liver disease. RE phagocytic capacity (REPC) was measured by the rate of plasma disappearance of radio-iodinated microaggregated human serum albumin (125I-MAA) in 57 patients with acute or chronic liver disease, and its relationship to splenic size, RBC survival and splenic sequestration of RBC was analysed. In addition, RE perfusion was measured using a tracer dose of 125I-MAA, and the RE phagocytic index (REPI), an index of the individual cellular RE activity, independent of perfusion, was calculated. An increased REPI was found in all forms of liver disease, largely independent of aetiology or severity. REPC was normal in most forms of cirrhosis but was decreased in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, many of whom had diminished RE perfusion, associated with clinical or radiographic evidence of portal systemic shunting. This decreased REPC was due to decreased RE perfusion since a close correlation between REPC and RE perfusion was demonstrated. The relationship between spleen size and REPC in patients with cirrhosis depended on the aetiology of the disease, since in alcoholic cirrhosis splenomegaly was usually indicative of portal hypertension, whereas in patients with active chronic hepatitis splenomegaly was often an integral part of the disease. A shortened RBC survival was demonstrated in 24 of 30 patients studied, but the degree of haemolysis did not correlate with REPC, REPI or splenic size. Furthermore, splenic sequestration of RBC could be demonstrated in only two patients. It would appear that in hepatic cirrhosis, the RE system, whether its phagocytic capacity is increased or decreased, removes effete RBC presented to it, but is not primarily responsible for the mild haemolytic process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: From the effects of N-acetyl-d- glucosamine and d-glucose on the elution of the A protein of human lactose synthetase from a column of Sepharose-alpha-lactalbumin, values of 200m(-1) and 0.57m(- 1) are deduced for the association constants describing the interaction between the enzyme and the respective monosaccharides.
Abstract: From the effects of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-glucose on the elution of the A protein of human lactose synthetase from a column of Sepharose–α-lactalbumin, values of 200m−1 and 0.57m−1 are deduced for the association constants describing the interaction between the enzyme and the respective monosaccharides.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sequential levels of CEA in serum represent a good index of effectiveness of surgical excision of cancer and should thus be of great value in post‐operative follow‐up.
Abstract: Summary: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum was studied serially in 27 patients with cancer of the female reproductive system and 7 patients with other cancers, particularly of the colon or rectum, after surgical excision, irradiation, or no treatment. CEA became undetectable 2 weeks after complete surgical excision of cancer, whereas persistence of elevated levels of CEA indicated residual cancer. However, there was no decline in levels of CEA after radical radiotherapy of cervical carcinoma over a 10‐week period of study, suggesting continuous release of CEA from tumour tissues undergoing radiation‐induced necrosis. Sequential levels of CEA in serum represent a good index of effectiveness of surgical excision of cancer and should thus be of great value in post‐operative follow‐up. Copyright

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings confirm pharmacological evidence for an adrenergic innervation of the guinea‐pig isolated tracheal chain preparation and also confirm the presence of fine, varicose, nerve fibres running parallel to thetracheal smooth muscle fibres.
Abstract: 1. Specific catecholamine fluorescence was demonstrated in guinea-pig trachea in fine, varicose, nerve fibres running parallel to the tracheal smooth muscle fibres.2. The density of nerves in tracheal smooth muscle was greater at the laryngeal end than at the bronchial end of the trachea.3. The findings confirm pharmacological evidence for an adrenergic innervation of the guinea-pig isolated tracheal chain preparation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These results are considered in terms of a model attributing the motion aftereffect to selective postexcitatory suppression in the response of directionally-excited motion detectors in the visual system.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is inferred from the multiplicity of structure in the terminal genitalia of digenetic trematodes in general, and heterophyids in particular, that they are cross fertilizing despite being hermaphroditic, and it is suggested that variations in terminals may constitute an important mechanical element in isolating mechanisms that separate closely related species.
Abstract: A taxonomic revision of the genus Galactosomum is proposed within the context of a revision of the subfamily Haplorchinae. The interpretation of the ventrogenital complex underlying the present revision is re-stated in phylogenetic terms in order to call attention to the differentiation of ventral sucker and gonotyl, and of genital sinus, genital sac, and ventrogenital sac. It is inferred from the multiplicity of structure in the terminal genitalia of digenetic trematodes in general, and heterophyids in particular, that they are cross fertilizing despite being hermaphroditic. It is also suggested that variations in terminal genitalia may constitute an important mechanical element in isolating mechanisms that separate closely related species. A general discussion is presented of the taxonomic significance of characters of the following; ventral sucker, gonotyl, lateral pocket, musculature of ventrogenital sac, seminal vesicle, prostatic ejaculatory duct, excretory bladder, vitellaria, body shape, egg size, shape of testes, pharynx, course of uterus, and gland cells. The materials of the revision comprise known specimens, published accounts of these, and new specimens collected in Australia and borrowed from overseas. Wherever possible, types were examined; thus, of 13 species redescribed, types were studied of 11 species, and other specimens of the remaining two. An attempt was made to verify published records by recourse to the specimens on which the records were based; although only partially successful, verification of a number of records has allowed more accurate assessment of host-specificity and geographic distribution of some species.