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Showing papers by "University of Queensland published in 1980"


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: It has proved feasible to categorize most if not all dying cells into one or the other of two discrete and distinctive patterns of morphological change, which have, generally, been found to occur under disparate but individually characteristic circumstances.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The classification of cell death can be based on morphological or biochemical criteria or on the circumstances of its occurrence. Currently, irreversible structural alteration provides the only unequivocal evidence of death; biochemical indicators of cell death that are universally applicable have to be precisely defined and studies of cell function or of reproductive capacity do not necessarily differentiate between death and dormant states from which recovery may be possible. It has also proved feasible to categorize most if not all dying cells into one or the other of two discrete and distinctive patterns of morphological change, which have, generally, been found to occur under disparate but individually characteristic circumstances. One of these patterns is the swelling proceeding to rupture of plasma and organelle membranes and dissolution of organized structure—termed “coagulative necrosis.” It results from injury by agents, such as toxins and ischemia, affects cells in groups rather than singly, and evokes exudative inflammation when it develops in vivo. The other morphological pattern is characterized by condensation of the cell with maintenance of organelle integrity and the formation of surface protuberances that separate as membrane-bounded globules; in tissues, these are phagocytosed and digested by resident cells, there being no associated inflammation.

7,417 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the resistance to flow of particles of different sizes from the reticulo-rumen of three grasses and two legumes, each at two stages of maturity, were fed to three fistulated sheep and samples of the feed, and faeces and contents of the Reticulorumen, abomasum and ileum were collected for determination of particle size by wet sieving.
Abstract: Three grasses and two legumes, each at two stages of maturity, were fed to three fistulated sheep and samples of the feed, and faeces and contents of the reticulo-rumen, abomasum and ileum were collected for the determination of particle size by wet sieving. Modulus of fineness (MF) was calculated for all particulate matter that failed to pass a 0.15 mm screen. Resistance to flow from the rumen of feed particles of different sizes was also calculated. The mean MF of the reticulo-rumen contents was 2.56 compared with 5.72 for the feed. Material leaving the rumen and found in the abomasum had a MF of 1.67 and subsequent changes were small and not significant; ileum 1.63, faeces 1.80. Particles greater than 1.18 mm passed out of the reticulo-rumen although the quantity was small (1-3%). The resistance to flow of particles of different sizes from the reticulo-rumen was closely related to particle size with no difference between grasses and legumes or between young and mature forages. It was concluded that in modelling the flow of particles from the reticulo-rumen a non-compartmentalized approach should be adopted, but if a simple two-compartment model is required then a critical sieve size of about 1.18 mm may be useful, since less than 5 % of the particulate material is retained on this sieve size.

360 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the proposed method was based upon a modification to the equation for the rate of reaction under non-isothermal conditions, and the apparent discrepancy between the proposed algorithm and the original Kissinger method was resolved.
Abstract: Augis and Bennett (J. Thermal Anal. 13 (1978) 283.) [6] recently proposed a modified Kissinger method for determining the activation energy of a transformation. It is shown that the proposed method was, in fact, based upon a modification to the equation for the rate of reaction under non-isothermal conditions. The apparent discrepancy between the proposed method and the original Kissinger method is therefore resolved. The modified rate equation appears to have, at best, only a limited application. However, if the equation should be appropriate for a particular transformation, it is demonstrated that Augis and Bennett's method would be the correct method for determining the activation energy.

268 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effect of ionizing radiation on DNA synthesis in control and ataxia telangiectasia (AT) lymphoblastoid cell lines was determined, and a dose dependent decrease was observed in control cells, and the rate and extent of decrease increased with time after irradiation.
Abstract: The effect of ionizing radiation on DNA synthesis in control and ataxia telangiectasia (AT) lymphoblastoid cell lines was determined. A dose dependent decrease in DNA synthesis was observed in control cells, and the rate and extent of thi decrease in synthesis increased with time after irradiation. No decrease in DNA synthesis was obtained in AT cells, immediately following irradiation, at doses up to 400 rads. At longer times postirradiation, inhibition of synthesis increased but the extent of inhibition was less in AT cell than controls at all doses used. An immediate depression of DNA synthesis was evident in control cells after a radiation dose of 200 rads reaching a maximum at 90 min postirradiation. Little or no decrease in DNA synthesis was evident in AT cells up to 60 min after the same radiation dose, but a decrease occurred between 60 and 90 min after irradiation. The rate of recovery of DNA synthesis to normal levels was more rapid in AT cells than in controls.

255 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 1980-Surgery
TL;DR: The results suggest that the problem of skin cancer in these patients can be controlled and thus is not a significant contraindication to the continued clinical use of cadaveric renal transplantation.

222 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5.
Abstract: Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5. All species achieved maximum or near-maximum growth in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5. However, there were substantial differences in the ability of species to grow outside this range. Ginger and cassava were the most tolerant species to low solution pH, while ginger and tomato were the only species to show no yield depression at the highest solution pH. Roots of all species at pH 3.3 and some species at pH 4.0 exhibited symptoms of hydrogen ion injury. In addition, the concentrations of magnesium in the tops of all six species, of nitrogen in the tops of tomato and cassava, and of manganese in the tops of maize at these pH values were inadequate for optimal growth. Growth depression at high solution pH was associated with iron deficiency in maize and wheat and with nitrogen and/or copper deficiency in cassava. The relevance of the present results to crop growth under field conditions is discussed. The complex interplay of plant and soil characteristics militates against precise definition of an optimum pH range for the growth of a particular crop unless the soil is also specified.

215 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In experiments carried out with selective agonists ICI 118, 551 distinguished clearly between tissues with a mixed s-adrenoceptor population (different pA2 values) and those with a homogeneous population (single pA 2 value).

207 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two interpretations of accuracy, namely partitive and holistic accuracy, are discussed with reference to interpretation of input-output tables, and some suggested criteria for holistic accuracy are provided.
Abstract: This paper focuses attention on the concept of accuracy in regional input-output tables. Two interpretations of accuracy, namely partitive and holistic accuracy, are discussed with reference to interpretation of input-output tables. Implications are drawn from recent contributions to the regional input-output literature in terms of the ‘reconciliation’ debate and the survey versus non-survey debate. Holistic accuracy is the only concept which is tenable in practice; some suggested criteria for holistic accuracy are provided.

159 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study confirms the importance of the recognition and treatment of depressive illness in attempting to prevent suicide and draws attention to the significant contribution of physical illness, especially when affecting the nervous system or gastrointestinal tract, and the role of alcohol and/or barbiturate dependency.
Abstract: A consecutive series of 135 suicides is described, this being the total which occurred during one year in Brisbane from 1 March 1973 to 28 February 1974, resulting in a rate of 16 per 100,000. The clinical and social characteristics of the suicides are described. Important contributing factors were depressive illness (55%), physical illness (52%), and drug dependency (34%). About half of the suicides were taking prescribed medication and about a third had been in contact with a doctor shortly before death. Social isolation or loss appeared to contribute to the suicide risk. The study confirms the importance of the recognition and treatment of depressive illness in attempting to prevent suicide and draws attention to the significant contribution of physical illness, especially when affecting the nervous system or gastrointestinal tract, and the importance of the role of alcohol and/or barbiturate dependency.

154 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fibre characteristics and enzyme activities were determined for the gluteus, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis and triceps brachii muscles of 55 Standardbred trotters of different ages and there are apparent discrepancies in the intensities of histochemical staining and the biochemical evaluation of various enzymes.
Abstract: Fibre characteristics and enzyme activities were determined for the gluteus, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis and triceps brachii muscles of 55 Standardbred trotters of different ages. Four fibre types (I, IIA, IIB, IIC) were demonstrated by histochemical staining of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase after preincubation at different pH values. Type II fibres predominated in all the muscles and the type IIA/IIB ratio was higher in horses over 5 years than in younger horses, except in the vastus in which the IIA/IIB ratio did not change with age. The vastus had the highest proportion of type IIA fibres and the semitendinosus the highest proportion of type IIB fibres. Histochemical demonstration of NADH dehydrogenase disclosed that almost 100 per cent of the type IIA and many of the type I and IIB fibres were medium-stained; the remaining type I fibres were darkly stained and the type IIB fibres lightly stained. In older horses more fibres were stained for NADH dehydrogenase. The activity of triosephosphate dehydrogenase decreased that that of 3-hydroxy-acyl-coA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase increased in all the muscles except the vastus with increasing age. The greatest increase in oxidative capacity occurred in the gluteus and triceps. Training, rather than age, was regarded as the factor inducing these changes. The results emphasise that histochemical data are only semiquantitative, and there are apparent discrepancies in the intensities of histochemical staining and the biochemical evaluation of various enzymes.

151 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
P.W. Nathanielsz1, A. Bailey1, E.R. Poore1, G.D. Thorburn1, R. Harding1 
TL;DR: Between 106 and 144 days' gestation, periods of uterine electromyographic activity and associated increases in uterine tone (contractures) were accompanied by a change in fetal ocular activity in 294 (63%) of 467 cases, and the change from breathing activity to quiescence was statistically significant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that adequate nutritional support can favorably affect growth, clinical status, and the course of chronic pulmonary disease in problem cases of CF.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that several different levels of thought can be distinguished within the basic model, and the approximate age of mastery of each level to be predicted, thereby offering an alternate theory of cognitive developmental stages.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the methods for handling distillery wastewater is presented in this article, where the most reliable system appears to be evaporation and incineration with the ash being returned to the soil as a fertiliser.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper provided a measure of the effect of relative coefficient size on input-output multipliers and derived a multiplier accuracy-maximising approach to table preparation, showing the dominant role of the larger coefficients in multiplier formation.
Abstract: This paper provides a measure of the effect of relative coefficient size on input–output multipliers. Fourteen input–output tables, including a national table and tables for state, metropolitan region, city, rural town, and large and small rural region economies are included in experiments which measure the effect on output, income, and employment multipliers of (1) removal with replacement and (2) cumulative removal without replacement of coefficients from the A matrix. The experimental results illustrate the dominant role of the larger coefficients in multiplier formation and enable the derivation of a multiplier accuracy-maximising approach to table preparation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three suspensions of 0.1% [3H]dexamethasone were prepared and dosed topically to the right eyes of rabbits and a statistically significant rank-order correlation was observed between increasing drug levels and decreasing particle size.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1980-Emu
TL;DR: The enviromental data neither strongly favour nor exclude three hypotheses regarding the origin or adaptive maintenance of communal breeding generally, and the analysis does not support the view that because taxonomic diversity of communally breeding species is high, there must be common factors in their ecology.
Abstract: A terminology is introduced that can be used for describing as well as theorizing and is thus useful for hierarchically classifying observations. All known communally breeding species in Australia are tabulated: sixty-five in twenty families. Evidence is presented for species being described as communal breeders for the first time and for species in which additional data have become available since the last major review (Rowley 1976). Published maps of the ranges of thirty-ope species were coded digitally by degree-block for analysis by computer as were maps of vegetation, faunal zones and eleven environmental variables. The distribution of these species is tabulated by the vegetational and faunal zones that they occupy and a detailed statistical tabulation is included of all the environmental variables for each species separately. A composite map shows the density of species throughout Australia. The greatest number (24) of communally breeding species was found in northern New South Wales. The pattern of distribution did not merely reflect that of land birds in general and numbers of species were not strongly associated with particular faunal zones or vegetational types. A regression model was constructed that accounted for seventy-eight per cent of the variation in numbers of species by simple geographical variables, longitude being the most important. Two analytical strategies were used. The first suggested that the most important environmental variables were moisture in the driest sixteen-week period, temperature in the coldest week, and moisture in winter; the second, plant growth in summer, temperature in the coldest week, variation in rainfall and seasonal variation in plant growth. The possible relations between these variables and communally breeding species are discussed and it is concluded that the enviromental data neither strongly favour nor exclude three hypotheses regarding the origin or adaptive maintenance of communal breeding generally. The analysis does not support the view that because taxonomic diversity of communally breeding species is high, there must be common factors in their ecology. Species are considered to be opportunistic communal breeders or obligate communal breeders and a simple model incorporating physiological condition, social attraction and group facilitation illustrates the concept of ‘levels’ of communal breeding that have been observed in nature. The distinction between opportunistic and obligate species is considered important because these may represent different evolutionary strategies for behaviour hitherto lumped as communal breeding.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an improved design rule for the elastic critical stress of a monosymmetric I-beam was proposed for a wide range of cross sections and a comparison was made of the results obtained using the proposed rule and the present rules of the AS 1250, BS 449, and AISC Specification.
Abstract: Approximations are derived for the section properties required for the calculation of the elastic critical loads of monosymmetric I-beams and are found to be related to the ratio of compression flange and section minor axis second moments of area. Approximations are obtained that are applicable to I-sections with unequal and lipped flanges and that are in close agreement with accurate calculations of the monosymmetry section properties made for a wide range of cross sections. An improved design rule is proposed for the elastic critical stress of a monosymmetric I-beam. A comparison is made of the results obtained using the proposed rule and the present rules of the AS 1250, BS 449, and AISC Specification.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data show that nitrification inhibition is not an invariable consequence of successional development and instead the pattern of nitrogen mineralisation is probably related to the overall soil fertility and to the pool of available soil nitrogen.
Abstract: It has been suggested that soil nitrification is inhibited as a succession develops This hypothesis was examined in a sub tropical rain forest succession containing five successional stages Soil mineral nitrogen was measured at the time of collection and after 20 days incubation in the laboratory or field Sampling was carried out during the wet season and dry season There was little difference in the ammonium nitrogen concentration at the various sites but increasing amounts of nitrate nitrogen were generally found in each older successional stage The data show that nitrification inhibition is not an invariable consequence of successional development Instead the pattern of nitrogen mineralisation is probably related to the overall soil fertility and to the pool of available soil nitrogen

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the decay of a wall jet from a circular nozzle parallel to and displaced from a solid surface is investigated under conditions where the transition process from circular-jet flow to oblate wall jet flow begins in the initial, transition or self-preserving regions of the original jet.
Abstract: The decay of a jet discharging from a circular nozzle parallel to and displaced from a solid surface is investigated under conditions where the transitional process from circular-jet flow to oblate wall-jet flow begins in the initial, transition or self-preserving regions of the original jet. The influence of displacement of the nozzle from the plane on the developed three-dimensional wall jet downstream is demonstrated and it is found that the transitional interaction with the plane is more extended when the plane interacts first in the initial zone of the circular jet. Measurements of turbulence and Reynolds stress show the transverse mixing parallel to the plane to exceed that perpendicular to the plane, and are generally consistent with the spreading rates in these two directions, the ratio of which approaches 8·5 at large distances from the nozzle. It is shown that the interaction between the plane and jet involves a relatively large-scale coherent motion in which components of velocity directed towards or away from the surface are associated with outflow or inflow along the surface. This motion is more extended in the direction parallel to the surface and provides a mechanism for the increases in mixing rate in the direction parallel to the plane.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the value of Poisson's ratio for the inner core (∼0.445) is compatible with a rigid metal, such as iron, which would yield the observed high value when subjected to core pressures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In animals which have travelled or been held for several days before slaughter, the mesenteric lymph nodes may be a source of contamination for meat and edible offal in the abattoir.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the steady-state solution of the flow distribution in a pipe network is presented, which relies on an iterative linearization procedure to solve for junction heads, and is highly suited for use on small computers.
Abstract: A previously unpublished numerical method for the steady-state solution of the flow distribution in a pipe network is presented. It relies on an iterative linearization procedure to solve for junction heads, and is highly suited for use on small computers. Its relationship to other solution methods is explicitly developed. This new method is extremely simple to formulate, and requires minimum data preorganization for computation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Miocene-Oligocene volcanism of this region is part of the larger Tertiary volcanic province found throughout E. Australia as discussed by the authors, and has emanated from six major centres, and many additional smaller centres.
Abstract: The Miocene-Oligocene volcanism of this region is part of the larger Tertiary volcanic province found throughout E. Australia. Within the S.E. Queensland region, the volcanism is strongly bimodal, and has emanated from six major centres, and many additional smaller centres. The mafic lavas (volumetrically dominant) range continuously from ne-normative through to Q-normative and are predominantly andesine-normative; Mg/Mg+∑Fe (atomic ratios range from 30–60; K2O ranges from 0.42–2.93%, and TiO2 from 0.81–3.6%.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: On artificial medium Spodoptera litura (F.) adults developed from first instar larvae in 23.4 days at 28°C and eupyrene and apyrene sperm were present in approximately equal amounts.
Abstract: On artificial medium Spodoptera litura (F.) adults developed from first instar larvae in 23.4 days at 28°C. Mean female longevity was 8.3 days and mean fecundity was 2673 eggs. Mean male longevity was 10.4 days. No mating took place on the night of emergence and maximum mating response occurred during the second night after emergence. The mean number of matings per male was 10.3 and per female was 3.1. Males transferred a mean of 1,052,640 sperm per mating and eupyrene and apyrene sperm were present in approximately equal amounts. Both sperm types persisted in the utriculus of the spermatheca throughout the life of the female but no sperm were ever found in the lagena. The morphology of the male and female reproductive systems is described. Copyright

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a quick and easy method of measuring the bruise resistance of apples is described, which is based on the strong linear correlation between energy absorbed and bruise volume from which is calculated a Bruise resistance coefficient, with units ml joule.
Abstract: A quick and easy method of measuring the bruise resistance of apples is described. The method is based on the strong linear correlation between energy absorbed and bruise volume from which is calculated a bruise resistance coefficient, with units ml joule. The bruise resistance coefficient can be accurately determined by dropping a sample of 10 apples. For each drop the energy absorbed is calculated from measured drop height, rebound height and apple mass. The bruise volume on each apple is calculated from measured apple diameter, bruise diameter and bruise depth. The bruise resistance coefficient is effective in the evaluation of packaging, handling and distribution systems for apples.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It appears that C equi is widespread and that its occurrence is not related to any particular geographical location nor to a limited number of properties within a given area, and it seems likely that it is part of the normal equine faecal flora.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that EB‐virus‐specific memory T‐cell activity as detected by the regression test is absent in the acute phase of IM, becomes evident at low levels 5–23 weeks after onset, and reaches a maximum after about 6 months.
Abstract: Under appropriate culture conditions, EB virus infection of lymphocytes from seropositive donors leads to regression of transformation, and this was shown previously to be due to activation in a secondary immune response of T lymphocytes inhibitory for the autologous lymphoblastoid cell line. Regression can be quantified by determining the number of cells required for its expression. To investigate the development of memory T cells with EB‐virus specificity in the primary infection, a comparison was made of the capacity for regression of lymphocytes from 16 cases of infectious mononucleosis (IM) and 13 normal donors. With 9 normal seropositive donors a mean lymphocyte concentration of 4.6 × 10/ml was required to achieve 50% regression. In contrast, with 8 cases of IM tested within I week of onset, a much higher mean lymphocyte concentration (3.7 × 10/ml) was necessary. Six of these IM cases, and another not tested in the first week, were tested on several occasions between 5 and 23 weeks after onset, and showed a slight reduction in the mean cell concentration required for regression (1.5 × 1O/ml). Six additional IM cases were tested 23–83 weeks after onset by which time the cell concentration required for 50% regression (mean = 4.5 × 1O/ml) had reached the level shown by normal seropositive donors. Regression did not occur with lymphocytes from seronegative donors, even at the highest cell concentration. Recombination cultures of T‐cell‐de‐pleted and T‐cell‐enriched lymphocyte populations from 3 IM cases in ratios of 1:7 to 7:1 showed that the failure of regression in acute IM was not due simply to lack of sufficient numbers of T cells. The results indicate that EB‐virus‐specific memory T‐cell activity as detected by the regression test is absent in the acute phase of IM, becomes evident at low levels 5–23 weeks after onset, and reaches a maximum after about 6 months.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Salinity and temperature values in the creek exhibit an annual cycle which preceeds that of Bramble Bay by approximately one month and it is postulated that salinity is the common feature between temperate and tropical estuaries in the maintenance of community cycles.
Abstract: From November 1975 to April 1977 nocturnal dermersal fish were sampled fortnightly at ten sites in Serpentine Creek using a three meter beam trawl with a 3.2 cm mesh net. Forty-five species from thirty-four families were obtained totalling 14 518 individuals with the six most abundant species comprising approximately 72% of the catch. Using multiple regression techniques with Fourier transformations, the mean number of species (S) and abundance (N) of all fish were found to conform to a regular annual cyclical pattern with maxima in April and May. A trend toward declining abundances of individuals and species was present. Shannon (H′) and Gleason (G) diversity indices showed no regular seasonal trends and are considered poor indicators of pollution. In comparison with other estuarine studies at different latitudes Serpentine Creek conforms to the theory that more tropical waters have the greatest faunal diversity. Seventeen of the 22 most abundant species demonstrated a regular annual cycle of abundance. The number of species, abundance and diversity measures were greatest about 1 km from the mouth of the creek and gradually declined upstream. This was the region with highest macrobenthos diversity and with the most stable abiotic values. Temperature and/or salinity were positively correlated with the abundance of eleven species. The species were placed in five groups according to their periodic characteristics. The proportion of ‘resident’ species was low and this is consistent with Tyler's (1971) theory of temperature stabilized fish assemblages. The known biology of six species is related to their occurrence. Salinity and temperature values in the creek exhibit an annual cycle which preceeds that of Bramble Bay by approximately one month. Rainfall in the watershed was correlated with observed salinity values. It is postulated that salinity is the common feature between temperate and tropical estuaries in the maintenance of community cycles.