Showing papers by "University of Queensland published in 2000"
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02 Oct 2000TL;DR: The important role of finite mixture models in the statistical analysis of data is underscored by the ever-increasing rate at which articles on mixture applications appear in the mathematical and statistical literature.
Abstract: The important role of finite mixture models in the statistical analysis of data is underscored by the ever-increasing rate at which articles on mixture applications appear in the statistical and ge...
8,095 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss cohesion and deviance, leadership, subgroup and sociodemographic structure, and mergers and acquisitions in organizational psychology, and show how these developments can address a range of organizational phenomena.
Abstract: Although aspects of social identity theory are familiar to organizational psychologists, its elaboration, through self-categorization theory, of how social categorization and prototype-based depersonalization actually produce social identity effects is less well known. We describe these processes, relate self-categorization theory to social identity theory, describe new theoretical developments in detail, and show how these developments can address a range of organizational phenomena. We discuss cohesion and deviance, leadership, subgroup and sociodemographic structure, and mergers and acquisitions.
3,478 citations
TL;DR: Two small RNAs regulate the timing of Caenorhabditis elegans development and may control late temporal transitions during development across animal phylogeny.
Abstract: Two small RNAs regulate the timing of Caenorhabditis elegans development. Transition from the first to the second larval stage fates requires the 22-nucleotide lin-4 RNA and transition from late larval to adult cell fates requires the 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA. The lin-4 and let-7 RNA genes are not homologous to each other, but are each complementary to sequences in the 3' untranslated regions of a set of protein-coding target genes that are normally negatively regulated by the RNAs. Here we have detected let-7 RNAs of ~21 nucleotides in samples from a wide range of animal species, including vertebrate, ascidian, hemichordate, mollusc, annelid and arthropod, but not in RNAs from several cnidarian and poriferan species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli or Arabidopsis. We did not detect lin-4 RNA in these species. We found that let-7 temporal regulation is also conserved: let-7 RNA expression is first detected at late larval stages in C. elegans and Drosophila , at 48 hours after fertilization in zebrafish, and in adult stages of annelids and molluscs. The let-7 regulatory RNA may control late temporal transitions during development across animal phylogeny.
2,532 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effects of general organizational climate on safety climate and safety performance and found that safety climate was related to self-reports of compliance with safety regulations and procedures as well as participation in safety-related activities within the workplace.
1,513 citations
TL;DR: The results indicated the existence of a substantial network of regulatory interactions and coordination occurring during plant defense among the different defense signaling pathways, notably between the salicylate and jasmonate pathways that were previously thought to act in an antagonistic fashion.
Abstract: Disease resistance is associated with a plant defense response that involves an integrated set of signal transduction pathways. Changes in the expression patterns of 2,375 selected genes were examined simultaneously by cDNA microarray analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana after inoculation with an incompatible fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola or treatment with the defense-related signaling molecules salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MJ), or ethylene. Substantial changes (up- and down-regulation) in the steady-state abundance of 705 mRNAs were observed in response to one or more of the treatments, including known and putative defense-related genes and 106 genes with no previously described function or homology. In leaf tissue inoculated with A. brassicicola, the abundance of 168 mRNAs was increased more than 2.5-fold, whereas that of 39 mRNAs was reduced. Similarly, the abundance of 192, 221, and 55 mRNAs was highly (>2.5-fold) increased after treatment with SA, MJ, and ethylene, respectively. Data analysis revealed a surprising level of coordinated defense responses, including 169 mRNAs regulated by multiple treatments/defense pathways. The largest number of genes coinduced (one of four induced genes) and corepressed was found after treatments with SA and MJ. In addition, 50% of the genes induced by ethylene treatment were also induced by MJ treatment. These results indicated the existence of a substantial network of regulatory interactions and coordination occurring during plant defense among the different defense signaling pathways, notably between the salicylate and jasmonate pathways that were previously thought to act in an antagonistic fashion.
1,472 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the causal relationship between energy consumption and income for India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, using cointegration and error-correction modelling techniques, is estimated. But the results do not support the view that energy and income are neutral with respect to each other, with the exception of Indonesia and India where neutrality is observed in the short-run.
1,191 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the factors of image and customer satisfaction that are positively related to customer loyalty in the hotel industry using data collected from chain hotels in New Zealand, the findings indicate that hotel image and customers satisfaction with the performance of housekeeping, reception, food and beverage, and price are positively correlated to customer loyalties.
Abstract: Loyalty of a firm’s customer has been recognised as the dominant factor in a business organization’s success This study helps us extend our understanding of the relationship between customer loyalty, customer satisfaction, and image This is of considerable interest to both practitioners and academics in the field of hospitality management The objective of this research is to identify the factors of image and customer satisfaction that are positively related to customer loyalty in the hotel industry Using data collected from chain hotels in New Zealand, the findings indicate that hotel image and customer satisfaction with the performance of housekeeping, reception, food and beverage, and price are positively correlated to customer loyalty
1,144 citations
TL;DR: PI(3)P follows a conserved intralumenal degradation pathway, and its generation, accessibility and turnover are likely to play a crucial role in defining the early endosomes and the subsequent steps leading to multivesicular endosome formation.
Abstract: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) regulates several vital cellular processes, including signal transduction and membrane trafficking. In order to study the intracellular localization of the PI3K product, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P], we constructed a probe consisting of two PI(3)P-binding FYVE domains. The probe was found to bind specifically, and with high affinity, to PI(3)P both in vitro and in vivo. When expressed in fibroblasts, a tagged probe localized to endosomes, as detected by fluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopy of untransfected fibroblasts showed that PI(3)P is highly enriched on early endosomes and in the internal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes. While yeast cells deficient in PI3K activity (vps15 and vps34 mutants) were not labelled, PI(3)P was found on intralumenal vesicles of endosomes and vacuoles of wild-type yeast. vps27Delta yeast cells, which have impaired endosome to vacuole trafficking, showed a decreased vacuolar labelling and increased endosome labelling. Thus PI(3)P follows a conserved intralumenal degradation pathway, and its generation, accessibility and turnover are likely to play a crucial role in defining the early endosome and the subsequent steps leading to multivesicular endosome formation.
1,047 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the phylogenetic relationships among 50 Phytophthora species and between them and other oomycetes on the basis of the ITS sequences of genomic rDNA and found that they were essentially monophyletic, all but three species forming a cluster of eight clades.
1,013 citations
14 May 2000
TL;DR: The proposed Nimrod/G grid-enabled resource management and scheduling system builds on the earlier work on Nimrod and follows a modular and component-based architecture enabling extensibility, portability, ease of development, and interoperability of independently developed components.
Abstract: The availability of powerful microprocessors and high-speed networks as commodity components has enabled high-performance computing on distributed systems (wide-area cluster computing). In this environment, as the resources are usually distributed geographically at various levels (department, enterprise or worldwide), there is a great challenge in integrating, coordinating and presenting them as a single resource to the user, thus forming a computational grid. Another challenge comes from the distributed ownership of resources, with each resource having its own access policy, cost and mechanism. The proposed Nimrod/G grid-enabled resource management and scheduling system builds on our earlier work on Nimrod (D. Abramson et al., 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000) and follows a modular and component-based architecture enabling extensibility, portability, ease of development, and interoperability of independently developed components. It uses the GUSTO (GlobUS TOolkit) services and can be easily extended to operate with any other emerging grid middleware services. It focuses on the management and scheduling of computations over dynamic resources scattered geographically across the Internet at department, enterprise or global levels, with particular emphasis on developing scheduling schemes based on the concept of computational economy for a real testbed, namely the Globus testbed (GUSTO).
965 citations
TL;DR: The use of the ECM algorithm to fit this t mixture model is described and examples of its use are given in the context of clustering multivariate data in the presence of atypical observations in the form of background noise.
Abstract: Normal mixture models are being increasingly used to model the distributions of a wide variety of random phenomena and to cluster sets of continuous multivariate data. However, for a set of data containing a group or groups of observations with longer than normal tails or atypical observations, the use of normal components may unduly affect the fit of the mixture model. In this paper, we consider a more robust approach by modelling the data by a mixture of t distributions. The use of the ECM algorithm to fit this t mixture model is described and examples of its use are given in the context of clustering multivariate data in the presence of atypical observations in the form of background noise.
TL;DR: A robust phylogeny of SOX genes is proposed that reflects their evolutionary history in metazoans and finds support for subdivision of the family into groups A-H, as has been suggested in some previous studies, and for the assignment of two new groups, I and J.
TL;DR: In this article, a subjective uncertainty reduction model of motivation associated with social identity process and group and intergroup behavior is developed and described, based on social identity theory and self-categorization theory.
Abstract: A motivational extension of social identity theory is proposed: the uncertainty reduction hypothesis. Building on social identity theory and self-categorization theory, a subjective uncertainty reduction model of motivation associated with social identity process and group and intergroup behavior is developed and described. Contextually generated subjective uncertainty about important, usually self-conceptually relevant, matters motivates uncertainty reduction. The processes of self-categorization and prototypical depersonalization responsible for social identification and group behaviors are well suited to subjective uncertainty reduction; they contextually assimilate self to a prescriptive prototype that guides and consensually validates perception, cognition, affect and behavior. Group membership, social category-based self-conceptualization, group behavior, and intergroup relations are motivated by uncertainty reduction. Contextual uncertainty can be reduced by group membership and group action. This ...
TL;DR: The current major hypotheses are outlined, predictions relevant to integrated molecular approaches are developed, and the current evidence is evaluated, focusing on central African, Australian, and South American systems.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Understanding the evolutionary processes that generate and sustain diversity in tropical faunas has challenged biologists for over a century and should underpin conservation strategies. Molecular studies of diversity within species and relationships among species, when integrated with more traditional approaches of biogeography and paleoecology, have much to contribute to this challenge. Here we outline the current major hypotheses, develop predictions relevant to integrated molecular approaches, and evaluate the current evidence, focusing on central African, Australian, and South American systems. The available data are sparse relative to the scale of the questions. However, the following conclusions can be drawn: (a) in most cases, the divergence of extant sister taxa predates the Pleistocene; (b) areas with high habitat heterogeneity and recent climatic or geological instability appear to harbor more species of recent origin; (c) there is support for both allopatric and gradient models of di...
TL;DR: An important group of PAOs in EBPR sludges are bacteria closely related to Rhodocyclus and Propionibacter, identified as the most likely candidate PAOs.
Abstract: Laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) as models for activated sludge processes were used to study enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) from wastewater. Enrichment for polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) was achieved essentially by increasing the phosphorus concentration in the influent to the SBRs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using domain-, division-, and subdivision-level probes was used to assess the proportions of microorganisms in the sludges. The A sludge, a high-performance P-removing sludge containing 15.1% P in the biomass, was comprised of large clusters of polyphosphate-containing coccobacilli. By FISH, >80% of the A sludge bacteria were beta-2 Proteobacteria arranged in clusters of coccobacilli, strongly suggesting that this group contains a PAO responsible for EBPR. The second dominant group in the A sludge was the Actinobacteria. Clone libraries of PCR-amplified bacterial 16S rRNA genes from three high-performance P-removing sludges were prepared, and clones belonging to the beta-2 Proteobacteria were fully sequenced. A distinctive group of clones (sharing >/=98% sequence identity) related to Rhodocyclus spp. (94 to 97% identity) and Propionibacter pelophilus (95 to 96% identity) was identified as the most likely candidate PAOs. Three probes specific for the highly related candidate PAO group were designed from the sequence data. All three probes specifically bound to the morphologically distinctive clusters of PAOs in the A sludge, exactly coinciding with the beta-2 Proteobacteria probe. Sequential FISH and polyphosphate staining of EBPR sludges clearly demonstrated that PAO probe-binding cells contained polyphosphate. Subsequent PAO probe analyses of a number of sludges with various P removal capacities indicated a strong positive correlation between P removal from the wastewater as determined by sludge P content and number of PAO probe-binding cells. We conclude therefore that an important group of PAOs in EBPR sludges are bacteria closely related to Rhodocyclus and Propionibacter.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of separate solute additions of Al, Zr, Sr, Si, and Ca on grain size of Mg has been investigated, and it was found that Sr had a significant grain refining effect in low-Al containing alloys but a negligible effect on grain sizes in Mg-9Al.
Abstract: The effect of separate solute additions of Al, Zr, Sr, Si, and Ca on grain size of Mg has been investigated. Increasing the Al content in hypoeutectic Mg-Al alloys resulted in a continuous reduction in grain size up to 5 wt pct Al, reaching a relatively constant grain size for higher Al contents (above 5 wt pct). The effect of Sr additions was investigated in both low- and high-Al content magnesium alloys, and it was found that Sr had a significant grain refining effect in low-Al containing alloys but a negligible effect on grain size in Mg-9Al. Additions of Zr, Si, and Ca to pure magnesium resulted in efficient grain refinement. The grain refinement is mainly caused by their growth restriction effects, i.e., constitutional undercooling, during solidification, but the effect of nucleant particles, either introduced with the alloying additions or as secondary phases formed as a result of these additions, may enhance the grain refinement. A brief review of grain refinement of magnesium alloys is included in this article to provide an update on research in this field.
TL;DR: In this article, a model of sociostructural relations among subgroups within a superordinate category is presented, and it is shown that subgroup identity threat is the greatest obstacle to social harmony; social arrangements that threaten social identity produce defensive reactions that result in conflict.
Abstract: A model of sociostructural relations among subgroups within a superordinate category is presented. Contextualized by discussion of political and social psychological models of intergroup contact, we extend principles of social identity theory to address structural differentiation within groups. Subgroup identity threat plays a pivotal role in the nature of subgroup relations, as do the social realities of specific subgroup relations (i.e., inclusiveness, nested vs. crosscutting categories, leadership, instrumental goal relations, power and status differentials, subgroup similarity). Our analysis suggests that subgroup identity threat is the greatest obstacle to social harmony; social arrangements that threaten social identity produce defensive reactions that result in conflict. Social harmony is best achieved by maintaining, not weakening, subgroup identities, and locating them within the context of a binding superordinate identity.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate the importance of considering separately the multiple mechanisms that underlie contemporary patterns of extinction and reveal why it has previously proven so difficult to identify simple ecological correlates of overall extinction risk.
Abstract: Understanding the ecological mechanisms that underlie extinction is fundamental to conservation. It is well established that not all taxa are equally vulnerable to extinction, but the reasons for these differences are poorly understood. This may be, in part, because different taxa are threatened by different mechanisms. Theoretically, sources of extinction risk that perturb the balance between fecundity and longevity, such as human persecution and introduced predators, should be particularly hazardous for taxa that have slow rates of population growth. In contrast, sources of extinction risk that reduce niche availability, such as habitat loss, should represent a particular threat to taxa that are ecologically specialized. Here we test these predictions by using a phylogenetic comparative method and a database on 95 families of birds. As theory predicts, extinction risk incurred through persecution and introduced predators is associated with large body size and long generation time but is not associated with degree of specialization, whereas extinction risk incurred through habitat loss is associated with habitat specialization and small body size but not with generation time. These results demonstrate the importance of considering separately the multiple mechanisms that underlie contemporary patterns of extinction. They also reveal why it has previously proven so difficult to identify simple ecological correlates of overall extinction risk.
TL;DR: The concentration of rare earth elements and yttrium (REE + Y) was determined in Holocene Mg-calcite microbialites from shallow reef framework cavities at Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: It is reported that in excessive sunlight FPs are photoprotective; they achieve this by dissipating excess energy at wavelengths of low photosynthetic activity, as well as by reflecting of visible and infrared light by FP-containing chromatophores.
Abstract: All reef-forming corals depend on the photosynthesis performed by their algal symbiont, and such corals are therefore restricted to the photic zone. The intensity of light in this zone declines over several orders of magnitude--from high and damaging levels at the surface to extreme shade conditions at the lower limit. The ability of corals to tolerate this range implies effective mechanisms for light acclimation and adaptation. Here we show that the fluorescent pigments (FPs) of corals provide a photobiological system for regulating the light environment of coral host tissue. Previous studies have suggested that under low light, FPs may enhance light availability. We now report that in excessive sunlight FPs are photoprotective; they achieve this by dissipating excess energy at wavelengths of low photosynthetic activity, as well as by reflecting of visible and infrared light by FP-containing chromatophores. We also show that FPs enhance the resistance to mass bleaching of corals during periods of heat stress, which has implications for the effect of environmental stress on the diversity of reef-building corals, such as enhanced survival of a broad range of corals allowing maintenance of habitat diversity.
TL;DR: To assess the validity of the Anti Cancer Council of Victoria food frequency questionnaire (ACCVFFQ) relative to seven‐day weighed food records (WFRs) in 63 women of child‐bearing age.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of TiO2 samples with different anatase-to-rutile ratios were prepared by calcination, and the roles of the two crystallite phases of titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) on the photocatalytic activity in oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution were studied.
Abstract: A series of TiO2 samples with different anatase-to-rutile ratios was prepared by calcination, and the roles of the two crystallite phases of titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) on the photocatalytic activity in oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution were studied. High dispersion of nanometer-sized anatase in the silica matrix and the possible bonding of Si−O−Ti in SiO2/TiO2 interface were found to stabilize the crystallite transformation from anatase to rutile. The temperature for this transformation was 1200 °C for the silica−titania (ST) sample, much higher than 700 °C for Degussa P25, a benchmarking photocatalyst. It is shown that samples with higher anatase-to-rutile ratios have higher activities for phenol degradation. However, the activity did not totally disappear after a complete crystallite transformation for P25 samples, indicating some activity of the rutile phase. Furthermore, the activity for the ST samples after calcination decreased significantly, even though the amount of anatase did not change muc...
TL;DR: The isolation of HeV from pteropid bats corroborates earlier serological and epidemiological evidence that they are a natural reservoir host of the virus and reinforces the hypothesis that HeV excretion from bats might be related to the birthing process.
Abstract: Since it was first described in Australia in 1994, Hendra virus (HeV) has caused two outbreaks of fatal disease in horses and humans, and an isolated fatal horse case. Our preliminary studies revealed a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to HeV in bats of the genus Pteropus, but it was unclear whether this was due to infection with HeV or a related virus. We developed the hypothesis that HeV excretion from bats might be related to the birthing process and we targeted the reproductive tract for virus isolation. Three virus isolates were obtained from the uterine fluid and a pool of foetal lung and liver from one grey-headed flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus), and from the foetal lung of one black flying-fox (P. alecto). Antigenically, these isolates appeared to be closely related to HeV, returning positive results on immunofluorescent antibody staining and constant-serum varying-virus neutralization tests. Using an HeV-specific oligonucleotide primer pair, genomic sequences of the isolates were amplified. Sequencing of 200 nucleotides in the matrix gene identified that these three isolates were identical to HeV. Isolations were confirmed after RNA extracted from original material was positive for HeV RNA when screened on an HeV Taqman assay. The isolation of HeV from pteropid bats corroborates our earlier serological and epidemiological evidence that they are a natural reservoir host of the virus.
TL;DR: Analysis of siderophore production by this organism revealed that the biosynthesis of all salicylate-derived siders was interrupted, and the mutant was found to be impaired for growth in macrophage-like THP-1 cells, suggesting that siderophile production is required for virulence of M. tuberculosis.
Abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an important pathogen of mammals that relies on 2-hydroxyphenyloxazoline-containing siderophore molecules called mycobactins for the acquisition of iron in the restrictive environment of the mammalian macrophage. These compounds have been proposed to be biosynthesized through the action of a cluster of genes that include both nonribosomal peptide synthase and polyketide synthase components. One of these genes encodes a protein, MbtB, that putatively couples activated salicylic acid with serine or threonine and then cyclizes this precursor to the phenyloxazoline ring system. We have used gene replacement through homologous recombination to delete the mbtB gene and replace this with a hygromycin-resistance cassette in the virulent strain of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The resulting mutant is restricted for growth in iron-limited media but grows normally in iron-replete media. Analysis of siderophore production by this organism revealed that the biosynthesis of all salicylate-derived siderophores was interrupted. The mutant was found to be impaired for growth in macrophage-like THP-1 cells, suggesting that siderophore production is required for virulence of M. tuberculosis. These results provide conclusive evidence linking this genetic locus to siderophore production.
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The role of parametric modeling as an application for the global computing grid is examined, and some heuristics which make it possible to specific soft real time deadlines for larger computational experiments are explored.
Abstract: The evolution of a particular tool, Nimrod, from a local computing environment to the global computational grid is discussed. The various services of Globus and how these were applied in building a grid aware application are described. The algorithm used is both simple and adaptive to changes in the workload distribution on the grid and incorporates user requirements as well as system ones. Results show that it is possible to build an application which takes account of the highly dynamic and unpredictable nature of the grid.
01 Apr 2000
TL;DR: A visual verification approach and algorithm is presented that employs a set of graph reduction rules to identify structural conflicts in process models for the given workflow modeling language and provides insights into the correctness and complexity of the reduction process.
Abstract: The foundation of a process model lies in its structural specifications. Using a generic process modeling language for workflows, we show how a structural specification may contain deadlock and lack of synchronization conflicts that could compromise the correct execution of workflows. In general, identification of such conflicts is a computationally complex problem and requires development of effective algorithms specific for the target modeling language. We present a visual verification approach and algorithm that employs a set of graph reduction rules to identify structural conflicts in process models for the given workflow modeling language. We also provide insights into the correctness and complexity of the reduction process. Finally, we show how the reduction algorithm may be used to count possible instance subgraphs of a correct process model. The main contribution of the paper is a new technique for satisfying well-defined correctness criteria in process models. © 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: This work discusses new work that shows how entanglement of the Bell-type can be observed in continuous variable, homodyne measurement schemes, and contrasts the various classical limits which emerge from the different ways of assessing teleportation.
Abstract: Traditionally quantum information research has centred on discrete quantum variables, particularly binary variables (qubits). However, recently much attention has focused on quantum information manipulations with continuous variables such as the amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic field. As well as offering the possibility of high data rates, continuous variables also exhibit greater versatility in realizing certain operations. For example teleportation, in which quantum information is passed intact through a classical channel with the assistance of shared entanglement, can be achieved more efficiently using continuous variable techniques. I review recent work on the characterization of teleportation and entanglement swapping and present new work on interferometric tests of teleportation. These interferometric tests are important because they allow the efficacy of teleportation to be checked without knowledge of the input quantum state. They can be applied equally to the cases of discrete and continuous variable inputs and in so doing highlight unexpected similarities. I contrast the various classical limits which emerge from the different ways of assessing teleportation. An obvious omission from the list of continuous variable quantum information manipulations is any proposal for direct analogues of 2 photon interference effects, especially those that lead to Bell inequality type tests of local realism. Bell-type correlations are the defining feature of discrete variable entanglement experimentally. I discuss new work that shows how entanglement of the Bell-type can be observed in continuous variable, homodyne measurement schemes.
TL;DR: In this paper, a transport cost model that identifies the significance of transport as a factor in destination development as well as in the selection of destinations by intending tourists is presented. And the model is tested by analyzing the role of transport in the development of Cairns as a destination by examining the effect of distance, transport access costs and competing destinations.
TL;DR: There was a trend towards superior results when parents were involved in treatment, but this effect was not statistically significant.
Abstract: Fifty children aged 7–14 years with a principal diagnosis of social phobia were randomly assigned to either child-focused cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT), CBT plus parent involvement, or a wait list control (WLC). The integrated CBT program involved intensive social skills training combined with graded exposure and cognitive challenging. At post-treatment, significantly fewer children in the treatment conditions retained a clinical diagnosis of social phobia compared to the WLC condition. In comparison to the WLC, children in both CBT interventions showed significantly greater reductions in children's social and general anxiety and a significant increase in parental ratings of child social skills performance. At 12-month follow-up, both treatment groups retained their improvement. There was a trend towards superior results when parents were involved in treatment, but this effect was not statistically significant.