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Showing papers by "University of Queensland published in 2001"


Journal ArticleDOI
04 Jan 2001-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that efficient quantum computation is possible using only beam splitters, phase shifters, single photon sources and photo-detectors and are robust against errors from photon loss and detector inefficiency.
Abstract: Quantum computers promise to increase greatly the efficiency of solving problems such as factoring large integers, combinatorial optimization and quantum physics simulation. One of the greatest challenges now is to implement the basic quantum-computational elements in a physical system and to demonstrate that they can be reliably and scalably controlled. One of the earliest proposals for quantum computation is based on implementing a quantum bit with two optical modes containing one photon. The proposal is appealing because of the ease with which photon interference can be observed. Until now, it suffered from the requirement for non-linear couplings between optical modes containing few photons. Here we show that efficient quantum computation is possible using only beam splitters, phase shifters, single photon sources and photo-detectors. Our methods exploit feedback from photo-detectors and are robust against errors from photon loss and detector inefficiency. The basic elements are accessible to experimental investigation with current technology.

5,236 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory underpinning the measurement of density matrices of a pair of quantum two-level systems is described, and a detailed error analysis is presented, allowing errors in quantities derived from the density matrix, such as the entropy or entanglement of formation.
Abstract: We describe in detail the theory underpinning the measurement of density matrices of a pair of quantum two-level systems ~‘‘qubits’’ !. Our particular emphasis is on qubits realized by the two polarization degrees of freedom of a pair of entangled photons generated in a down-conversion experiment; however, the discussion applies in general, regardless of the actual physical realization. Two techniques are discussed, namely, a tomographic reconstruction ~in which the density matrix is linearly related to a set of measured quantities ! and a maximum likelihood technique which requires numerical optimization ~but has the advantage of producing density matrices that are always non-negative definite!. In addition, a detailed error analysis is presented, allowing errors in quantities derived from the density matrix, such as the entropy or entanglement of formation, to be estimated. Examples based on down-conversion experiments are used to illustrate our results.

1,838 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: New structural information has increased the understanding of the structural determinants of LRR proteins and the ability to model such proteins with unknown structures, and has shed new light on how these proteins participate in protein-protein interactions.

1,604 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the current understanding of the three key areas of wet granulation processes: wetting and nucleation, consolidation and growth, and breakage and attrition.

1,126 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Host-pathogen models are essential for designing strategies for managing disease threats to humans, wild animals and domestic animals, and it is suggested that mass action has often been modelled wrongly.
Abstract: Host-pathogen models are essential for designing strategies for managing disease threats to humans, wild animals and domestic animals. The behaviour of these models is greatly affected by the way in which transmission between infected and susceptible hosts is modelled. Since host-pathogen models were first developed at the beginning of the 20th century, the 'mass action' assumption has almost always been used for transmission. Recently, however, it has been suggested that mass action has often been modelled wrongly. Alternative models of transmission are beginning to appear, as are empirical tests of transmission dynamics.

1,093 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that in order for sophisticated cortical neuronal systems have evolved in which MNs function as key elements, early developmental failures of MN systems are likely to result in a consequent cascade of developmental impairments characterised by the clinical syndrome of autism.

925 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Child and adolescent mental health problems are an important public health problem in Australia and the appropriate balance between funding provided for clinical interventions focusing on individual children and families and funding for interventions that focus on populations, requires careful study.
Abstract: Objective: To identify the prevalence of three mental disorders (Depressive Disorder, Conduct Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), the prevalence of mental health problems, the health-related quality of life of those with problems, and patterns of service utilisation of those with and without mental health problems, among 4–17-year-olds in Australia. To identify rates of health-risk behaviours among adolescents with mental health problems.Method: The mental disorders were assessed using the parent-version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV. Parents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist to identify mental health problems and standard questionnaires to assess healthrelated quality of life and service use. The Youth Risk Behaviour Questionnaire completed by adolescents was employed to identify health-risk behaviours.Results: Fourteen percent of children and adolescents were identified as having mental health problems. Many of those with mental health problems ha...

913 citations


01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, an accurate PV module electrical model based on the Shockley diode equation is presented, which has a photo-current current source, a single diode junction and a series resistance, and includes temperature dependences.
Abstract: An accurate PV module electrical model is presented based on the Shockley diode equation. The simple model has a photo-current current source, a single diode junction and a series resistance, and includes temperature dependences. The method of parameter extraction and model evaluation in Matlab is demonstrated for a typical 60W solar panel. This model is used to investigate the variation of maximum power point with temperature and isolation levels. A comparison of buck versus boost maximum power point tracker (MPPT) topologies is made, and compared with a direct connection to a constant voltage (battery) load. The boost converter is shown to have a slight advantage over the buck, since it can always track the maximum power point.

896 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the paradox and show why farmers continue to use pesticides despite the increasing costs and also emphasize the "lock-in" aspects of pesticide use and emphasize the negative externalities from such use.

803 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that the central dogma is incomplete, and that intronic and other non‐coding RNAs have evolved to comprise a second tier of gene expression in eukaryotes, which enables the integration and networking of complex suites of gene activity.
Abstract: Around 98% of all transcriptional output in humans is noncoding RNA. RNA-mediated gene regulation is widespread in higher eukaryotes and complex genetic phenomena like RNA interference, co-suppression, transgene silencing, imprinting, methylation, and possibly position-effect variegation and transvection, all involve intersecting pathways based on or connected to RNA signaling. I suggest that the central dogma is incomplete, and that intronic and other non-coding RNAs have evolved to comprise a second tier of gene expression in eukaryotes, which enables the integration and networking of complex suites of gene activity. Although proteins are the fundamental effectors of cellular function, the basis of eukaryotic complexity and phenotypic variation may lie primarily in a control architecture composed of a highly parallel system of trans-acting RNAs that relay state information required for the coordination and modulation of gene expression, via chromatin remodeling, RNA–DNA, RNA–RNA and RNA–protein interactions. This system has interesting and perhaps informative analogies with small world networks and dataflow computing.

787 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the physical activity (PA) patterns and the hypothesized psychosocial and environmental determinants of PA in an ethnically diverse sample of obese and non-obese middle school children.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the physical activity (PA) patterns and the hypothesized psychosocial and environmental determinants of PA in an ethnically diverse sample of obese and non-obese middle school children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: One-hundred and thirty-three non-obese and 54 obese sixth grade children (mean age of 11.4±0.6). Obesity status determined using the age-, race- and gender-specific 95th percentile for BMI from NHANES-1. MEASUREMENTS: Objective measurements were collected of PA over a 7-day period using the CSA 7164 accelerometer: total daily counts; daily moderate (3–5.9 METs) physical activity (MPA); daily vigorous physical activity (≥6 METs; VPA); and weekly number of 5, 10 and 20 min bouts of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (≥3 METs, MVPA). Self-report measures were collected of PA self-efficacy; social influences regarding PA, beliefs about PA outcomes; perceived PA levels of parents and peers, access to sporting and/or fitness equipment at home, involvement in community-based PA organizations; participation in community sports teams; and hours spent watching television or playing video games. RESULTS: Compared to their non-obese counterparts, obese children exhibited significantly lower daily accumulations of total counts, MPA and VPA as well as significantly fewer 5, 10 and 20 min bouts of MVPA. Obese children reported significantly lower levels of PA self-efficacy, were involved in significantly fewer community organizations promoting PA and were significantly less likely to report their father or male guardian as physically active. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with the hypothesis that physical inactivity is an important contributing factor in the maintenance of childhood obesity. Interventions to promote PA in obese children should endeavor to boost self-efficacy perceptions regarding exercise, increase awareness of, and access to, community PA outlets, and increase parental modeling of PA.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper reviews recent literature on the topic as well as present research from laboratories on the effect of condensed tannins on rumen microbial ecology and rumen metabolism and their impact on the nutrition of the animal.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors generalized the spin-flip superoperator to a universal inverter, which acts on quantum systems of arbitrary dimension and introduced the corresponding generalized concurrence for joint pure states of D-1 X D-2 bipartite quantum systems.
Abstract: Wootters [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2245 (1998)] has given an explicit formula for the entanglement of formation of two qubits in terms of what he calls the concurrence of the joint density operator. Wootters's concurrence is defined with the help of the superoperator that flips the spin of a qubit. We generalize the spin-flip superoperator to a universal inverter, which acts on quantum systems of arbitrary dimension, and we introduce the corresponding generalized concurrence for joint pure states of D-1 X D-2 bipartite quantum systems. We call this generalized concurrence the I concurrence to emphasize its relation to the universal inverter. The universal inverter, which is a positive, but not completely positive superoperator, is closely related to the completely positive universal-NOT superoperator, the quantum analogue of a classical NOT gate. We present a physical realization of the universal-NOT Superoperator.

Journal ArticleDOI
Jun Kawai, Akira Shinagawa, K. Shibata, Masayasu Yoshino, Masayoshi Itoh, Y. Ishii, Takahiro Arakawa, A. Hara, Yoshifumi Fukunishi, Hideaki Konno, Jun Adachi, S. Fukuda, Katsunori Aizawa, Masaki Izawa, Kenichiro Nishi, H. Kiyosawa, S. Kondo, Itaru Yamanaka, Takashi Saito, Yasushi Okazaki, Takashi Gojobori1, Hidemasa Bono, Takeya Kasukawa2, Rintaro Saito, Koji Kadota, Hideo Matsuda3, Michael Ashburner, Serge Batalov4, Thomas L. Casavant5, W. Fleischmann, Terry Gaasterland6, Carmela Gissi7, Benjamin L. King, Hiromi Kochiwa8, P. Kuehl9, Simon L. Lewis10, Y. Matsuo, Itoshi Nikaido11, Graziano Pesole7, John Quackenbush12, Lynn M. Schriml13, F. Staubli, R. Suzuki8, Masaru Tomita8, Lukas Wagner13, Takanori Washio8, K. Sakai, Toshihisa Okido, Masaaki Furuno, H. Aono, Richard M. Baldarelli, Gregory S. Barsh14, Judith A. Blake, Dario Boffelli15, N. Bojunga, Piero Carninci, M. F. De Bonaldo5, Michael J. Brownstein13, Carol J. Bult, Christopher D.M. Fletcher4, Masaki Fujita16, Manuela Gariboldi, Stefano Gustincich17, David E. Hill, Marion A. Hofmann, David A. Hume18, Mamoru Kamiya, Norman H. Lee12, Paul A. Lyons19, Luigi Marchionni20, Jun Mashima1, J. Mazzarelli21, Peter Mombaerts6, P. Nordone22, Brian Z. Ring14, M. Ringwald, Ivan Rodriguez6, Naoaki Sakamoto, H. Sasaki23, K. Sato24, Christian Schönbach, Tsukasa Seya, Y. Shibata, Kai-Florian Storch, Harukazu Suzuki, Kazuhito Toyo-oka25, Kuan Hong Wang26, Charles J. Weitz17, Charles A. Whittaker26, L. Wilming27, Anthony Wynshaw-Boris25, K. Yoshida, Y. Hasegawa2, Hideya Kawaji2, Hideya Kawaji3, S. Kohtsuki2, Yoshihide Hayashizaki24 
08 Feb 2001-Nature
TL;DR: The first RIKEN clone collection is described, which is one of the largest described for any organism and analysis of these cDNAs extends known gene families and identifies new ones.
Abstract: The RIKEN Mouse Gene Encyclopaedia Project, a systematic approach to determining the full coding potential of the mouse genome, involves collection and sequencing of full-length complementary DNAs and physical mapping of the corresponding genes to the mouse genome. We organized an international functional annotation meeting (FANTOM) to annotate the first 21,076 cDNAs to be analysed in this project. Here we describe the first RIKEN clone collection, which is one of the largest described for any organism. Analysis of these cDNAs extends known gene families and identifies new ones.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Electron microscopy of the ultrastructure of B. anammoxidans has shown that several membrane-bounded compartments are present inside the cytoplasm, and Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, a keyAnammox enzyme, is found exclusively inside one of these compartments, tentatively named the 'anammoxosome'.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the batch removal of hexavalent chromium (Vl) from wastewater under different experimental conditions using economic adsorbents was investigated, and the results indicated the endothermic nature of adsorption on TAC, SPC and CAC.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is indicated that the Myxozoa are closely related to Cnidaria, and marine taxa at the genus level branch separately from genera that usually infect freshwater fishes; taxa cluster more by development and tissue location than by spore morphology.
Abstract: In the last few years two factors have helped to significantly advance our understanding of the Myxozoa. First, the phenomenal increase in fin fish aquaculture in the 1990s has lead to the increased importance of these parasites; in turn this has lead to intensified research efforts, which have increased knowledge of the development, diagnosis. and pathogenesis of myxozoans. The hallmark discovery in the 1980s that the life cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis requires development of an actinosporean stage in the oligochaete. Tubifex tubifex, led to the elucidation of the life cycles of several other myxozoans. Also, the life cycle and taxonomy of the enigmatic PKX myxozoan has been resolved: it is the alternate stage of the unusual myxozoan, Tetracapsula bryosalmonae, from bryozoans. The 18S rDNA gene of many species has been sequenced, and here we add 22 new sequences to the data set. Phylogenetic analyses using all these sequences indicate that: 1) the Myxozoa are closely related to Cnidaria (also supported by morphological data); 2) marine taxa at the genus level branch separately from genera that usually infect freshwater fishes; 3) taxa cluster more by development and tissue location than by spore morphology; 4) the tetracapsulids branched off early in myxozoan evolution, perhaps reflected by their having bryozoan, rather than annelid hosts; 5) the morphology of actinosporeans offers little information for determining their myxosporean counterparts (assuming that they exist); and 6) the marine actinosporeans from Australia appear to form a clade within the platysporinid myxosporeans. Ribosomal DNA sequences have also enabled development of diagnostic tests for myxozoans. PCR and in situ hybridisation tests based on rDNA sequences have been developed for Myxobolus cerebralis, Ceratomyxa shasta, Kudoa spp., and Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX). Lectin-based and antibody tests have also been developed for certain myxozoans, such as PKX and C. shasta. We also review important diseases caused by myxozoans, which are emerging or re-emerging. Epizootics of whirling disease in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have recently been reported throughout the Rocky Mountain states of the USA. With a dramatic increase in aquaculture of fishes using marine netpens, several marine myxozoans have been recognized or elevated in status as pathological agents. Kudoa thyrsites infections have caused severe post-harvest myoliquefaction in pen-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and Ceratomyxa spp., Sphaerospora spp., and Myxidium leei cause disease in pen-reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream species (family Sparidae) in Mediterranean countries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article evaluated the adequacy of the belief dimensions and categories in that framework and considered whether there is a ''transitional'' orientation to teaching and learning as argued by Kember (1997a) in his recent synthesis of the domain.
Abstract: In the last decade, several classifications of the ways in whichacademics conceptualise teaching and learning have been proposed,including our scheme (Samuelowicz and Bain 1992). This paper reassessesthe framework described in our earlier paper, evaluates the adequacy ofthe belief dimensions and categories in that framework and considerswhether there is a `transitional' orientation to teaching and learningas argued by Kember (1997a) in his recent synthesis of the domain.Thirty-nine academics representing a range of disciplines wereinterviewed and in accordance with a `beliefs' framework we sought theirtypical ways of thinking about teaching and learning, and theirdispositions to teach in particular ways. The constant comparison method(Strauss and Corbin 1997) was applied to whole interview transcripts toidentify broad orientations to teaching and learning, which were thenanalysed to identify the qualitatively distinct beliefs constitutingthem. An extended framework of academics' beliefs about teaching andlearning is proposed in which seven orientations are described in termsof nine qualitative belief dimensions. There is considerable overlapwith our previous findings, but there also are some importantrefinements and additions. Three forms of evidence (the qualitativeanalysis itself, a hierarchical clustering based on that analysis, andnarratives of two academics) are presented to demonstrate that there arefundamental differences between teaching-centred and learning-centredorientations to teaching and learning. Thus our data are broadlyconsistent with previously reported evidence, but they provide noempirical support for Kember's (1997a) `transitional' category acting asa bridge between the two major sets of orientations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to examine the relative efficiency of Australian universities and developed three performance models, namely, overall performance, performance on delivery of educational services, and performance on fee-paying enrolments.
Abstract: Performance indicators in the public sector have often been criticised for being inadequate and not conducive to analysing efficiency. The main objective of this study is to use data envelopment analysis (DEA) to examine the relative efficiency of Australian universities. Three performance models are developed, namely, overall performance, performance on delivery of educational services, and performance on fee-paying enrolments. The findings based on 1995 data show that the university sector was performing well on technical and scale efficiency but there was room for improving performance on fee-paying enrolments. There were also small slacks in input utilisation. More universities were operating at decreasing returns to scale, indicating a potential to downsize. DEA helps in identifying the reference sets for inefficient institutions and objectively determines productivity improvements. As such, it can be a valuable benchmarking tool for educational administrators and assist in more efficient allocation of scarce resources. In the absence of market mechanisms to price educational outputs, which renders traditional production or cost functions inappropriate, universities are particularly obliged to seek alternative efficiency analysis methods such as DEA.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is clinically important to detect ESBL production by klebsiellae or E. coli even when cephalosporin MICs are in the susceptible range (≤ 8 μg/ml) and to report ESBL-producing organisms as resistant to aztreonam and all cep Halosporins (with the exception of cephamycins).
Abstract: Although extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) hydrolyze cephalosporin antibiotics, some ESBL-producing organisms are not resistant to all cephalosporins when tested in vitro. Some authors have suggested that screening klebsiellae or Escherichia coli for ESBL production is not clinically necessary, and when most recently surveyed the majority of American clinical microbiology laboratories did not make efforts to detect ESBLs. We performed a prospective, multinational study of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia and identified 10 patients who were treated for ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae bacteremia with cephalosporins and whose infecting organisms were not resistant in vitro to the utilized cephalosporin. In addition, we reviewed 26 similar cases of severe infections which had previously been reported. Of these 36 patients, 4 had to be excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 32 patients, 100% (4 of 4) patients experienced clinical failure when MICs of the cephalosporin used for treatment were in the intermediate range and 54% (15 of 28) experienced failure when MICs of the cephalosporin used for treatment were in the susceptible range. Thus, it is clinically important to detect ESBL production by klebsiellae or E. coli even when cephalosporin MICs are in the susceptible range (≤ 8 μg/ml) and to report ESBL-producing organisms as resistant to aztreonam and all cephalosporins (with the exception of cephamycins).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested a model in which threats and opportunities lead directly to different organizational actions and compared it to a model which organizational characteristics moderate organizational actions taken in response to threats.
Abstract: In this study, we tested a model in which threats and opportunities lead directly to different organizational actions and compared it to a model in which organizational characteristics moderate organizational actions taken in response to threats and opportunities. To better understand these effects, we differentiated the dimensions of threat and opportunity associated with the threat-rigidity hypothesis from the dimensions associated with prospect theory. In this study, threats had the main and moderated effects predicted from the literature, but opportunities did not.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The primary influence on avian retinal design appears to be the range of wavelengths available for vision, regardless of whether that range is determined by the spectral distribution of the natural illumination or the spectral transmittance of the ocular media.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The studies identify a novel protein determinant that is required for H-ras function, and show that the GTP/GDP state of H-ra determines its lateral segregation on the plasma membrane.
Abstract: Different sites of plasma membrane attachment may underlie functional differences between isoforms of Ras. Here we show that palmitoylation and farnesylation targets H-ras to lipid rafts and caveolae, but that the interaction of H-ras with these membrane subdomains is dynamic. GTP-loading redistributes H-ras from rafts into bulk plasma membrane by a mechanism that requires the adjacent hypervariable region of H-ras. Release of H-ras-GTP from rafts is necessary for efficient activation of Raf. By contrast, K-ras is located outside rafts irrespective of bound nucleotide. Our studies identify a novel protein determinant that is required for H-ras function, and show that the GTP/GDP state of H-ras determines its lateral segregation on the plasma membrane.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Feeding rate was increased in the mangrove habitat for small and medium-sized fish compared with seagrass beds and mudflats indicating increased food availability or foraging efficiency within this habitat, and provision of shelter appears to be important.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present data support the suggestion that the brain recognizes at least two major categories of stressor, which the authors have referred to as ‘physical’ and ‘psychological’.
Abstract: It has been hypothesized that the brain categorizes stressors and utilizes neural response pathways that vary in accordance with the assigned category. If this is true, stressors should elicit patterns of neuronal activation within the brain that are category-specific. Data from previous immediate–early gene expression mapping studies have hinted that this is the case, but interstudy differences in methodology render conclusions tenuous. In the present study, immunolabelling for the expression of c-fos was used as a marker of neuronal activity elicited in the rat brain by haemorrhage, immune challenge, noise, restraint and forced swim. All stressors elicited c-fos expression in 25–30% of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus corticotrophin-releasing-factor cells, suggesting that these stimuli were of comparable strength, at least with regard to their ability to activate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. In the amygdala, haemorrhage and immune challenge both elicited c-fos expression in a large number of neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala, whereas noise, restraint and forced swim primarily elicited recruitment of cells within the medial nucleus of the amygdala. In the medulla, all stressors recruited similar numbers of noradrenergic (A1 and A2) and adrenergic (C1 and C2) cells. However, haemorrhage and immune challenge elicited c-fos expression in subpopulations of A1 and A2 noradrenergic cells that were significantly more rostral than those recruited by noise, restraint or forced swim. The present data support the suggestion that the brain recognizes at least two major categories of stressor, which we have referred to as ‘physical’ and ‘psychological’. Moreover, the present data suggest that the neural activation footprint that is left in the brain by stressors can be used to determine the category to which they have been assigned by the brain.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical review of the developments in these areas with particular emphasis on adsorption characteristics, progress in controlling the pore sizes, and a comparison of pore size distributions using traditional and newer models is provided in this article.
Abstract: The discovery of periodic mesoporous MCM-41 and related molecular sieves has attracted significant attention from a fundamental as well as applied perspective. They possess well-defined cylindrical/hexagonal mesopores with a simple geometry, tailored pore size, and reproducible surface properties. Hence, there is an ever-growing scientific interest in the challenges posed by their processing and characterization and by the refinement of various sorption models. Further, MCM-41-based materials are currently under intense investigation with respect to their utility as adsorbents, catalysts, supports, ion-exchangers, and molecular hosts. In this article, we provide a critical review of the developments in these areas with particular emphasis on adsorption characteristics, progress in controlling the pore sizes, and a comparison of pore size distributions using traditional and newer models. The model proposed by the authors for adsorption isotherms and criticalities in capillary condensation and hysteresis is found to explain unusual adsorption behavior in these materials while providing a convenient characterization tool.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2001-Bone
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that suppression of trabecular bone turnover by high doses of bisphosphonates is associated with increased vertebral strength, even though there is significant microdamage accumulation and a reduction in the intrinsic energy absorption capacity of trabycular bone.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ENCORE experiment investigated responses of coral reef organisms and processes to controlled additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus on an offshore reef at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and showed that reef organism and processes investigated in situ were impacted by elevated nutrients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model for the determination of relative grain size is developed based on the assumption that nucleant substrates are activated by constitutional undercooling generated by growth of an adjacent grain.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) has been validated and used extensively in screening for depression in new mothers, both in English speaking and non-English speaking communities as discussed by the authors.