Showing papers by "University of Reading published in 1984"
TL;DR: The basic principle of language style is that an individual speaker does not always talk in the same way on all occasions as discussed by the authors, which is one of the most challenging aspects of sociolinguistic variation.
Abstract: Language style is one of the most challenging aspects of sociolinguistic variation. The basic principle of language style is that an individual speaker does not always talk in the same way on all occasions. Style means that speakers have alternatives or choices — a ‘that way’ which could have been chosen instead of a ‘this way’. Speakers talk in different ways in different situations, and these different ways of speaking can carry different social meanings.
2,116 citations
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: The subject of phytochemistry, or plant chemistry, has developed in recent years as a distinct discipline, somewhere in between natural product organic chemistry and plant biochemistry and is closely related to both as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The subject of phytochemistry, or plant chemistry, has developed in recent years as a distinct discipline, somewhere in between natural product organic chemistry and plant biochemistry and is closely related to both. It is concerned with the enormous variety of organic substances that are elaborated and accumulated by plants and deals with the chemical structures of these substances, their biosynthesis, turnover and metabolism, their natural distribution and their biological function.
508 citations
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this article, nonstationary Markov chains are fitted to the occurrence of rain, and gamma distributions, with parameters which vary with-the time of year, are fitting to the rainfall amounts.
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper discusses the fitting and use of models for daily rainfall observations. Nonstationary Markov chains are fitted to the occurrence of rain, and gamma distributions, with parameters which vary with-the time of year, are fitted to the rainfall amounts. Numerical methods are used to derive results from these models that are important in agricultural planning. Examples include the distributions of soil water content and lengths of dry spells. The process of fitting and using these models provides a straightforward and flexible analysis for rainfall records.
382 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that compounds with opposite effects on central cholinergic pathways produce opposite effect on the performance of a task involving rapid information processing, and are consistent with previous findings from this laboratory.
Abstract: In the first experiment, after a 10-min baseline test on a rapid information processing task, subjects received oral doses of either placebo, methscopolamine 1.2 mg, scopolamine 0.6 mg or scopolamine 1.2 mg, and 1 h later performed the task again for a 20-min period. Following scopolamine 1.2 mg, correct detections were significantly lower over the 20-min period, whereas no such decrement was observed in the other three conditions. In the second experiment a similar design was used to study the effects of nicotine 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg and 1.5 mg and placebo, except that post-drug testing was carried out 10 min after baseline due to the faster absorption of nicotine. Nicotine helped prevent both the decline in detections and the increase in reaction time which occurred over time in the placebo condition. These findings indicate that compounds with opposite effects on central cholinergic pathways produce opposite effects on the performance of a task involving rapid information processing, and are consistent with previous findings from this laboratory.
353 citations
289 citations
TL;DR: The lamellar structures within melt-grown spherulites of the monoclinic form of isotactic polypropylene have been studied by transmission electron microscopy following permanganic etching as discussed by the authors.
222 citations
213 citations
01 Aug 1984-Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B-comparative and Physiological Psychology
TL;DR: The results of seven experiments designed to elucidate further the effect of fornix tran section are incompatible with existing hypotheses of hippocampal function.
Abstract: Thirty-three monkeys took part in seven experiments designed to elucidate further the effect of fornix transection on learning and memory. In the first experiment the monkeys had to remember whether stimulus objects had previously been paired with reward or no reward, and they had to use this memory to guide choice between stimulus objects at retention tests according to an arbitrary rule which they had learned: to choose objects previously paired with no reward in preference to objects previously paired with reward. Fornix transection produced a severe and permanent impairment in this task. In the second experiment the monkeys also had to remember object-reward associations but the performance rule was more natural: to choose objects previously paired with reward. Here fornix transection had no effect. The third experiment required the monkeys to remember, given a stimulus object, which of two events of equal valence had previously been the outcome of displacing that object. The two events were either a ...
181 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of roasting on the chlorogenic acid composition of Arabica and Robusta coffee has been investigated and the degradation of seven chlorogenic acids was followed during roasting.
174 citations
160 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the daily lot of single women in terms of service and philanthropic effort, in addition to the particular contribution of women in the traditional sectors of female work, such as domestic service, textile industry and service trades.
Abstract: In times of economic stress, the numbers of perpetually celibate and widows who would not remarry rose, and the women involved clearly had to fend for themselves in increasingly difficult circumstances. The traditional sectors of female work—domestic service, textile industry, and service trades—were poorly remunerated and women had to find some means of cutting costs by clustering together, living with relatives, or seeking work which provided accommodation. The various means of survival are explored together with suggestions for poten tial source material for examining further the daily lot of women alone. In addi tion, the particular contribution of single women, in terms of service and philan thropic effort, is pursued.
TL;DR: The variational method for the determination of ro-vibrational energy levels has been extended to the rovibronic energy levels of Renner-Teller triatomic molecules as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The variational method for the determination of ro-vibrational energy levels has been extended to the ro-vibronic energy levels of Renner-Teller triatomic molecules. A previously derived hamiltonia...
TL;DR: Nicotine was found to counteract the depression of performance produced by scopolamine on both the rapid information task and the Stroop test, providing further support for the theory that central cholinergic pathways play a major role in human information processing.
Abstract: Previous work in this and another laboratory has shown that nicotine tablets improve the performance of a rapid information processing task and reduce the Stroop effect, whereas scopolamine has the opposite effects. The purpose of this study was to extend these previous findings by determining whether, when administered together, these two drugs have mutually antagonistic effects on task performance. Two experiments are reported, both using within-subjects double-blind Latin Square designs. In the first, six subjects received single and combined doses of scopolamine 1.2 mg and nicotine 1.5 mg, and there was some evidence that the two drugs had mutually antagonistic effects on the rapid information processing task. In the second experiment 12 subjects received the same doses, but rapid information processing testing was carried out over a longer time period and Stroop testing was introduced at the end of the 2.5 h session. Nicotine was found to counteract the depression of performance produced by scopolamine on both the rapid information task and the Stroop test. These results provide further support for the theory that central cholinergic pathways play a major role in human information processing.
TL;DR: The equivalence of taking an isotropic, moving, spatial average of a two-dimensional field on the sphere to multiplying the coefficients in its spherical harmonics representation with factors that depend only on the total wavenumber n is discussed in this paper.
Abstract: The equivalence of taking an isotropic, moving, spatial average of a two-dimensional field on the sphere to multiplying the coefficients in its spherical harmonics representation with factors that depend only on the total wavenumber n is discussed. Equivalent spatial averaging operators for several such spectral filters are displayed.
TL;DR: In this article, the dispersion of the Pd has been determined by adsorption of H 2 and CO, and the catalytic activity of Pd TiO 2 and Pd SiO 2 catalysts was determined for the hydrogenolysis of ethane and for the CO H 2 reaction.
TL;DR: Chromatographic investigation of a methanolic extract of white lupin roots has revealed the presence of six new dihydrofurano-and pyrano-substituted isoflavones in roots and leaves of L. albus, presumed to be the precursor of lupisoflavone.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of moisture and mean tropospheric enthalpy distributions based on FGGE data is described and interpreted for the months of May and June 1979 using 15-day means for the region 0-150°E, 40°S−40°N, and detailed temporal evolutions from time series at daily intervals for two regions-the Arabian Sea and the larger area 0°−150° E, 22.5°5−41.25°N.
Abstract: Analyses of moisture and mean tropospheric enthalpy distributions based on FGGE data are described and interpreted for the months of May and June 1979. Their detailed spatial characteristics are inferred using 15-day means for the region 0–150°E, 40°S–40°N, and the detailed temporal evolutions from time series at daily intervals for two regions-the Arabian Sea and the larger area 0°–150°E, 22.5°5–41.25°N. Vertical motion fields are calculated using O'Brien's method and are used to determine the distributions of moisture convergence and heating. The onset is found to consist of two main phases: 1) a moisture buildup over the Arabian Sea during which synoptic- and mesoscale transient disturbances develop; the relationship of this buildup with planetary wave activity is discussed. This is followed by 2) a rapid intensification of the Arabian Sea winds and a substantial increase in latent heat release, essentially a large-scale feedback process. The fully established monsoonal flow is interpreted in ...
TL;DR: Not only did smoking help to prevent the decrease in speed and accuracy which occurred over time in the non-smoking conditions, but it actually improved performance over baseline levels.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of four cigarettes having a range of covarying nicotine and “tar” yields on the performance of a rapid information processing task. Twenty five smokers were tested on different days with each of the cigarettes and in a non-smoking control condition. The order of testing was counterbalanced over days using a 5×5 Latin Square Design. Not only did smoking help to prevent the decrease in speed and accuracy which occurred over time in the non-smoking conditions, but it actually improved performance over baseline levels. Furthermore, the greatest improvements were found with the higher nicotine yielding cigarttes. These objectively measured effects of the cigarettes on performance matched the subjective evaluations of the effects of the cigarettes outside the laboratory, and are discussed in relation to other questionnaire studies and a survey of smoking at work.
TL;DR: A series of hydroxy aromatic acids, esters and lactones have been evaluated as antioxidants for lard at 120°C at 0·025, 0·05% and 0·1% concentrations.
01 Nov 1984-Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B-comparative and Physiological Psychology
TL;DR: Four experiments contradict the hypothesis, suggested by previous experiments, that fornix transection produces a defect in discrimination of stimulus familiarity in long-term but not in short-term memory and suggest rather that forNix trnsection impairs memory of instrumental responses.
Abstract: Three monkeys with fornix transection and three normal control monkeys performed a series of tasks which were variations of delayed non-matching. Experiment 1 showed that even at short retention intervals fornix transection impaired the spontaneous tendency to explore novel objects. Experiment 2 provided differential reward for non-matching and showed that the fornix-transected monkeys learned and performed non-matching normally even though the sample-match retention intervals were long throughout the experiment. Experiment 3 showed that non-matching performance was transiently more disrupted in fornix-transected than in normal monkeys when the testing procedure was changed, in a variety of ways, while maintaining the basic non-match rule. Experiment 4 required the monkeys to discriminate objects they had displaced from objects they had seen but not displaced; fornix transection produced in this task a substantial and stable impairment. These four experiments require a revised interpretation of the effect...
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01 Nov 1984TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a clear practical explanation of various management techniques to improve their property development decisions, and provide an overview of the different management techniques used by different types of surveying and property professionals.
Abstract: Provides undergraduates in surveying and property professionals with a clear practical explanation of the various management techniques to improve their property development decisions.
TL;DR: In this paper, multispectral scanner system data simulating the thematic mapper (TM) of LANDSAT-4 were analyzed for an area near Gedney Hill, Lincolnshire, U.K.
Abstract: Multispectral scanner system data simulating the thematic mapper (TM) of LANDSAT-4 were analysed for an area near Gedney Hill, Lincolnshire, U.K. The data were found to have a three-dimensional statistical structure similar to that for the LANDSAT-4 TM of parts of the United States. Divergence analysis indicates that the optimal choice of bands for cover discrimination should include one band from the visible, one from the near-IR (infrared) and one from the middle- or far-IR. It was further shown, primarily from consideration of principal-component images, that significant discriminatory power may be lost if all bands are not used. Comparisons with LANDSAT-4 TM principal-component images are made. The role of noise factors in obscuring information, especially from highly correlated bands, is shown to be of considerable importance.
TL;DR: A novel method is applied to find a necessary and sufficient condition for a decomposition of the edge set of K r into n classes, each class consisting of disjoint paths to be extendible to a Hamiltonian decompositionof K 2 n + 1 so that each of the classes forms part of a Hamilton cycle.
TL;DR: The theoretical results fit in with the data but it is still subject to argument whether selection or mutation-random drift are maintaining most of the genetic variability at X-linked genes and genes in haplodiploids.
Abstract: From the available electrophoretic data, it is clear that haplodiploid insects have a much lower level of genetic variability than diploid insects, a difference that is only partially explained by the social structure of some haplodiploid species. The data comparing X-linked genes and autosomal genes in the same species is much more sparse and little can be inferred from it. This data is compared with theoretical analyses of X-linked genes and genes in haplodiploids. (The theoretical population genetics of X-linked genes and genes in haplodiploids are identical.) X-linked genes under directional selection will be lost or fixed more quickly than autosomal genes as selection acts more directly on X-linked genes and the effective population size is smaller. However, deleterious disease genes, maintained by mutation pressure, will give higher disease incidences at X-linked loci and hence rare mutants are easier to detect at X-linked loci. Considering the forces which can maintain balanced polymorphisms, there are much stronger restrictions on the fitness parameters at X-linked loci than at autosomal loci if genetic variability is to be maintained, and thus fewer polymorphic loci are to be expected on the X-chromosome and in haplodiploids. However, the mutation-random drift hypothesis also leads to the expectation of lower heterozygosity due to the decrease in effective population size. Thus the theoretical results fit in with the data but it is still subject to argument whether selection or mutation-random drift are maintaining most of the genetic variability at X-linked genes and genes in haplodiploids.
TL;DR: In the cities of the pre-Christian Roman empire, Jewish groups were in general free to pursue their own religious and social practices and, at any rate until Hadrian, they were not persecuted by the Roman government; even the exceptional and provocative demands for worship which came from a tyrannical emperor such as Gaius Caligula do not amount to planned persecution as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In the cities of the pre-Christian Roman empire, Jewish groups were in general free to pursue their own religious and social practices and, at any rate until Hadrian, they were not persecuted by the Roman government; even the exceptional and provocative demands for worship which came from a tyrannical emperor such as Gaius Caligula do not amount to planned persecution. There is a contrast with the subsequent fate of the early Christians, whose cult was, of course, often suppressed by the emperor and his governors. There is also a contrast with the later plight of the Jews themselves under Christian rule.Since, at the local level, Jews on the one hand and Greeks and natives on the other were often profoundly hostile to one another, the fact that the central government was on the whole proof against anti-Jewish pressure coming from below is indeed noteworthy. The edict of L. Flaccus as proconsul of Asia, by which in 62/1 B.C. he had confiscated the Jewish Temple contributions collected for export from his province, was never repeated, so far as we know (Cic., Flac. 66–9). Not only that: the Romans appear at times to have chosen to put their influence behind Jewish communities in dispute with their neighbours, as occurred to some extent in the cases which we shall discuss here, and did not cease even after A.D. 70.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model based on the larger coherent structures of the turbulent boundary layer is proposed for parallel laminations from upper-stage plane sand beds, where the body of each wave constitutes a graded lamina, a portion of which has some chance of permanent preservation under conditions of long-term net deposition.