Showing papers by "University of Rochester published in 1976"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors draw on recent progress in the theory of property rights, agency, and finance to develop a theory of ownership structure for the firm, which casts new light on and has implications for a variety of issues in the professional and popular literature.
49,666 citations
TL;DR: A uniform system of classification and nomenclature of the acute leukaemias should permit more accurate recording of the distribution of cases entered into clinical trials, and could provide a reference standard when newly developed cell‐surface markers believed to characterize specific cell types are applied to cases of acuteLeukaemia.
Abstract: A uniform system of classification and nomenclature of the acute leukaemias, at present lacking, should permit more accurate recording of the distribution of cases entered into clinical trials, and could provide a reference standard when newly developed cell-surface markers believed to characterize specific cell types are applied to cases of acute leukaemia. Proposals based on conventional morphological and cytochemical methods are offered following the study of peripheral blood and bone-marrow films from some 200 cases of acute leukaemia by a group of seven French, American and British haematologists. The slides were examined first independently, and then by the group working together. Two groups of acute leukaemia, 'lymphoblastic' and myeloid are further subdivided into three and six groups. Dysmyelopoietic syndromes that may be confused with acute myeloid leukaemia are also considered. Photomicrographs of each of the named conditions are presented.
5,523 citations
TL;DR: Results for GSH levels agreed well with earlier reports but levels of GSSG estimated here were higher than earlier reported values, and the reasons for the apparently higher levels ofGSSG are discussed.
3,881 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Hartree-Fock matrix of the supermolecule is used as the basis for the construction of the Fock matrix, and certain blocks of this matrix are set to zero subject to specify boundary conditions of the molecular orbitals, and the resultant matrix is diagonalized iteratively to obtain the desired energy components.
Abstract: A new method is proposed for the analysis of components of molecular interaction energy within the Hartree-Fock approximation. The Hartree-Fock molecular orbitals of the isolated molecules are used as the basis for the construction of Fock matrix of the supermolecule. Then certain blocks of this matrix are set to zero subject to specify boundary conditions of the supermolecule molecular orbitals, and the resultant matrix is diagonalized iteratively to obtain the desired energy components. This method can be considered as an extension of our previous method, but has an advantage in the explicit definition of the charge transfer energy, placing it on an equal footing with the exchange and polarization terms. The new method is compared with existing perturbation methods, and is also applied to the energy and electron density decomposition of (H2O)2.
1,760 citations
928 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the role of wage indexation in dampening macroeconomic fluctuations in a simple neoclassical model modified to incorporate short-term wage rigidities and uncertainty and found that while indexing insulates the real sector from the effects of monetary shocks, it may exacerbate the real effects of real shocks.
734 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the spin-spin correlation functions for the two-dimensional Ising model on a square lattice in zero magnetic field for T>Tc and T
Abstract: We compute exactly the spin-spin correlation functions 〈σ0,0σM,N〉 for the two-dimensional Ising model on a square lattice in zero magnetic field for T>Tc and T
683 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the extension of the fundamental principles of the monetary approach to balance of payments analysis to a regime of floating exchange rates, with active intervention by the authorities to control rate movements.
Abstract: This paper considers the extension of the fundamental principles of the monetary approach to balance of payments analysis to a regime of floating exchange rates, with active intervention by the authorities to control rate movements It makes four main points First, the exchange rate is the relative price of different national monies, rather than national outputs, and is determined primarily by the demands and supplies of stocks of different national monies Second, exchange rates are strongly influenced by asset holder’s expectations of future exchange rates and these expectations are influenced by beliefs concerning the future course of monetary policy Third, “real” factors, as well as monetary factors, are important in determining the behavior of exchange rates Fourth, the problems of policy conflict which exist under a system of fixed rates are reduced, but not eliminated, under a regime of controlled floating A brief appendix develops some of the implications of “rational expectations” for the theory of exchange rates
611 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that significant reductions in crane travel time and distance are obtainable from turnover-based rules, and these improvements can be directly translated into increased throughput capacity for existing systems, and may be used to alter the design of proposed systems.
Abstract: In the past few years, increasing numbers of automatic warehousing systems using computer-controlled stacker cranes have been installed. Our research concerns the scientific scheduling and design of these systems. There are three elements to scheduling: the assignment of multiple items to the same pallet Pallet Assignment; the assignment of pallet loads to storage locations Storage Assignment; and rules for sequencing storage and retrieve requests Interleaving. This paper deals with optimal storage assignment. Results are obtained which compare the operating performance of three storage assignment rules: random assignment, which is similar to the closest-open-location rule used by many currently operating systems; full turnover-based assignment: and class-based turnover assignment. It is shown that significant reductions in crane travel time and distance are obtainable from turnover-based rules. These improvements can, under certain circumstances, be directly translated into increased throughput capacity for existing systems, and may be used to alter the design e.g., size and number of racks, speed of cranes, etc. of proposed systems in order to achieve a more desirable system balance between throughput and storage capacity.
606 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a test of the composite hypothesis of normality is introduced, based on the property of the normal distribution that its entropy exceeds that of any other distribution with a density that has the same variance.
Abstract: SUMMARY A test of the composite hypothesis of normality is introduced. The test is based on the property of the normal distribution that its entropy exceeds that of any other distribution with a density that has the same variance. The test statistic is based on a class of estimators of entropy constructed here. The test is shown to be a consistent test of the null hypothesis for all alternatives without a singular continuous part. The power of the test is estimated against several alternatives. It is observed that the test compares favourably with other tests for normality.
603 citations
TL;DR: The authors provides a review of the development of the general equilibrium option pricing model by Black and Scholes, and subsequent modifications of this model by Merton and others; and applications of these models to value other contingent claim assets such as the debt and equity of a levered firm and dual purpose mutual funds.
TL;DR: It is argued that eye movements in reading are under momentary, non-random control and models attempting to account for eye movement data on a random basis, or by simple gain controls or visual buffer monitoring are found acceptable.
TL;DR: It is concluded that there are 1 to 2 double-strand breaks per lethal event in diploid cells incapable of repairing these breaks, indicating a requirement for protein synthesis.
Abstract: With the use of neutral sucrose sedimentation techniques, the size of unirradiated nuclear DNA and the repair of double-strand breaks induced in it by ionizing radiation have been determined in both wild-type and homozygous rad52 diploids of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The number average molecular weight of unirradiated DNA in these experiments is 3.0×108±0.3 Daltons. Double-strand breaks are induced with a frequency of 0.58×10-10 per Daltonkrad in the range of 25 to 100 krad. Since repair at low doses is observed in wild-type but not homozygous rad52 strains, the corresponding rad52 gene product is concluded to have a role in the repair process. Cycloheximide was also observed to inhibit repair to a limited extent indicating a requirement for protein synthesis. Based on the sensitivity of various mutants and the induction frequency of double-strand breaks, it is concluded that there are 1 to 2 double-strand breaks per lethal event in diploid cells incapable of repairing these breaks.
TL;DR: In a group of 34 adult and child subjects a high correlation was found between lean body mass, as determined by potassium-40 counting, and urinary creatinine excretion, and it appears that one can make a reasonable estimate of lean body body mass from urinary creat inane excretion.
TL;DR: A set of optimization criteria and a number of iterative reconstruction algorithms are stated, together with theorems on the convergence of the algorithms to optimum images and the efficacy of the algorithm is compared to that of the convolution method.
TL;DR: A model is described for the repair of induced double-strand breaks in DNA which involves a proposed heteroduplex intermediate and normally occurring repair enzymes and predicts that this repair can lead to non-reciprocal and/or reciprocal recombination.
TL;DR: The language development of three 9- and 10-year-old children possessing only a right or a left hemisphere was studied, results in incomplete language acquisition.
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of the interaction between a two-level atom and a quantum electromagnetic field is treated without the use of perturbation theory, without introduction of classical fields or factorization conditions for the states, and without assumptions about loss of memory.
Abstract: The problem of the interaction between a two-level atom and a quantum electromagnetic field is treated without the use of perturbation theory, without introduction of classical fields or factorization conditions for the states, and without assumptions about loss of memory. The calculation is carried out in the Heisenberg picture, without mode decomposition, and the conclusions all refer to physically measurable quantities, such as the fluorescence detected in the far field of the atom. It is shown that in a coherent field of constant amplitude the system always settles down to a quasistationary state, and that the stationarity is a manifestation of the quantum fluctuations. A solution for the growth of the fluorescent light intensity is presented that holds for any coherent exciting field. The two-time correlation function and the spectral density of the fluorescence are calculated, and are found to agree in the long-time limit with earlier results of Mollow. The two-time intensity correlation function of the field is derived, which corresponds to measurable photoelectric pair correlations, and it is found that this reflects several quantum features of the field. It is shown that quantum fluctuations are manifest more explicitly in two-time correlations in the steady state than in transient effects, like spontaneous emission in the vacuum. The measurement of such correlations therefore presents an opportunity for further experimental tests of quantum electrodynamics.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that species diversity among fossil invertebrates of the Phanerozoic is highly correlated with volume and area of sedimentary rocks and that there is no compelling evidence for a general increase in the number of invertebrate species from Paleozoic to Recent.
Abstract: Species diversity among fossil invertebrates of the Phanerozoic is highly correlated with volume and area of sedimentary rocks. The correlations are statistically significant at the 1% level. The relationship holds even in regions (such as Canada) where the area and volume of rock do not increase through time. These results are interpreted as indicating that the apparent number of species is strongly dependent on sampling and that many of the changes in diversity seen in the Phanerozoic are artifactual. Consequently, there is no compelling evidence for a general increase in the number of invertebrate species from Paleozoic to Recent. This conclusion applies primarily to marine organisms. Diversity may have been in dynamic equilibrium throughout much of this time. A few intervals of the Phanerozoic have consistently fewer invertebrate species than would be predicted from the amount of sedimentary rock available for study. The Silurian, Permian, and Cretaceous stand out in this regard. This may result either from lower than normal diver- sity during these periods or from an unusual abundance of unfossiliferous rocks (evaporites, red beds, etc.).
TL;DR: Men and women were equally affected, although the age at onset in men peaked in the third decade whereas it was more uniformly distributed in women, and a high degree of susceptibility to neoplasia was noted.
TL;DR: In this paper, an online computer technique was used to determine whether three skilled readers acquired visual information equally far to the left and right of central vision during fixations in reading, and the results showed that the region of useful visual information in reading is asymmetric around the fixation point.
Abstract: An on-line computer technique was used to determine whether three skilled readers acquired visual information equally far to the left and right of central vision during fixations in reading. None of the subjects appeared to use visual information more than four character positions to the left of the fixation point (smaller distances were not tested), though all of them acquired visual information substantially further than that to the right. Thus, the region of useful visual information in reading is asymmetric around the fixation point.
TL;DR: In this article, the complex degree of spectral coherence, or the spectral correlation coefficient, characterizes the correlations that exist between the spectral components at a given frequency in the light oscillations at two points in a stationary optical field.
Abstract: A new measure of correlations in optical fields, introduced in recent investigations on radiometry with partially coherent sources, is studied and applied to the analysis of interference experiments. This measure, which we call the complex degree of spectral coherence, or the spectral correlation coefficient, characterizes the correlations that exist between the spectral components at a given frequency in the light oscillations at two points in a stationary optical field. A relation between this degree of correlation and the usual degree of coherence is obtained and the role that the complex degree of spectral coherence plays in the spectral structure of a two-beam interference pattern is examined. It is also shown that the complex degree of spectral coherence provides a clear insight into the physical significance of cross-spectral purity. When the optical field at two points is cross-spectrally pure, the absolute value of the complex degree of spectral coherence at these points is found to be the same for every frequency component of the light. This fact is reflected in the visibility of the spectral components of the interference fringes formed by light from these points.
TL;DR: Cerebellar influences on the various substructures in the Papez Circuit are indicated by the following.
Abstract: Cerebellar influences on the various substructures in the Papez Circuit are indicated by the following. 1. Anatomical studies indicate that the major midbrain areas to which this circuit projects are : 1) ventral tegmental area; 2) interpeduncular area; and 3) periaqueductal gray areas; and these same areas project back to the limbic system. There are projections to these regions from the cerebellar nuclei, as indicated by terminal degeneration studies which show that cerebellar nuclei connect, mostly by fine fibers, with a continuum of cells located on either side of the midline in the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain. Observations that the cerebellum also projects to the locus ceruleus (NA system) and VTA (DA system) indicate that cerebellar influences can also reach the limbic areas via the catecholamine fiber bundles. 2. Electrophysiological studies indicate that vermiam and fastigial stimulation induce evoked responses in the basolateral amygdala, the hippocampus, and the septum, with latencies to the peak of first wave ranging from 4 to 8 msec and to the second wave of 16-29 msec. Citations from the physiological literature indicate that electrical stimulation of the cerebellum, especially the vermis, can modify a wide range of responses which involve functional activities of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems. 3. Studies on electrically induced afterdischarges in the septum, hippocampus, and amygdala indicate that cerebellar stimulation can shorten the duration of or terminate the afterdischarges, and the site of lowest threshold is the midline cortex. Focal cooling of the vermis promotes prolongation of the afterdischarges as does pretreatment of animals with 6-OH dopamine. Chemical lesions in the catecholamine system induced by 6-OH dopamine reduce the effectiveness of the cerebellar stimulation, as do lesions of nucleus fastigii. These data are interpreted to indicate that the cerebellum can exert a tonic suppressor (inhibitory?) influence on substructures within the Papez Circuit. 4. Citations from animal behavioral studies indicate that electrical stimulation of the anterior cerebellum can induce responses such as arousal, predatory attack, and feeding which mimic those obtained by amygdaloid stimulation. Fastigial stimulation can produce drowsiness and EEG changes which resemble the sleep patterns resulting from stimulation of the ventral amygdala.
TL;DR: A review of radiobiological data from experimental animal studies and retrospective clinical studies suggests that in most instances human gonadal exposures in both sexes are insufficient to cause permanent sterility, because the exposures are fractionated and the total gonadal dose is much less than 600 rads.
Abstract: Recent improvements in radiation therapy of some malignancies in lower abdominal sites are leading to a prolongation of life in persons of child-bearing age. These successes require an evaluation of the possible undersirable consequences of the unavoidable gonadal irradiation that occurs in these cases. A review of radiobiological data from experimental animal studies and retrospective clinical studies suggests that in most instances human gonadal exposures in both sexes are insufficient to cause permanent sterility, because the exposures are fractionated and the total gonadal dose is much less than 600 rads. As a consequence, return of fertility must be anticipated, and the worrison questions of radiation-induced genetic damage in subsequent pregnancies must be addressed. This review did not substantiate this fear, because no case reports could be found of malformed infants among the progeny of previously irradiated parents. Some experimental studies suggest that radiation-damaged spermatogonia are self-destructive, but any evidence for this phenomenon in the ovary is nonexistent. We suggest that the difference between fact and theory here may be the mathematical result of the interplay of low probability for occurrences and the few patients who until now have survived long enough for study.
TL;DR: Quantities of RSV shed were significantly greater in infants less than one month of age and in infants with evidence of pulmonary consolidation on chest roentgenogram, and Shedding extended for a significantly longer time in infant with lower respiratory tract disease than in those with clinical manifestations limited to the upper respiratory tract.
TL;DR: The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae appears to possess a single mutagenic or "error prony" pathway for the repair of UV damage; rev1, rev2, rev3, rad6, rad8, rad9 and rad18 (Lawrence et al. 1974; present results).
Abstract: The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae appears to possess a single mutagenic or "error prone" pathway for the repair of UV damage, probably involving the functions of at least seven genes; rev1, rev2, rev3 ( Lemontt 1971a), rad6, rad8, rad9 and rad18 ( Lawrence et al. 1974; present results). Strains carrying rad6 are the most sensitive to the lethal effects of UV light in this group and double mutants carrying rad6 and either rev1, rev3, rad9 or rad18 are no more sensitive than this single mutant strain. rev3 rad6 double mutant diploids failed to show any UV-induced reversion of the normally highly revertible ochre allele cyc1–9 , even though a total of more than 2.5 x 109 viable cells was examined, suggesting that strains of this kind are entirely UV-immutable; spontaneous revertants could be recovered, however.—The rad6 and rev3 gene products would appear to be necessary for all kinds of mutagenic events at all sites within the genome, but the products of the other genes that act in the "errorprone" pathway hage a more restricted role and are involved in the production of only some kinds of mutations. It is suggested that such selectivity arises from the interaction of some repair enzymes with specific nucleotide sequences.
TL;DR: It is indicated that the cerebellar nuclei connect with a continuum of cells located on either side of midline in the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain, and a lesion in nucleus fastigii results in a decrease of dopamine levels in ipsilateral forebrain.
TL;DR: Five human subjects inhaled a mixture of stable and radioactive mercury vapor for periods of 14 to 24 minutes and retained an average of 74% of that inhaled mercury, evidence is submitted to show that the retention occurred almost entirely in the alveoli.
Abstract: Five human subjects inhaled a mixture of stable and radioactive mercury vapor for periods of 14 to 24 minutes. The subjects retained an average of 74% of that inhaled. Evidence is submitted to show that the retention occurred almost entirely in the alveoli. For 3 days after exposure, the exhaled breath was passed at intervals through activated charcoal traps for sampling periods of 10 to 35 minutes. The data indicated that an average of 7% of the retained mercury was lost in the expired breath, with a half time of 18 hours. Examination of the subjects in a whole body counter yielded average half times for mercury clearance from different parts of the body as follows: lung, 1.7 days; head, 21 days; kidney region, 64 days; chest, 43 days; and whole body, 58 days.