Showing papers by "University of Rochester published in 1978"
TL;DR: In a special issue of the Journal of Financial Economics as mentioned in this paper, the authors bring together a number of these scattered pieces of anomalous evidence regarding Market Efficiency and make a much stronger case for the necessity to carefully review both our acceptance of the efficient market theory and our methodological procedures.
1,041 citations
960 citations
TL;DR: The results of the present study do not support the proposition that the deep hilar region is an extension of the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus as suggested by Lorente de Nó ('34), and thus CA4 is a misnomer.
Abstract: The morphology of neurons in the "hilar region" of the hippocampus (fields CA3c and CA4 of Lorente de No, '34) was analyzed with several variants of the Golgi technique. Hippocampi were dissected from the brains of 28-day-old rats, fixed and impregnated by immersion, and sectioned perpendicular to the long axis. Based on the resident cell types, aspects of the neuropil, and published data related to afferent termination, the area under study was divided into four zones. At least 21 cell types were observed throughout these zones, several of which had not previously been described. Many cells in this area exhibited an impressive number and variety of dendritic and axonal appendages, including spines on the proximal portion of some axons. The close apposition of fibers to these axonal spines suggested the possibility of axo-axonal interactions. The influence of dentate granule cells, through their mossy fibers, on the synaptic economy of the "hilar region" was found to be more extensive than previously reported. Mossy fibers appeared to terminate on the dendrites of several types of non-pyramidal cells, which bear no thorny excrescences, by means of thin filiform extensions which emanate from the mossy fiber expansions and by means of thin mossy fiber collaterals which are devoid of typical expansions. Consideration is given to a long-standing debate as to whether the deep "hilar region" (CA4 of Lorente de No, '34, hilus of the fascia dentata of Blackstad, '56) is related more to the hippocampus or to the fascia dentata and it is concluded that the deep hilar region is an area of mergence of the polymorphic zones of these two cortical structures. The results of the present study do not support the proposition that the deep hilar region is an extension of the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus as suggested by Lorente de No ('34), and thus CA4 is a misnomer. Rather, the cells in this area are most closely related to the fascia dentata and should thus be considered to lie in the polymorphic zone of "area dentata" as proposed initially by Blackstad ('56).
871 citations
856 citations
TL;DR: A model is developed that predicts when an insect should oviposit on a potential larval host plant when it is encountered and how this behavior is modeled for conditions in which the host either does or does not fluctuate in density.
681 citations
TL;DR: The enzyme assay based on adrenochrome absorption at480 nm has been improved by measuring the absorption change at 320 nm, which was found to be 6 to 10 times more sensitive and more consistent than that measured at 480 nm.
678 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors predict that subjects who chose the activities and time allotments would be more intrinsically motivated than subjects doing the same activity without choice, and find that subjects with additional self-determination would have more intrinsic motivation.
Abstract: Yoked pairs of subjects solved puzzles such that one member of each pair was given choice about what puzzles to work on and how much time to allot to each, while the yoked subject was assigned the same puzzles and time allotments as those chosen by the first subject. It was predicted and found that subjects who chose the activities and time allotments -in other words, who had additional self-determination--would be more intrinsically motivated than subjects doing the same activity without choice.
606 citations
TL;DR: Retrospective analysis of age, sex, presence of organomegaly, hemoglobin level, size and type of serum monoclonal protein peak, Presence of small amounts monoconal light chain in the urine, serum albumin level, levels of uninvolved immunoglobulins, IgG subclass and level of plasma cells in the bone marrow did not show how to distinguish initially between stable benign disease and progressive disease.
569 citations
TL;DR: ‘The average physician today completes his formal education with impressive capabilities to deal with the more technical aspects of bodily disease, yet when it comes to dealing with the human side of illness and patient care he displays little more than the native ability and personal qualities with which he entered medical school.
Abstract: Over the past 50 years medical education has grown increasingly proficient in conveying to physicians sophisticated scientific knowledge and technical skills about the body and its abberations. Yet at the same time it has failed to give corresponding attention to the scientific understanding of human behavior and the psychological and social aspects of illness and patient care.’-‘ The average physician today completes his formal education with impressive capabilities to deal with the more technical aspects of bodily disease, yet when it comes to dealing with the human side of illness and patient care he displays little more than the native ability and personal qualities with which he entered medical school. The considerable body of knowledge about human behavior which has accumulated since the turn of the century and how this may be applied to achieve more effective patient care and health maintenance remains largely unknown to him. Neglect of this important dimension of the physician’s education lies at the root of frequently voiced complaints by patients that physicians are insensitive, callous, neglectful, arrogant and mechanical in their approaches. There undoubtedly are many reasons for this situation, but the most important is the pervasive influence of the biomedical model of disease. Rasmussen traces the philosophic origins of this model back three or four centuries when established Christian orthodoxy lifted the prohibition against physicians dissecting the human body as long as they did not presume to deal with man’s soul, morals, mind and behavior.’ This compact helped determine that Western Medicine be based upon dualism and reductionism. Dualism predicates separation of mind from body, of the psychological from the somatic, and provides no conceptual framework, other than reductionism, whereby the two can be related. Reductionism assumes that the understanding of a more complex entity can be best achieved by its analysis into its component parts and therefore that the complexities of life and biological phenomena, including behavior and mental processes, are to be studied and explained by the methods and in the language of physics and chemistry. Reductionism fosters a view of nature as involving interactions of discrete entities in a linear causal fashion, simple cause-and-effect relationships. This influence is expressed in the habit of speaking of diseases not as dynamic processes but as discrete entities the elimination of which awaits only discovery of their causes. The pledge of the ultimate conquest of disease, upon which biomedicine solicits support from the public, merely panders
434 citations
TL;DR: The Ca2+-sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin was microinjected into cells of frog at rial trabeculae to study intracellular calcium transients associated with excitation–contraction coupling.
Abstract: The Ca2+ -sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin was microinjected into cells of frog atrial trabeculae to study intracellular calcium transients associated with excitation-contraction coupling. The amplitude of the aequorin signal increased with extracellular Ca2+ concentration and stimulus frequency, but decreased with stretch. Isoprenaline and acetylstrophanthidin both increased the amplitude, but had strikingly different effects on the time course of the signal.
424 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an alternative power index to the familiar Shapley/Shubik and Banzhaf indices is presented for the class of simplen-person games, which can be used for assessing the character of interpersonal interaction found in collective decision-making bodies.
Abstract: Measures of (a priori) power play a useful role in assessing the character of interpersonal interaction found in collective decision making bodies. We propose and axiomatically characterize an alternative power index to the familiarShapley/Shubik andBanzhaf indices which can be used for such purposes. The index presented is shown to be unique for the class of simplen-person games. By subsequent generalization of the index and its axioms to the class ofn-person games in characteristic function form we obtain an analog to theShapley value.
TL;DR: Findings indicate a high degree of vulnerability of human fetal brain to maternal intoxication by methylmercury, which appears to be related to faulty development and not to destructive focal neuronal damage as has been observed in mercury intoxication in adults and children exposed postnatally.
Abstract: Detailed clinical and neuropathological studies have been made in two fullterm newborn human infants who were exposed to methylmercury in utero as a result of maternal ingestion of methylmercury-contaminated bread in early phases of pregnancy. High levels of mercury were detected in various regions of the brain at autopsy. Study of the brains revealed a disturbance in the development in both cases, consisting essentially of an incomplete or abnormal migration of neurons to the cerebellar and cerebral cortices, and deranged cortical organization of the cerebrum. There were numerous heterotopic neurons, both isolated and in groups, in the white matter of cerebrum and cerebellum and the laminar cortical pattern of the cerebrum was disturbed in many regions as was shown by the irregular groupings and the deranged alignment of cortical neurons. Prominent in the white matter of the cerebrum and the cerebellum was diffuse gemistocytic astrocytosis accompanied by an accumulation of mercury grains in their cytoplasm. These findings indicate a high degree of vulnerability of human fetal brain to maternal intoxication by methylmercury. A major effect appears to be related to faulty development and not to destructive focal neuronal damage as has been observed in mercury intoxication in adults and children exposed postnatally.
TL;DR: A radiochemical micromethod for the determination of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity in human red blood cells (RBC) is described and there is no indication that individual variations in RBC TPMT activity were due to endogenous inhibitors or activators of the enzyme.
TL;DR: Language localization data from 11 neurosurgical patients undergoing cortical resection for medically intractable focal epilepsy were obtained by mapping with bipolar electrical stimulation at current levels below sensory and after-discharge thresholds, during an object-naming task, suggesting the topographical extent of language cortex in an individual subject can be wider than that proposed in the classic maps.
TL;DR: In this article, a model of consumer buying behavior is used to identify household characteristics that should affect deal proneness, and the model treats household purchasing and inventory decisions like those of a fi...
Abstract: A model of consumer buying behavior is used to identify household characteristics that should affect deal proneness. The model treats household purchasing and inventory decisions like those of a fi...
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between the state of coherence of a source and the directionality of the light that the source generates is discussed. But the authors do not discuss the relationship of the two properties.
Abstract: Recent researches have revealed that there exists an intimate connection between radiometry and the theory of partial coherence. In this paper a review is presented of some of these developments. After a brief discussion of various models for energy transport in optical fields and of some of the basic concepts of the classical theory of optical coherence, the following topics are discussed: the foundations of radiometry, the coherence properties of Lambertian sources, and the relationship between the state of coherence of a source and the directionality of the light that the source generates. Some very recent work is also described which reveals that certain sources that are spatially highly incoherent in a global sense will generate light that is just as directional as a laser beam.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate whether abnormal returns are observed when steps are taken to reduce the effect of deficiencies in the capital asset-pricing model, and conclude that significant abnormal returns do not cover the transactions costs unless one can avoid direct transactions costs (e.g., a broker).
TL;DR: An improved technique has been developed which can quickly and easily unblock proteins and peptides containing pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) or pyroglutamic acid in the amino terminal position utilizing commercially available pyrog lutamate amino peptidase isolated from calf liver.
TL;DR: The authors argue that many economic models should be estimated between the changes of the variables, rather than the levels of the variable of interest, and that comparisons of the levels and changes regressions can be used as a crude test of model specification.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of the stratigraphic ranges of about 8,500 fossil genera and subgenera shows that survivorship patterns are substantially the same throughout the Phanerozoic.
Abstract: Cohort analysis provides an effective method of analysing taxonomic survivorship in the fossil record where large data sets are available. An analysis of the stratigraphic ranges of about 8,500 fossil genera and subgenera shows that survivorship patterns are substantially the same throughout the Phanerozoic. These patterns are used to calculate an average value for mean species duration among fossil invertebrates (11.1 Myr.). Also, the extra extinctions near the Permo-Triassic boundary are shown to be equivalent to about 85 Myr of normal, background extinction.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduced the transformation from the particle variables to the guiding centre variables and performed the guiding center gyrophase average before specifying the magnetic coordinates to be employed to obtain the unperturbed, gyro-averaged Vlasov operator which retains finite gyro effects.
Abstract: In preceding work on plasma gyro-kinetics magnetic coordinates were introduced prior to making the transformation to the guiding centre variables. It is the transformation from the particle variables to the guiding centre variables which permits finite gyroradius effects to be retained in lowest order. The present treatment avoids the substantial mathematical complications inherent in these prior treatments by introducing the transformation to the guiding centre variables and performing the guiding centre gyrophase average before specifying the magnetic coordinates to be employed. In this way the unperturbed, gyro-averaged Vlasov operator which retains finite gyro-effects is obtained in the most convenient manner for arbitrary unperturbed magnetic fields.
TL;DR: An equivalence theorem is formulated that provides conditions under which planar sources of different states of spatial coherence will generate optical fields that have identical far-zone intensity distributions.
Abstract: An equivalence theorem is formulated that provides conditions under which planar sources of different states of spatial coherence will generate optical fields that have identical far-zone intensity distributions. As an example, a partially coherent source whose linear dimensions are large compared with the correlation length of the light across the source is described that will generate a field whose far-zone intensity distribution is identical with that of a Gaussian laser beam.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the effect of cAMP on modeled bull sperm reflects a naturally occurring balance which controls the motility of bull sperm, and that cAMP exerts its stimulatory action directly on the motile apparatus.
TL;DR: In this article, a multistage method of sophisticated voting is proposed, which is easy to apply and intuitively understandable, and it is shown that if a majority alternative exists, sophisticated voting leads to an outcome at least as good as and sometimes preferred to the outcome of sincere voting.
TL;DR: Folded chromosomes isolated from Escherichia coli strains after treatment with coumermycin A 1 in vivo, an inhibitor of DNA gyrase, were found to have reduced DNA superhelical densities, indicating that loss of supercoiling arises from the action of a DNA-relaxing activity.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple procedure for multiple comparisons of means is proposed for unequally sized samples, where the critical points used are those of the Studentized Maximum Modulus and two inequalities are involved: a conservative probability inequality and a radical algebraic inequality.
Abstract: A simple procedure for multiple comparisons of means is proposed for unequally sized samples The procedure is attractive for its simplicity and for a graphical display which allows the experimenter to evaluate all comparisons of interest at a glance The critical points used are those of the Studentized Maximum Modulus and two inequalities are involved: a conservative probability inequality and a radical algebraic inequality Apparently, the joint effect of the two inequalities is conservative unless the imbalance in sample sizes is very large For equally sized samples one can use critical points of the Studentized Range and the procedure becomes equivalent to Tukey's well-known T-method
TL;DR: The authors compared three models for predicting altruistic behavior: intention, attitudes, social norms, and moral norms, with qualified support for Schwartz's model, and no support for Snyder's model.
Abstract: This study compared three models for predicting altruistic behavior. Blood donations were examined as a function of intention (Fishbein's model), moral norms and ascription of responsibilit y (Schwartz's model), and attitudes and self-monitoring (Snyder's model). Donating behavior was shown to be predicted best as a function of intentions and attitudes (R — .49), while intentions were best described as a function of attitudes, social norms, and moral norms (R — .55). These results supported Fishbein's.model, with the qualification of adding a direct attitude-behavior link. Only qualified support was found for Schwartz's model, and no support was found for Snyder's model. Comparison of the present results with those of several prior studies suggests that the specific combination of variables that best predicts altruistic behavior depends on the particular conditions under which predictions are formed, notably the time interval separating measurement of the person's beliefs and observation of his/her behavior. As social psychology has expanded the breadth and depth of its investigation, so has the number of alternative conceptualizations used to explain the same phenomena expanded. Where once only a small amount of research and perhaps a single theory were available, now large quantities of research and multiple theories exist. While many of these different theories are elaborations or restatements of previous concepts, many are also sufficiently different to invite comparison and integration. Resolutions of this sort are one of the important tasks in advancing our knowledge and in suggesting new directions in which to proceed. This study was designed with such a purpose for one particular area: evaluating the relative utility of three models in the prediction of one form of helping behavior, namely, donating blood. Specifically, we focused on the theoretical
TL;DR: Two-time correlations in the emissions of photons by a single atom of sodium in the presence of a coherent exciting field near resonance have been investigated in this article, where fluorescent light is collected by a microscope objective in a direction that is approximately orthogonal to both beams and imaged on two photomultipliers.
Abstract: Two-time correlations in the emissions of photons by a single atom of sodium in the presence of a coherent exciting field near resonance have been investigated. In the experiment sodium atoms in an atomic beam are excited by a perpendicular light beam from a tunable dye laser, and they are prepared by optical pumping to behave as two-level quantum systems. The fluorescent light is collected by a microscope objective in a direction that is approximately orthogonal to both beams and imaged on two photomultipliers. Photoelectric pulse correlations are measured in the presence of exciting fields of various strengths and for various detunings from the atomic resonance, and are found to exhibit significant nonclassical features. The results show clearly that the emitted photons exhibit antibunching, in good quantitative agreement with the predictions of quantum electrodynamics.