Showing papers by "University of Rochester published in 1981"

Random matrix physics: Spectrum and strength fluctuations

Abstract: It now appears that the general nature of the deviations from uniformity in the spectrum of a complicated nucleus is essentially the same in all regions of the spectrum and over the entire Periodic Table. This behavior, moreover, is describable in terms of standard Hamiltonian ensembles which could be generated on the basis of simple information-theory concepts, and which give also a good account of fluctuation phenomena of other kinds and, apparently, in other many-body systems besides nuclei. The main departures from simple behavior are ascribable to the moderation of the level repulsion by effects due to symmetries and collectivities, for the description of which more complicated ensembles are called for. One purpose of this review is to give a self-contained account of the theory, using methods: sometimes approximate: which are consonant with the usual theory of stochastic processes. Another purpose is to give a proper foundation for the use of ensemble theory, to make clear the origin of the simplicities in the observable fluctuations, and to derive other general fluctuation results. In comparing theory and experiment, the authors give an analysis of much of the nuclear-energy-level data, as well as an extended discussion of observable effects in nuclear transitionsmore » and reactions and in the low-temperature thermodynamics of aggregates of small metallic particles.« less

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication of Deception

Abstract: Publisher Summary Lying and lie detection are the two components that, together, make up the exchange called as the “communication of deception.” Deception is an act that is intended to foster in another person a belief or understanding that the deceiver considers false. This chapter presents a primarily psychological point of view and a relatively microanalysis of the verbal and nonverbal exchange between the deceiver and the lie detector. The chapter discusses the definition of deception. It describes the deceiver's perspective in lie-detection, including the strategies of deception and behaviors associated with lie-telling. The lie-detector's perspective is also discussed in the chapter, and it has described behaviors associated with the judgments of deception and strategies of lie detection. The chapter discusses the outcomes of the deceptive communication process—that is, the accuracy of lie detection—and explores methodological issues, channel effects in the detection of deception, and other factors affecting the accuracy of lie detection.

Granulocytic sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 61 biopsied cases.

Abstract: Granulocytic sarcoma is an uncommon tumor composed of granulocytic precursor cells. Because it occurs in a variety of clinical settings and because the tumor cells are primitive it is frequently unrecognized during life. This presentation details the authors' experience with 61 biopsy-proven granulocytic sarcomas. The patient age range was from 2 to 81 years (mean 48 years). In eight patients the tumors were multiple. Most common sites of involvement were bone, periosteum, soft tissue, lymph node and skin. Twenty-two tumors occurred in 15 patients with no known disease, 26 occurred in 24 patients with a known myeloproliferative disorder, and 13 occurred in 11 patients with proven acute myeloid leukemia. Thirteen of the 15 patients with no known disease developed acute leukemia in from one to 49 months after the biopsy of their tumors (mean 10 months). Most tumors occurring in patients with a known myeloproliferative disorder were associated with blast crisis. The authors' cases displayed a morphologic range from well-differentiated to those tumors that displayed virtually no evidence of differentiation by conventional microscopy. It was therefore not surprising that most tumors were originally diagnosed as lymphoma. Chloro-acetate esterase (CAE) stains were performed on 56 tumors and 47 were studied with antilysozyme immunoperoxidase technique. Fifty-six of the 57 specimens studied by either technique were positive. Antilysozyme immunoperoxidase stains were particularly useful in confirming the diagnosis.

Preschool children's conceptions of moral and social rules.

Abstract: SMETANA, JUDITH G. Preschool Children's Conceptions of Moral and Social Rules. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52, 13883-1336. This study examined preschool children's conceptions of moral and social-conventional rules. 44 children between the ages of 2-6 and 4-9 were divided into 2 groups of 21 and 23 children according to age (X = 3-3, 4-2). Children made judgments concerning the seriousness, rule contingency, rule relativism, and amount of deserved punishment for 10 (depicted) moral and conventional preschool transgressions. Analyses of variance with age and sex as between-group factors and domain as the within-group factor indicated that, constant across both sexes and the ages studied, children evaluated moral transgressions as more serious offenses and as more deserving of punishment than conventional transgressions. Moreover, moral events were less likely than conventional events to be regarded as contingent on the presence of a rule and relative to the social context. Test-retest reliability of the ratings of the seriousness of transgressions was .66 over a 2-3 week period. The findings were discussed in relation to the developmental differentiation model and the distinct conceptual domain approach.

Clinical trial in duchenne dystrophy. I. The design of the protocol

Abstract: Therapeutic trials in muscular dystrophy have often been inconclusive. A protocol has been designed which selects patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and permits accurate measurement of their status. An integral part of the protocol is a system for checking on the consistency of the data obtained using a computer program.

The morphological classification of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: concordance among observers and clinical correlations.

Abstract: The degree of concordance in the morphological classification of ALL was assessed by the FAB group after two successive reviews of 200 and 100 slides respectively. As a result, a simple scoring system for types L1 and L2 is proposed based on the following four features: (1) nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, (2) presence, prominence and frequency of nucleoli, (3) regularity of nuclear membrane outline, and (4) cell size. By this method, the overall concordance by seven observers (agreement of 7:0 or 6:1 only) increased from 63% to 84%. A significant difference in the incidence of the ALL morphological types in children (less than or equal to 15 years) and adults (greater than 15 years) was found: 74% of L1 cases were children while 66% of L2 cases were adults (P less than 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the incidence of L3 in children and adults or between L1 and L2 according to the membrane phenotype of the blast cells. All L3 cases had B-cell characteristics. A better prognosis for L1 and a higher relapse rate for L2 has been found in several recent reports; The present study may facilitate the morphological analysis of ongoing clinical trials in ALL by improving the reproducibility of the FAB classification.

Coherence versus incoherence: Collapse and revival in a simple quantum model

Abstract: We describe the temporal behavior of the dynamic elements of an exactly soluble quantum model The model consists of a single two-level atom or spin interacting with a single mode of the quantized radiation field in the dipole approximation, the mode being initially in an arbitrary coherent state of excitation We give new long-time numerical and closed-form approximate analytic solutions for the expectation values of the atomic dipole moment and the difference in population of the two atomic levels in the rotating wave approximation The atomic dipole-dipole correlation function is calculated All of the results are obtained without semiclassical or decorrelation approximations Unusual features found in the temporal behavior of this lossless model problem are ''collapse,'' ie, episodic nonexponential damping of both the atomic inversion and dipole moment, and two kinds of ''revival'' or partial recorrelation, in the dynamic evolution, during which the initial state is nearly recovered We give analytic formulas for the collapse function, for both of the revival times, and for the envelope of the revival maxima Some remarks are made about the nature of irreversibility in this exactly soluble and loss-free model

An interval-based representation of temporal knowledge

Abstract: This paper describes a method for maintaining the relationships between temporal intervals in a hierarchical manner using constraint propagation techniques. The representation includes a notion of the present moment (i.e., "now"), and allows one to represent intervals that may extend indefinitely into the past/future. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number IST-80-12418, and in part by the Office of Naval Research under Grant Number N00014-80-O0197.

Characteristics of the rewarder and intrinsic motivation of the rewardee.

Abstract: This field study considered the relationship between teacher characteristics and the intrinsic motivation and self-esteem of children in Grades 4 through 6. The research evolved out of Deci's cognitive evaluation theory, which distinguishes between the controlling and informational aspects of rewards. We hypothesized that children whose teachers were oriented toward controlling them would be less intrinsically motivated and have lower self-esteem than children whose teachers were oriented toward supporting autonomy. We reasoned that control-oriented teachers would tend to use rewards controllingly, whereas autonomy-oriented teachers would tend to use rewards informationally. The data supported our hypothesis and also indicated that children perceived autonomy-oriented teachers as facilitating personal responsibility and internal control more than controloriented teachers. Human beings are continually acting on and adapting to their surroundings. The motivation for these ongoing interactions with the environment is referred to as intrinsic motivation. Based on work of White (1959) and deCharms (1968), Deci (1975) suggested that intrinsically motivated behaviors are involved with the basic human need for being competent and self-determining. People need to feel like causal agents, they need to feel competent and effective, This research was funded by National Institute of Mental Health Research Grant MH-28600 to Edward L. Deci. We would like to thank Raymond Page and Peter Kuehn of the Greece, New York, Central School District Administration; Bill Clicquennoi, Fred Dean, Nick Fabry, and Doug Skeet, school principals; and all of the teachers and children who participated in this study. We are also grateful to Lynne Wheeler and Bob Hart, who helped collect the data, and we would like to thank the administrators, teachers, and children of Penfield, New York's Scribner Road and Harris Hill schools and the Seneca Falls, New York, Intermediate School, as well as Michael Weiner of Eisenhower College for their help with aspects of this project. At the time of this study Louise Sheinman was working in the

When Trying to Win Competition and Intrinsic Motivation

Abstract: Males and females solved interesting puzzles in the presence of a same-sex confederate who posed as a second subject doing the same activity. Half the subjects were instructed to compete against each other (i.e., to try to solve the puzzles faster than the other person) while half were simply instructed to work as quickly as they could so as to finish in the allotted time. The results showed a significant main effect in which competition decreased intrinsic motivation. 7his was particularly true for females.

N -Level Coherence Vector and Higher Conservation Laws in Quantum Optics and Quantum Mechanics

Abstract: The presence of unitary group generators in the time evolution of $N$-level quantum systems is shown to suggest a class of new nonlinear constants of motion, and to permit the description of the evolution in terms of the rotations of a real coherence vector.

Energy budgets, risk and foraging preferences in dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis)

Abstract: Juncos' preferences for constant versus variable food rewards were tested in three series of aviary experiments. Deprivation and feeding rates were varied across the three treatments, but the mean of the variable reward equalled the constant reward in every experiment. When the birds gained energy faster than required to meet all 24-h costs, they preferred the constant reward. When the birds' energy intake was less than the minimally required rate, they preferred the variable reward. When energy intake just balanced average daily costs, the birds preferred the constant reward or were indifferent, and their response depended on the particular mean-variance combination presented.

Genetic diversity and temporal variation in the e. coli population of a human host

Abstract: Electrophoretic techniques were employed to study variation in chromosomal genes encoding enzymes and in the distribution of cryptic plasmids in the E. coli population of a human host over an 11-month period. Thirteen of the 15 enzymes studied were polymorphic, and mean genetic diversity per locus was 0.39. Among 550 clones isolated from fecal samples, protein electrophoresis revealed 53 distinct electrophoretic types (ETs). Most ETs appeared on only one or a few days and were considered transients, but two (ET-12 and ET-13) were observed many times over extended periods and represented residents. Complete turnover in the transient ETs in the population occurred in periods of from two weeks to a month. ETs appearing in one month showed no particular genetic similarity to those of the previous month. — All but 4 of the 53 ETs carried one or more "cryptic" plasmids with molecular weights ranging from 1 to 80 megadaltons. With few exceptions, the plasmid composition of each ET was unique. In the course of the 11-month sampling period, there were changes in the plasmid profiles of the resident strains ET-12 and ET-13, and also in the profile of a recurrent strain, ET-2, which was isolated on four days. Modification of the plasmid profile of ET-12 involved the sequential addition of relatively high molecular weight bands. For ET-2 and ET-13, the changes in the plasmid profiles were radical, suggesting invasions of new cell types rather than merely the addition and deletion of plasmids. — The results of this study provide three lines of evidence that recombination plays a minor role in the generation of genetic diversity in the E. coli population of a single host. (1) Several pairs of loci were in strong linkage disequilibrium; compared to a randomly generated array of genotypes, the sample of ETs contained an excess of pairs differing at one or two loci and too many pairs with highly distinctive combinations of electromorphs. (2) In most cases where pairs of ETs differed at a single locus and, therefore, could reasonably have been generated by phage- or plasmid-mobilized gene transfer, the plasmid profiles of the pair members were radically different and/or the potentially transmitted alleles were not present in other ETs in the population. (3) Although ET-12 was abundant, being represented by 252 of the 550 clones sampled, the electrophoretic type most similar to ET-12 different from it at six loci, and ET-12 carried two unique alleles. We conclude that most of the genetic diversity observed in this human host is a consequence of successive invasions of E. coli genotypes.

Characterization of postreplication repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and effects of rad6, rad18, rev3 and rad52 mutations.

Abstract: Postreplication repair of nuclear DNA was examined in an excision defective haploid strain of yeast lacking mitochondrial DNA (ral ρ0). The size of the DNA synthesized in cells exposed to various fluences of ultraviolet light (UV) corresponds approximately to the average interdimer distance in the parental DNA. Upon further incubation of cells following exposure to 2.5 J/m2, the DNA increases in size; by 4 h, it corresponds to DNA from uniformly labeled cells. The alkaline sucrose sedimentation pattern of DNA pulse labeled at various times after UV irradiation, for up to 4 h, does not change substantially, indicating that dimers continue to block DNA replication. A significant amount of postreplication repair requires de novo protein synthesis, as determined by its inhibition by cycloheximide. The rad6 mutant does not carry out postreplication repair, the rad18 and rad52 mutants show great inhibition while the rev3 mutation does not affect postreplication repair. Both recombinational and nonrecombinational repair mechanisms may function in postreplication repair and most of postreplication repair is error free.

Strip trees: a hierarchical representation for curves

Abstract: The use of curves to represent two-dimensional structures is an important part of many scientific investigations. For example, geographers use curves extensively to represent map features such as contour lines, roads, and rivers. Circuit layout designers use curves to specify the wiring between circuits. Because of the very large amount of data involved and the need to perform operations on this data efficiently, the representation of such curves is a crucial issue. A hierarchical representation consisting of binary trees with a special datum at each node is described. This datum is called a strip and the tree that contains such data is called a strip tree. Lower levels in the tree correspond to finer resolution representations of the curve. The strip tree structure is a direct consequence of using a special method for digitizing lines and retaining all intermediate steps. This gives several desirable properties. For curves that are well-behaved, intersection and point-membership (for closed curves) calculations can be solved in 0(log n) where n is the number of points describing the curve. The curves can be efficiently encoded and displayed at various resolutions. The representation is closed under intersection and union and these operations can be carried out at different resolutions. All these properties depend on the hierarchical tree structure which allows primitive operations to be performed at the lowest possible resolution with great computational time savings.Strip trees is a linear interpolation scheme which realizes an important space savings by not representing all the points explicitly. This means that even when the overhead of the tree indexing is added, the storage requirement is comparable to raster representations which do represent most of the points explicitly.

Thermic effect of feeding in man: Increased plasma norepinephrine levels following glucose but not protein or fat consumption

Abstract: In seven healthy male subjects, intake of 100 g protein hydrolysate produced significantly greater increments in energy expenditure than intake of 100 g glucose, 44 g fat, or a noncaloric control solution during the first 4 hr postcibum. Glucose and fat intake produced similar increments in energy expenditure. In contrast to the effects on thermogenesis, protein and fat intake did not alter sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, as estimated by plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels, whereas glucose intake significantly increased NE levels. Plasma levels of immunoreactive insulin were stimulated by glucose intake to a much greater level than by protein intake, and were unaffected by ingestion of the fat and control solutions. Pulse rate significantly increased following ingestion of all nutrients compared to pulse rate changes during the control test. These data support the traditional concept of a greater thermic effect of protein than of carbohydrate or fat, but the possibility of SNS involvement in the thermic effect of protein and fat is not supported.

Fermi-motion effects in deep-inelastic lepton scattering from nuclear targets

Abstract: The ratio of deep-inelastic structure functions of nuclear targets to the sum of free neutron and proton structure functions has been calculated using a modified form of the Atwood-West technique for deuterium. Fermi-gas momentum distributions were used with modifications to include high-momentum tails resulting from nucleon-nucleon correlations. Tables of smearing ratios for ${W}_{1}$, ${W}_{2}$, and ${W}_{3}$ are given as a function of $x$ and ${Q}^{2}$ for deuterium and several heavy nuclei. We find that for $xg0.5$ the scaling violations for heavy nuclei are smaller than those for free nucleons. The shapes of the antiquark distributions are also changed.

Sleep and Breathing Disturbance Secondary to Nasal Obstruction

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute nasal obstruction on sleep and breathing in eight normal persons. The subjects were randomized into two groups. One night the subject was studied with the nose open and a second night with the nose obstructed. The electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, inspiratory effort, nasal and oral airflow, and oxygen saturation were monitored. Sleep proved to be both subjectively and objectively disturbed. The subjects with the nose obstructed awoke more often, had a greater number of changes in sleep stage, had a prolongation of rapid-eye-movement (REM) latency, and spent a greater amount of time in stage I non-REM sleep (light sleep). Acute nasal obstruction caused a statistically significant increase in the number of partial and total obstructive respiratory events (obstructive hypopnea and obstructive apnea). Sleep apnea developed in one subject during this study merely on the basis of acute nasal obstruction.