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Showing papers by "University of Rochester published in 1982"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate whether macroeconomic time series are better characterized as stationary fluctuations around a deterministic trend or as non-stationary processes that have no tendency to return to the deterministic path, and conclude that macroeconomic models that focus on monetary disturbances as a source of purely transitory fluctuations may not be successful in explaining a large fraction of output variation.

4,805 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is now proposed that over 30% of bone marrow blasts will suffice for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in any of its forms (M1‐M6) and recognition of the new category, RAEB in transformation, may throw light on the pathogenesis of AML.
Abstract: New diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of the various myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are proposed, and a detailed description is given of the features that may help define MDS. Five MDS are described: (1) refractory anaemia (RA), (2) RA with ring sideroblasts, (3) RA with excess of blasts (RAEB), (4) chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML), and (5) RAEB 'in transformation'. One of the main distinguishing features of these conditions is the proportion of blast cells in the peripheral blood (PB) and/or bone marrow (BM). The morphological features of the blast cells that are of diagnostic importance have been redefined. In RA, with or without ringed sideroblasts, there are fewer than 1% of blasts in the PB and fewer than 5% in the BM; RAEB is defined as having between 5% and 20% of blasts in the BM and fewer than 5% in the PB; RAEB in transformation (a newly defined category) will be considered when any of the following features is present: (i) more than 5% of blasts in the PB, (ii) 20-30% in the BM, and (iii) the presence of Auer rods in granulocyte precursors in BM or PB. In accordance with these newly defined criteria, it is now proposed that over 30% of bone marrow blasts will suffice for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in any of its forms (M1-M6). The proposed descriptions of the MDS should facilitate the interpretation of data emerging from cytogenetic and bone marrow culture studies and the search for features of possible prognostic significance. Recognition of the new category, RAEB in transformation, may throw light on the pathogenesis of AML.

3,764 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the relation between the variance of equity returns and several explanatory variables and found that equity variances have a strong positive association with both financial leverage and, contrary to the predictions of the options literature, interest rates.

2,469 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A general connectionist model is introduced and how it might be used in cognitive science is considered, among the issues addressed are: stability and noise-sensitivity, distributed decision-making, time and sequence problems, and the representation of complex concepts.

1,046 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1982-Cell
TL;DR: A consensus sequence is uncovered between the region deleted in cyc1-512 and the 3' nontranslated regions of some but not all yeast genes, and the possible role of this sequence in transcription termination is discussed.

858 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: The Insurance Information Institute reported that business insurance accounted for approximately 54.2 percent of the $79, 032,923,000 in direct property and liability insurance premiums written in the United States in 1978 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Insurance contracts are regularly purchased by corporations. The Insurance Information Institute reports that “business insurance accounted for approximately 54.2 percent of the $79, 032,923,000 in direct property and liability insurance premiums written in the United States in 1978” (1979, p. 9). Yet even though annual premiums exceeded $42.8 billion,1 the importance of these contracts has been largely ignored by the finance profession. For example, the topic of insurance is completely absent from the index of virtually all corporate finance textbooks.

808 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the history of the recent and not wholly accepted revisions of the propositions collectively called Duverger's law: that the plurality rule for selecting the winner of elections favors the two-party system.
Abstract: Science involves the accumulation of knowledge, which means not only the formulation of new sentences about discoveries but also the reformulation of empirically falsified or theoretically discredited old sentences. Science has therefore a history that is mainly a chronicle and interpretation of a series of reformulations. It is often asserted that political science has no history. Although this assertion is perhaps motivated by a desire to identify politics with belles lettres, it may also have a reasonable foundation, in that political institutions may change faster than knowledge can be accumulated. To investigate whether propositions about evanescent institutions can be scientifically falsified and reformulated, I examine in this essay the history of the recent and not wholly accepted revisions of the propositions collectively called Duverger's law: that the plurality rule for selecting the winner of elections favors the two-party system. The body of the essay presents the discovery, revision, testing, and reformulation of sentences in this series in order to demonstrate that in at least one instance in political science, knowledge has been accumulated and a history exists.

728 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new generation of industrial geometry systems is emerging based on the technology of the 1970's, which will require more research in the generations of the eighties and nineties.
Abstract: A new generation of industrial geometry systems is emerging based on the technology of the 1970's. The generations of the eighties and nineties will require more research.

550 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that polymyalgia rheumatica is a relatively common disease in middle-aged and older persons and generally runs a self-limited course and was more rapid in patients given corticosteroids but nonsteroidal drugs were used successfully, especially in milder cases.
Abstract: Ninety-six patients with polymyalgia rheumatica were identified in Olmsted County, Minnesota, during the 10-year period 1970 to 1979. Giant cell arteritis was found in 15 of the 96 patients. The average annual incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica in the population increased from 19.8 per 100 000 in persons 50 to 59 years of age, to a maximum of 112.2 per 100 000 in persons 70 to 79 years of age. Eighty-three of the 96 patients (86%) had recovered by the end of the study. Median duration of the disease was 11 months (range, 2 to 54 months). Polymyalgia rheumatica had no effect on survival. Both corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used in treatment. Response was more rapid in patients given corticosteroids, but nonsteroidal drugs were used successfully, especially in milder cases. Relapses and adverse reactions to treatment were more frequent in patients given corticosteroids. The findings show that polymyalgia rheumatica is a relatively common disease in middle-aged and older persons and generally runs a self-limited course.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the cross-spectral density of a steady-state source of any state of coherence may be expressed in terms of certain new modes of oscillations, each of which represents a completely spatially coherent elementary excitation.
Abstract: It is shown that, under very general conditions, the cross-spectral density of a steady-state source of any state of coherence may be expressed in terms of certain new modes of oscillations, each of which represents a completely spatially coherent elementary excitation. Making use of this result, a statistical ensemble of strictly monochromatic oscillations, all of the same temporal frequency, is then introduced that yields the cross-spectral density as a correlation function in the space–frequency domain. From these results two new expressions for the Wiener–Khintchine spectrum of the source and also a new mode representation of the cross-correlation function of the source follow at once.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper explored the relationship between problem perception and expertise and found that novices perceive problems on the basis of surface structure (i.e., words or objects described in the problem statement) and experts perceived problem relatedness more like the experts according to principles or methods relevant for problem solution.
Abstract: Evidence regarding the relationships between problem perception and expertise has customarily been obtained indirectly, through contrasting-group studies such as expert-novice comparisons. Differences in perception have been attributed to differences in expertise, although the groups compared generally differ on a number of other major attributes (e.g., aptitude). This study explored the relationship between perception and proficiency directly. Students' perceptions of the structure of mathematical problems were examined before and after a monthlong intensive course on mathematical problem solving. These perceptions were compared with experts' perceptions. Subjects sorted problems on the basis of similarity. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the sorting data indicated that novices perceive problems on the basis of "surface structure" (i.e., words or objects described in the problem statement). After the course the students perceived problem relatedness more like the experts—according to principles or methods relevant for problem solution. Thus, criteria for problem perception shift as a person's knowledge bases become more richly structured^ Theories of problem solving commonly hold that the mental representation of problems influences how people perceive problems. Moreover, as experience leads to better problem solving, the quality of problem representation is expected to improve with corresponding improvement in problem perception (Chi, Feltovich, & Glaser, 1981; Hayes & Simon, 1974; Heller & Greeno, 1979; Newell & Simon, 1972). At one end of the spectrum, the correct perception of a problem may cue access to a "problem schema" that suggests a straightforwar d method of solution or a more or less automatic response (Chase & Simon, 1973; Kinsley, Hayes, & Simon, 1977). At the other end, an incorrect perception may send one off on a "wild goose chase." Since problem perception is con

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide analytical formulas for European put and call options on the minimum or the maximum of two risky assets, which are useful to price a wide variety of contingent claims of interest to financial economists.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Residents were less satisfied than the general population in most life areas, especially finances, unemployment, safety, and family and social relations, and of particular concern was the finding that 34% had been recent victims of crime.
Abstract: Quality of life issues must be addressed more vigorously in the care of chronic mental patients. In a survey of 30 large board-and-care homes in Los Angeles, 278 mentally disabled residents described their life conditions and satisfaction in eight areas: living situation, family relations, social relations, leisure activities, work, finances, safety, and health. Residents were less satisfied than the general population in most life areas, especially finances, unemployment, safety, and family and social relations (p less than .001). Of particular concern was the finding that 34% had been recent victims of crime. The results underscore the need for better social programs for these patients.

Journal ArticleDOI
19 Mar 1982-Science
TL;DR: Development of autoimmune disease in female New Zealand hybrid mice was dramatically modified by classical conditioning of immunosuppression and the rate of development of proteinuria and mortality were significantly retarded.
Abstract: Development of autoimmune disease in female New Zealand hybrid mice was dramatically modified by classical conditioning of immunosuppression. Groups of animals received each week a solution of sodium saccharin (conditioned stimulus). One group of conditioned animals received an injection of cyclophosphamide (the unconditioned stimulus) after half of the weekly occasions when they received the saccharin solution. The rate of development of proteinuria and mortality were significantly retarded in these conditioned mice relative to untreated controls and nonconditioned animals that received unpaired treatment with saccharin and cyclophosphamide.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper explored conditions that lead teachers to be more controlling versus more autonomy oriented with students and found that teachers in the former condition talked more, were more critical of the students, gave more commands, and allowed less choice and autonomy.
Abstract: Previous research has shown that when teachers are oriented toward controlling rather than supporting autonomy in their students, the students display lowered intrinsic motivation and self-esteem. The present study explored conditions that lead teachers to be more controlling versus more autonomy oriented with students. Impressing upon teachers that they are responsible for their students' performing up to standards leads them to be more controlling than teachers who were told that there were no performance standards for their students' learning. Teachers in the former condition talked more, were more critical of the students, gave more commands, and allowed less choice and autonomy. Considerable research has detailed the processes through which external events can affect a person's intrinsic motivation. In reviewing the evidence, Deci and Ryan (1980) concluded that the central parameter mediating the effects of external events on intrinsic motivation is self-determin ation. In other words, the experience of choice seems to be a necessary condition for the maintenance or enhancement of intrinsic motivation. Events that pressure people toward specified outcomes, thereby denying them the experience of choice, have repeatedly been shown to undermine intrinsic motivation. These events are referred to by Deci and Ryan as controlling. In contrast, events that provide people with meaningful feedback in the context of choice have been shown to enhance intrinsic motivation; these events are referred to as informational. There are two important components of informational events (and thus of events that enhance intrinsic motivation): They must provide choice and they must contain meaningful feedback. By meaningful, we

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the impact of fine-needle aspiration biopsy on the management of patients with solitary thyroid nodules, and found that fine needle aspiration appears to be safe, reliable, and cost-effective.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1982-Cell
TL;DR: Bacterial chromosomes and plasmid DNA from topoisomerase I-defective Escherichia coli strains have been characterized with respect to superhelical density and it is shown that topoisomersase I is involved in determining the level of supercoiling in bacteria.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of partial coherence in the space-frequency domain is used to determine the mode structure of an important class of partially coherent sources and of the radiation fields generated by them.
Abstract: A recently formulated theory of partial coherence in the space-frequency domain is used to determine the mode structure of an important class of partially coherent sources and of the radiation fields generated by them. The effective number of modes is found to depend in a fundamental way on the ratio of the coherence length to the effective size of the source. The contribution of the effective modes to the far-field intensity is also analyzed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was pointed out that, although squeezing and sub-Poissonian photon statistics need not go together, in the sense that an electromagnetic field may exhibit one but not the other, the method that is normally used to detect a squeezed state automatically generates sub-poisson photon statistics.
Abstract: It is pointed out that, although squeezing and sub-Poissonian photon statistics need not go together, in the sense that an electromagnetic field may exhibit one but not the other, the method that is normally used to detect a squeezed state automatically generates sub-Poissonian photon statistics. However, when these considerations are applied to the fluorescence from a coherently driven atom, which exhibits both squeezing and sub-Poisson fluctuations, one finds that the statistics of the emitted photons show even larger departures from classical field theory than the squeezing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an empirical investigation of the relation between government financing decisions and asset returns is presented, where the focus is on whether a substitution of debt financing for tax financing of a given level of expenditures is associated with an increase in interest rates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the fluctuation properties of nuclear energy levels are analyzed with new spectrally averaged measures and a remarkably close agreement between the predictions of random-matrix theories and experiment is found.
Abstract: The fluctuation properties of nuclear energy levels are analyzed with new spectrally averaged measures. A remarkably close agreement between the predictions of random-matrix theories and experiment is found.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic cell groups of the brain stem and caudal diencephalon, and their projections, were examined in neonatal and adult squirrel monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and stump-tail monkeys utilizing the Falck-Hillarp formaldehyde condensation reaction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Solutions may be compared using several measures; the total number of messages transmitted by the processes, the number of distinct messages used and the total message delay time are among them.
Abstract: Solutions may be compared using several measures. The primary one is the total number of messages transmitted by the processes. Also, one can count the number of distinct messages used and the total message delay time (assuming that each message takes a maximum of one unit of time to be transmitted). In addition, one can consider limiting the number of directions that messages can be transmitted; in this case, a message can be transmitted either unidirectionally or bidirectionally. Obviously, the simplicity of a solution is important.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The bioluminescent calcium indicator aequor in was successfully loaded into vascular smooth muscle cells of Amphiuma tridactylum by either microinjection or a new method which makes the cells reversibly hyperpermeable, suggesting that tension can be maintained in smooth muscle in the presence of lower calcium levels than those present during force development.
Abstract: The bioluminescent calcium indicator aequor in was successfully loaded into vascular smooth muscle cells ofAmphiuma tridactylum by either microinjection or a new method which makes the cells reversibly hyperpermeable. Both gave similar results; however, the latter method produced larger signals. Vasoconstrictors produced a sustained contraction and a light (calcium) response consisting of two component: a large transient followed by a smaller, sustained response. Electrical stimulation produced a light transient that was much briefer than the contraction. These results suggest that tension can be maintained in smooth muscle in the presence of lower calcium levels than those present during force development.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A realistic model of scanning behavior is developed and it is argued that in a game where players meet again and again such apparent co-operation may be an evolutionarily stable strategy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The analysis does suggest that income differences cannot explain all the effect or perhaps even as much as half of the effect of parental education, but better nutrition among the children of the more educated has been well-documented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the propagation of partially coherent light beams generated by gaussian Schell-model sources is characterized by two parameters that are analogous to the beam radius and the radius of wavefront curvature of fully coherent gaussian laser beams.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1982-Blood
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that absence of the larger multimers from IIB plasma is related to a molecular abnormality of von Willebrand factor rather than to enhanced affinity of abnormal tissue or cellular binding sites, as is the case in the recently described “pseudo” vonWillebrand's disease and “platelet-type” Von WilleBrand's disease.