Showing papers by "University of Rochester published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this paper, an interval-based temporal logic is introduced, together with a computationally effective reasoning algorithm based on constraint propagation, which is notable in offering a delicate balance between time and space.
Abstract: An interval-based temporal logic is introduced, together with a computationally effective reasoning algorithm based on constraint propagation. This system is notable in offering a delicate balance between
7,362 citations
TL;DR: A review of the scientific literature on the market for corporate control can be found in this paper, where the authors argue that corporate control is best viewed as an arena in which managerial teams compete for the rights to manage corporate resources.
3,821 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors develop an example of a reputational equilibrium where the outcomes turn out to be weighted averages of those from discretion and those from the ideal rule, when the discount rate is high.
2,935 citations
TL;DR: Two hundred fifteen randomly accessed cancer patients who were new admissions to three collaborating cancer centers were examined for the presence of formal psychiatric disorder, and the large majority of conditions were judged to represent highly treatable disorders.
Abstract: Two hundred fifteen randomly accessed cancer patients who were new admissions to three collaborating cancer centers were examined for the presence of formal psychiatric disorder. Each patient was assessed in a common protocol via a psychiatric interview and standardized psychological tests. The American Psychiatric Association'sDSM-IIIdiagnostic system was used in making the diagnoses. Results indicated that 47% of the patients received aDSM-IIIdiagnosis, with 44% being diagnosed as manifesting a clinical syndrome and 3% with personality disorders. Approximately 68% of the psychiatric diagnoses consisted of adjustment disorders, with 13% representing major affective disorders (depression). The remaining diagnoses were split among organic mental disorders (8%), personality disorders (7%), and anxiety disorders (4%). Approximately 85% of those patients with a positive psychiatric condition were experiencing a disorder with depression or anxiety as the central symptom. The large majority of conditions were judged to represent highly treatable disorders. (JAMA1983;249:751-757)
1,704 citations
TL;DR: The kinetic determination of the amount of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase released from lysed target cells was determined to provide a sensitive and precise measure of natural cytotoxicity when used in conjunction with appropriate controls and calculational methods.
1,093 citations
1,021 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined a sample of firms experiencing proxy contests for seats on their board of directors and found that regardless of proxy contest outcome, positive and statistically significant share price performance was associated with the contest.
960 citations
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TL;DR: This paper examined the association between firm size and effective corporate tax rates and found that the roughly fifty largest U.S. exchange-listed firms have significantly higher worldwide tax rates than other firms.
808 citations
TL;DR: Spinal osteoporosis in men is frequently associated with recognizable risk factors, some of which are potentially remediable, and the risk associated with smoking and drinking increased with age.
624 citations
TL;DR: This article found that when mothers initiated interactions by directing their child's attention, rather than by following into it, their child learned fewer object labels and more personal-social words and had larger vocabularies overall.
Abstract: Recent research has documented systematic individual differences in early lexical development. The current study investigated the relation ship of these differences to differences in the way mothers and children regulate each other's attentional states. Mothers of 6 one-year-olds kept diary records and were videotaped with their children at monthly intervals as well. Language measures from the diary were related to measures of attention manipulation and maintenance derived from a coding of the videotaped interactions. Results showed that when mothers initiated interactions by directing their child's attention, rather than by following into it, their child learned fewer object labels and more personal-social words. Dyads who maintained sustained bouts of joint attentional focus had children with larger vocabularies overall. It was concluded that the way mothers and children regulate each other's attention is an important factor in children's early lexical development.
588 citations
TL;DR: Although characterologic constellations such as obsessionalism, dependency, introversion, restricted social skills, and maladaptive self-attributions are popularly linked to the pathogenesis of depressive disorders, the evidence in support of this relationship remains modest as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Although characterologic constellations such as obsessionalism, dependency, introversion, restricted social skills, and maladaptive self-attributions are popularly linked to the pathogenesis of depressive disorders, the evidence in support of this relationship remains modest. Indeed, many of these attributes may reflect state characteristics woven into the postdepressive personality. Current evidence is strongest for introversion as a possible premorbid trait in primary nonbipolar depressions. By contrast, driven, work-oriented obsessoid, extroverted, cyclothymic, and related dysthymic temperaments appear to be the precursors of bipolar disorders. Other personalities, while not necessarily pathogenic in affective disorders, nevertheless may modify the clinical expression of affective disorders and their prognosis.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and tested competing theoretical explanations for the passage of these amendments and found weak preliminary support for the hypothesis that antitakeover amendments are best explained as a device for managerial entrenchment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the number of photons emitted in a short time interval by a single atom in the process of resonance fluorescence is measured, and it is shown that the probability distribution of this number is sub-Poissonian.
Abstract: The number of photons emitted in a short time interval by a single atom in the process of resonance fluorescence is measured, and it is shown that the probability distribution of this number is sub-Poissonian.
TL;DR: It is concluded that graded linear horizontal scales are both more reliable and preferred by participants and that visual analog scales give a more sensitive and accurate representation of pain intensity than do descriptive pain scales.
Abstract: We compared the sensitivity of different types of visual analog scales and of descriptive pain terms in healthy volunteers and in postoperative patients. One hundred and seven volunteers marked visual analog scales according to their perception of the descriptive pain terms--little, mild, some, moderate, severe, agonizing. Individual variation in values and preferences between the five following five different visual analog scales were analyzed: 10-cm linear horizontal and vertical scales, a curvilinear scale, and graded horizontal and curvilinear scales. Significantly more volunteers preferred the horizontal scale with gradations. Scores for the vertical linear scale had the greatest coefficient of variation and were least normally distributed. The majority of volunteers considered the phrase "agonizing pain" the best term defining the extreme limit of pain (X2(12) = 41.8, P less than 0.001). There were significant changes in the values of pain intensity measured on visual analog scales by patients using the same descriptive pain term on successive observations. However, the patients' values for pain terms in the preoperative pain-free state were not significantly different from those during postoperative pain. We conclude that graded linear horizontal scales are both more reliable and preferred by participants and that visual analog scales give a more sensitive and accurate representation of pain intensity than do descriptive pain scales.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the effects of advertising on the sales growth of new, infrequently purchased products and showed that the optimal advertising policy is to advertise heavily when the product is introduced and to reduce the level of advertising as sales increase and the product moves through its life cycle.
Abstract: This paper examines the effects of advertising on the sales growth of new, infrequently purchased products. It is assumed that producer originated advertising serves to inform innovators of the existence and value of the new product while word-of-mouth communication by previous adopters affects imitators. Such a diffusion process is modeled and tested for the case of telephonic banking. It is shown that advertising accelerates the diffusion process of the new product. The implications for a firm introducing a new product and wishing to maximize its discounted profits over the product's life cycle are discussed. In particular, it is demonstrated that the optimal advertising policy is to advertise heavily when the product is introduced and to reduce the level of advertising as sales increase and the product moves through its life cycle. Evidence that such a strategy is commonly practiced by firms is cited.
TL;DR: In this article, a model based on an axiomatization of students' beliefs about plane geometry is outlined, and is shown to correspond closely to their problem-solving performance.
01 Dec 1983
TL;DR: A mathe matical theory of tolerancing is proposed that formalizes and generalizes current practices and is a suitable basis for incorporating tolerances into GMSs.
Abstract: Manual drafting is rapidly being replaced by modern, computerized systems for defining the geometry of mechanical parts and assemblies, and a new generation of powerful systems, called geometric (solid) modeling systems (GMSs), is entering industrial use. Solid models are beginning to play an important role in off-line robot programming, model- driven vision, and other industrial robotic applications.A major deficiency of current GMSs is their lack of facilities for specifying tolerancing information, which is essential for design analysis, process planning, assembly planning for tightly toleranced components, and other applications of solid modeling. This paper proposes a mathe matical theory of tolerancing that formalizes and generalizes current practices and is a suitable basis for incorporating tolerances into GMSs.A tolerance specification in the proposed theory is a collection ofgeometric constraints on an object's surface features, which are two-dimensional subsets of the object's boundary. An obje...
TL;DR: The mean heart weight, frequency of atrial fibrillation, percentage of patients with heart failure, and frequency of myocardial infarction were increased in patients with cardiac amyloid, but these differences failed to reach statistical significance.
TL;DR: There were sex differences, however, in the extent to which variables overlapped in predicting loneliness, and a large group of nonlonely males was characterized both by having meaningful relationships with males and by spending time with females, whereas a second group was characterized simply by having Meaningful relationship with males.
Abstract: Forty-three male and 53 female college seniors maintained the Rochester Interaction Record for 2 weeks, providing information about every social interaction of 10 minutes or more. Subjects then completed the revised UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, measuring sex-role orientation. For both sexes, loneliness was negatively related to the amount of time spent with females and to the meaningfulness of interaction with males and females. However, meaningfulness with males was more important than meaningfulness with females. Femininity was negatively related to loneliness for both sexes and partially mediated the above relationships. There were sex differences, however, in the extent to which variables overlapped in predicting loneliness. For example, a large group of nonlonely males was characterized both by having meaningful relationships with males and by spending time with females, whereas a second group of nonlonely males was characterized simply by having meaningful relationships with males. The largest group of nonlonely females was characterized simply by having meaningful relationships with males, but another sizable group was characterized simply by spending time with females. Females doing both accounted for very little of the variance.
TL;DR: The presented approach aims to exercise use-definition chains that appear in the program by checking liveness of every definition of a variable at the point(s) of its possible use.
Abstract: Some properties of a program data flow can be used to guide program testing. The presented approach aims to exercise use-definition chains that appear in the program. Two such data oriented testing strategies are proposed; the first involves checking liveness of every definition of a variable at the point(s) of its possible use; the second deals with liveness of vectors of variables treated as arguments to an instruction or program block. Reliability of these strategies is discussed with respect to a program containing an error.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the exchange rate's response to exogenous shocks and the relation between exchange-rate movements and movements in important endogenous variables such as prices, interest rates, output, and the current account are discussed.
Abstract: This paper discusses the dynamic behavior of exchange rates, focusing both on the exchange rate's response to exogenous shocks and the relation between exchange-rate movements and movements in important endogenous variables such as prices, interest rates, output, and the current account. Aspects of exchange-rate dynamics are studied in a variety of models, some of which are based on postulated supply and demand functions for assets and goods, and some of which are based on explicit individual utility-maximizing problems. Section 1 surveys the terrain. Section 2 explores the simplest model in which the relation among the exchange rate, price levels, and the terms of trade can be addressed -- a flexible-price small-country model in which wealth effects are absent and domestic and foreign goods are imperfect substitutes. Section 3 introduces market frictions so that the role of endogenous output fluctuations can be studied. Both sticky-price models and alternative market-friction models are discussed. Section 4 studies the link between the accumulation of foreign assets and domestic capital and the exchange rate.Section 5 examines deterministic and stochastic models in which individual behavior is derived from an explicit intertemporal optimization problem. Finally, section 6 offers concluding remarks.
TL;DR: The functional abilities and parallel architecture of the human visual system are a rich source of ideas about visual processing and several parallel algorithms have been found that exploit information implicit in an image to compute intrinsic properties of surfaces, such as surface orientation, reflectance and depth.
Abstract: The functional abilities and parallel architecture of the human visual system are a rich source of ideas about visual processing. Any visual task that we can perform quickly and effortlessly is likely to have a computational solution using a parallel algorithm. Recently, several such parallel algorithms have been found that exploit information implicit in an image to compute intrinsic properties of surfaces, such as surface orientation, reflectance and depth. These algorithms require a computational architecture that has similarities to that of visual cortex in primates.
TL;DR: The proliferation of commercial systems over the past two years is noted, changes in system organization are discussed, work aimed at enhancing the geometric coverage, the applications coverage, and the performance of solid modeling systems is surveyed.
Abstract: The March 1982 issue of IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications was devoted to solid modeling. The lead article in that issuel summarized the history of the field and its status as of late 1981; this article is an update to the 1982 article. Here, we shall note the proliferation of commercial systems over the past two years, discuss changes in system organization, and summarize applications support. We shall also survey work aimed at enhancing the geometric coverage, the applications coverage, and the performance of solid modeling systems. Research is progressing swiftly on several fronts, and it is virtually certain that late-1980s solid modelers will be markedly more powerful than those available now.
Proceedings Article•
08 Aug 1983TL;DR: A world model based on a temporal logic allows the problem solver to gather constraints on the ordering of actions without having to commit to an ordering when a conflict is detected, and allows more general descriptions of actions that may occur simultaneously or overlap.
Abstract: Current problem solving systems are constrained in their applicability by inadequate world models. We suggest a world model based on a temporal logic. This approach allows the problem solver to gather constraints on the ordering of actions without having to commit to an ordering when a conflict is detected. As such, it generalizes the work on nonlinear planning by Sacerdoti and Tate. In addition, it allows more general descriptions of actions that may occur simultaneously or overlap, and appears promising in supporting reasoning about external events and actions caused by other agents.
TL;DR: In this article, an examen de la litterature sur la question permet de comparer les modeles utilises par la psychotherapie de consultation, par the psychologie genetique, and par l'empathie sociale.
Abstract: Un examen de la litterature sur la question permet de comparer les modeles utilises par la psychotherapie de consultation, par la psychologie genetique et par la psychologie sociale dans la definition et dans la mesure de l'empathie. L'integration de ces differentes perspectives permet de degager des propositions concernant la nature, l'evolution et l'utilite clinique de l'empathie
TL;DR: A patient with AIDS who, during his clinical course, had a previously undescribed, histologically atypical, subcutaneous infection develop is reported here.
Abstract: Cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) continue to be reported at an alarming rate. As the numbers of cases increase, so too does the list of unusual manifestations associated with this syndrome. We report here a patient with AIDS who, during his clinical course, had a previously undescribed, histologically atypical, subcutaneous infection develop. Light microscopic, electron microscopic, and microbiologic data are presented. The cause and pathogenesis of this lesion are discussed.
TL;DR: A new approach to automatic wire routing of VLSI chips which is applicable to interconnection problem in uniform structures such as gate arrays, switchboxes, channels and is inherently fast, usually by an order of magnitude faster than the routers based on wave propagation (maze running) technique.
Abstract: We propose a new approach to automatic wire routing of VLSI chips which is applicable to interconnection problem in uniform structures such as gate arrays, switchboxes, channels. Popularity of gate arrays technologies still remains high among VLSI chip manufacturers and, as the scale of integration grows, the interconnection problem becomes increasingly difficult if not intractable. The same is true for problems of switchbox and channel routing, which usually arise in custom designs; the uniformity of wiring substrate unites them with gate array routing problem. Our approach was initially aimed at gate arrays, but it extends naturally to switchboxes and channels. Uniformity of the wiring substrate is the crucial assumption of the method. It assumes that horizontal and vertical wire segments are realized on different wiring layers and vias are introduced each time a wire changes direction. Any "jogs" ("wrong way" wires) are prohibited. Within these limitations our approach is advantageous over the existing wiring methodologies. Our final layout of wires is independent of both net ordering and ordering of pins within the nets. The wire densities we are able to achieve are often higher than those achieved by other routers. Because of the hierarchical nature of our method it is inherently fast, usually by an order of magnitude faster than the routers based on wave propagation (maze running) technique.