Showing papers by "University of Rochester published in 1985"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine properties of daily stock returns and how the particular characteristics of these data affect event study methodologies and show that recognition of autocorrelation in daily excess returns and changes in their variance conditional on an event can sometimes be advantageous.
6,651 citations
Book•
11 Sep 1985TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the theory and methodology underlying the economics-based empirical literature in accounting and discuss the role of theory in empirical work and the extent to which the theories are consistent with those studies' evidence.
Abstract: This book reviews the theory and methodology underlying the economics-based empirical literature in accounting. An accounting theory theory is an explanation for observed accounting and auditing practices. Such an explanation is necessary for interpretation of empirical associations between variables. The book discusses the role of theory in empirical work. It then reviews accounting theories involved in empirical studies of the use of accounting in capital markets, contracting and the political process and the extent to which the theories are consistent with those studies' evidence. Empirical studies in auditing are also reviewed. The book finishes with a discussion of the role of accounting research and a summary and evaluation of the research up until the mid-1980s.
4,526 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the amplification and subsequent recompression of optical chirped pulses were demonstrated using a system which produces 1.06 μm laser pulses with pulse widths of 2 ps and energies at the millijoule level.
3,961 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the development and validation of a general causality orientations scale, which measures autonomy, control, and impersonal orientations of a person's behavior.
3,379 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that executive compensation is strongly positively related to corporate performance as measured by shareholder return and growth in firm sales, and the results are robust to the stock market performance measure utilized.
1,907 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated the internal managerial control mechanisms at the disposal of a corporation's compensation-setting board or committee, and concluded that the board creates managerial incentives consistent with those of the firm's owners, both by setting compensation and following management change policies which benefit shareholders.
1,347 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study managerial stock holdings in 45 dual class firms and find that vote ownership per se is an important motivation for these holdings in that corporate officers and their families hold a median 56.9% of votes and 24.0% of the common stock cash flows.
612 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the dynamical interaction of an atom with radiation in the framework of models of the Jaynes-Cummings type where the atom is restricted to a few energy levels and the radiation consists of quantized near-resonant loss-free modes.
533 citations
TL;DR: Two types of treatment were associated with a significant reduction in the occurrence of cardiac events during follow-up, and congenital deafness, history of syncope, female gender, and a documented episode of torsades de pointes or ventricular fibrillation as independent risk factors for postenrollment syncope or sudden death.
Abstract: During the past 4 years 196 patients with the idiopathic long QT syndrome were enrolled in a prospective international study conducted to obtain a better understanding of the clinical course of this unusual repolarization disorder. The mean patient age was 24 years, 64% were female, and 88% had family members with QT prolongation. During an average follow-up of 26 months per patient, four patients died suddenly (1.3% per year) and 27 patients had one or more syncopal episodes (8.6% per year). Multivariate analysis identified congenital deafness, history of syncope, female gender, and a documented episode of torsades de pointes or ventricular fibrillation as independent risk factors for postenrollment syncope or sudden death. Two types of treatment (left stellate ganglionectomy and beta-blocker therapy) were associated with a significant reduction in the occurrence of cardiac events during follow-up.
461 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the relationship among self-consciousness, situationally induced states of self-awareness, ego-involvement, and intrinsic motivation using cognitive evaluation theory, as applied to both the interpersonal and intrapersonal spheres, was used as the basis for making predictions about the effects of various types of self focus.
Abstract: This study explored the relationships among dispositional self-consciousness, situationally induced-states of self-awareness, ego-involvement, and intrinsic motivation Cognitive evaluation theory, as applied to both the interpersonal and intrapersonal spheres, was used as the basis for making predictions about the effects of various types of self-focus Public self-consciousness, social anxiety, video surveillance and mirror manipulations of self-awareness, and induced ego-involvement were predicted and found to have negative effects on intrinsic motivation since all were hypothesized to involve controlling forms of regulation In contrast, dispositional private self-consciousness and a no-self-focus condition were both found to be unrelated to intrinsic motivation The relationship among these constructs and manipulations was discussed in the context of both Carver and Scheier's (1981) control theory and Deci and Ryan's (1985) motivation theory
452 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is produced that the ventral pallidum can convey striatopallidal outflow of limbic antecedents not only into extrapyramidal circuits but also back into the circuitry of the limbic system.
Abstract: Previous histological and histochemical studies have provided evidence that the globus pallidus (external pallidal segment) as conventionally delineated in the rat extends ventrally and rostrally beneath the transverse limb of the anterior commissure, invading the olfactory tubercle with its most ventral ramifications This infracommissural subdivision of the globus pallidus or ventral pallidum (VP) is most selectively identified by being pervaded by a dense plexus of substance-P-positive striatofugal fibers; the extent of this plexus indicates that the VP behind the anterior commissure continues dorsally over some distance into the anteroventromedial part of the generally recognized (supracommissural) globus pallidus; the adjoining anterodorsolateral pallidal region, here named dorsal pallidum (DP), receives only few substance-P-positive fibers, but contains a dense plexus of enkephalin-positive striatal afferents that also pervades VP Available autoradiographic data indicate that VP and DP receive their striatal innervation from two different subdivisions of the striatum: whereas VP is innervated by a large, anteroventromedial striatal region receiving substantial inputs from a variety of limbic and limbic-system-associated structures (and therefore called "limbic striatum"), DP receives its striatal input from an anterodorsolateral striatal sector receiving only sparse limbic afferents ("nonlimbic" striatum) but instead heavily innervated by the sensorimotor cortex The present autoradiographic study has produced evidence that this dichotomy in the striatopallidal projection is to a large extent continued beyond the globus pallidus: whereas the efferents of DP were traced to the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra, those of VP were found to involve not only the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra but also the frontocingulate (and adjoining medial sensorimotor) cortex, the amygdala, lateral habenular and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, and tegmental regions farther caudal and dorsal in the midbrain These findings indicate that the ventral pallidum can convey striatopallidal outflow of limbic antecedents not only into extrapyramidal circuits but also back into the circuitry of the limbic system
TL;DR: It is shown that when two ideal photodetectors are appropriately located so that they receive the conjugate signal and idler photons, then the joint probability of two-photon detection by the two detectors can equal the single-Photon detection probability.
Abstract: A theoretical study is made of the process in which incident pump photons that interact with a nonlinear medium (such as a crystal lacking inversion symmetry) are spontaneously split into lower-frequency signal and idler photons. The down-converted fields are quantized and described by a continuum of modes, a subset of which interacts with each photodetector. It is shown that when two ideal photodetectors are appropriately located so that they receive the conjugate signal and idler photons, then the joint probability of two-photon detection by the two detectors can equal the single-photon detection probability. The time correlation between the two detected photons is shown to be limited either by the resolving time of the detectors, or by the bandwidth of the down-converted light, and to be independent of the coherence time of the pump field or of the length of the nonlinear medium. These conclusions are compared with the results of recent experiments.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the problem of choosing a vertical marketing channel in a product-differentiated duopolistic market and show that integration of the marketing function results in greater price competition and lower prices than does the use of independent marketing middlemen.
Abstract: This paper discusses the problem of choosing a vertical marketing channel in a product-differentiated duopolistic market Firms choose product price and the form of the marketing channel to maximize profits It is shown that integration of the marketing function results in greater price competition and lower prices than does the use of independent marketing middlemen The profitability of reducing price competition by using such middlemen is investigated Two hypotheses---that integration is negatively associated with the products' substitutability and that symmetric channel structures are stable---are tested in a preliminary way and supported with survey data from the international semiconductor industry
TL;DR: In this article, the theory of generalized coherent states associated with the SU(2) and SU(1,1) Lie algebras is discussed and applied in an investigation of possible reductions of fluctuations.
Abstract: The theory of generalized coherent states associated with the SU(2) and SU(1,1) Lie algebras is discussed and applied in an investigation of possible reductions of fluctuations. In the framework of a system of N two-level atoms the squeezing of angular-momentum [SU(2)] fluctuations is exhibited for optical coherent transients involving the photon echo. The SU(1,1) fluctuations are discussed and established for general two-photon processes involving dynamical variables different from the creation and annihilation operators.
TL;DR: A general computational treatment of how mammals are able to deal with visual objects and environments that tries to cover the entire range from behavior and phenomenological experience to detailed neural encodings in crude but computationally plausible reductive steps.
Abstract: This paper presents a general computational treatment of how mammals are able to deal with visual objects and environments The model tries to cover the entire range from behavior and phenomenological experience to detailed neural encodings in crude but computationally plausible reductive steps The problems addressed include perceptual constancies, eye movements and the stable visual world, object descriptions, perceptual generalizations, and the representation of extrapersonal spaceThe entire development is based on an action-oriented notion of perception The observer is assumed to be continuously sampling the ambient light for information of current value The central problem of vision is taken to be categorizing and locating objects in the environment The critical step in this process is the linking of visual information to symbolic object descriptions; this is called indexing, from the analogy of identifying a book from index terms The system must also identify situations and use this knowledge to guide movement and other actions in the environment The treatment focuses on the different representations of information used in the visual systemThe four representational frames capture information in the following forms: retinotopic, head-based, symbolic, and allocentric The functional roles of the four frames, the communication among them, and their suggested neurophysiological realization constitute the core of the paper The model is perforce crude, but appears to be consistent with all relevant findings
TL;DR: The authors analyzes investment rules for various organizational forms that are distinguished by the characteristics of their residual claims and shows that different restrictions on residual claims lead to different decision rules, and that the investment decisions of open corporations, financial mutuals and non-profits can be modeled by the value maximization rule.
TL;DR: A simple model shows that maximal energetic efficiency is associated with immediate consumption, whereas (under the field conditions studied) carrying items to the safety of trees provides for minimal exposure to predation.
TL;DR: A methodology for setting price, utilization, and capacity, taking into account the value of users' time is offered, and the implications of alternative control structures determined by the financial responsibility assigned to the data processing manager are examined.
Abstract: This article studies the effects of queueing delays, and users' related costs, on the management and control of computing resources. It offers a methodology for setting price, utilization, and capacity, taking into account the value of users' time, and it examines the implications of alternative control structures, determined by the financial responsibility assigned to the data processing manager.
TL;DR: Brain sections from patients who had died with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT), Huntington's disease (HD), or no neurologic disease were studied by autoradiography to measure sodium-independent L-[3H]glutamate binding.
Abstract: Brain sections from patients who had died with senile dementia of the Alzheimer9s type (SDAT), Huntington9s disease (HD), or no neurologic disease were studied by autoradiography to measure sodium-independent L-[3H]glutamate binding. In brain sections from SDAT patients, glutamate binding was normal in the caudate, putamen, and claustrum but was lower than normal in the cortex. The decreased cortical binding represented a reduction in numbers of binding sites, not a change in binding affinity, and appeared to be the result of a specific decrease in numbers of the low-affinity quisqualate binding site. No significant changes in cortical binding of other ligands were observed. In brains from Huntington9s disease patients, glutamate binding was lower in the caudate and putamen than in the same regions of brains from control and SDAT patients but was normal in the cortex. It is possible that development of positron-emitting probes for glutamate receptors may permit diagnosis of SDAT in vivo by means of positron emission tomographic scanning.
TL;DR: The Multidimensional Measure of Children's Perceptions of Control (MPMOC) as discussed by the authors is a self-report instrument that measures the children's understanding of the locus of the sufficient cause for success and failure.
Abstract: Perceived control plays a central role in many motivational and cognitive accounts of behavior. In this study, a new 48-item self-report instrument, the Multidimensional Measure of Children's Perceptions of Control, is described. Perceptions of control are defined as children's understanding of the locus of the sufficient cause for success and failure outcomes. 3 dimensions of third- through ninth-grade children's perceptions of control are independently assessed: internal, powerful others, and unknown. Each of these sources of control is assessed within 3 behavioral domains: cognitive, social, and physical. General items are also included. Perceptions of control over success outcomes and failure outcomes are assessed separately. The psychometric properties of the new measure's subscales are presented. Correlations of the new measure with measures of perceived and actual competence and findings demonstrating the sensitivity of the new measure to developmental, gender, and environmental influences are reported. It is argued that the new measure is an advance over existing measures of internal versus external locus of control in children because it provides domain-specific assessments of 3 separate dimensions of locus of control, including the previously untapped dimension of unknown control.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that between 1977 and 1982 when Icahn, Irwin Jacobs, Carl Lindner, David Murdock, Victor Posner, and Charles Bluhdorn purchased stock in a given firm, stock prices on average increased significantly.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: This paper describes boundary evaluation algorithms used by the P ADL solid modeling systems developed at the University of Rochester, and discusses other known approaches in terms of concepts that emerged from the PADL work, notably set membership classification and neighborhood manipulation.
Abstract: Solid modeling plays a key role in electromechanical CAD/CAM, three-dimensional computer graphics, computer vision, robotics, and other disciplines and activities that deal with spatial phenomena. Almost all contemporary solid modeling systems support Boolean operations akin to set intersection, union, and difference on solids. Boundary representations (face/edge/vertex structures) for solids defined through Boolean operations are generated in these modelers by using so-called boundary evaluation and boundary merging procedures. These are the most complex and delicate software modules in a solid modeler. This paper describes boundary evaluation algorithms used by the PADL solid modeling systems developed at the University of Rochester, and discusses other known approaches in terms of concepts that emerged from the PADL work, notably set membership classification and neighborhood manipulation.
TL;DR: In this article, the smallest partial DFA for the set of all subwords of a given word w, Iwl>2, has at most 21w(-2 states and 3wl-4 transition edges, independently of the alphabet size.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review some of the recent work in agency theory that has implications for the structure of the corporation, in particular the resolution of conflicts of interest among stockholders, managers, and creditors.
Abstract: We review some of the recent work in agency theory that has implications for the structure of the corporation, in particular the resolution of conflicts of interest among stockholders, managers, and creditors. We analyze the nature of residual claims and the separation of management and risk bearing in the corporation. This analysis provides a theory based on trade-offs of the risk sharing and other advantages of the corporate form with its agency costs to explain the survival of the corporate form in large-scale, complex, nonfinancial activities. We then discuss the structure of corporate bond, lease, and insurance contracts, and show how agency theory can be used to analyze contractual provisions for monitoring and bonding to help control the conflicts of interest between these fixed claimholders and stockholders.
Proceedings Article•
18 Aug 1985TL;DR: This paper proposes an axiomatic a theory of time in terms of intervals and the single relation MEET and shows that this axiomatization subsumes Allen's interval-based theory.
Abstract: The literature on the nature and representation of time is full of disputes and contradictory theories This is surprising since the nature of time does not cause any worry for people in their everyday coping with the world What this suggests is that there is some form of common sense knowledge about time that is rich enough to enable people to deal with the world, and which is universal enough to enable cooperation and communication between people In this paper, we propose such a theory and defend it in two different ways We axiomatic a theory of time in terms of intervals and the single relation MEET We then show that this axiomatization subsumes Allen's interval-based theory We then extend the theory by formally defining the beginnings and endings of intervals and show that these have the properties we normally would associate with points We distinguish between these point-like objects and the concept of moment as hypothesized in discrete time models Finally, we examine the theory in terms of each of several different models
TL;DR: Free-ranging chickadees foraging at an artificial patch at various distances from cover can distinguish between these two foraging situations, and their behavior in the conflict situation indicates that they are tradingoff foraging considerations against the risk of predation.
Abstract: Animals often must feed away from protective cover, sometimes at a considerable risk of being preyed upon. Feeding at the maximum rate while away from cover may simultaneously minimize the time spent exposed to predators, but this is not always the case. Under some circumstances, carrying prey items to protective cover before they are consumed will minimize the time spent exposed to predators, whereas feeding at maximum efficiency (staying to eat prey where they are found) will actually increase the time spent exposed to predators. Whether or not there is a conflict between maximizing foraging efficiency and minimizing exposure time, depends upon the travel time to cover relative to the handling time of a prey item; short handling times and/or long travel times are associated with the no-conflict situation, whereas the conflict situation is associated with long handling times and/or short travel times to cover. Free-ranging chickadees foraging at an artificial patch at various distances from cover can distinguish between these two foraging situations. When there is no conflict, they stay and eat at the patch. Their behavior in the conflict situation indicates that they are tradingoff foraging considerations against the risk of predation. When the cost of carrying is low and the benefit gained is high, the chickadees elect to carry items to cover; they tend to stay and eat at the patch when the relative magnitudes of costs and benefits are reversed.
TL;DR: The result with the mutationally altered iso‐1‐cytochromes c and the results from published sequences of other proteins from a wide range of prokaryotes and eukaryotes suggest that the aminopeptidase usually cleaves amino‐terminal methionine when it precedes residues of alanine, cysteine, glycine, proline, serine, threonine and valine but not when it follows residues of arginine, as
Abstract: Methionine aminopeptidases with a universal specificity have been revealed from the sequences of the amino-terminal region of mutant forms of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c and from a systematic examination of the literature for amino-terminal sequences formed at initiation sites. The aminopeptidase removes amino-terminal residues of methionine when they precede certain amino acids, with a specificity that appears to be determined mainly by the residue adjacent to the methionine residue at the amino terminus. The result with the mutationally altered iso-1-cytochromes c and the results from published sequences of other proteins from a wide range of prokaryotes and eukaryotes suggest that the aminopeptidase usually cleaves amino-terminal methionine when it precedes residues of alanine, cysteine, glycine, proline, serine, threonine and valine but not when it precedes residues of arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine or methionine. We suggest that the specificity is almost always determined simply by the size of the side chain of the penultimate residue; methionine is usually cleaved from residues with a side chain having a radius of gyration of 1·29 A or less, but is not cleaved from residues with larger side chains.
TL;DR: The findings demonstrate clearly that the regions in which lymphocytes (mainly T cells) reside, and through which they recirculate, receive direct sympathetic neural input, and the immune system can be considered 'hard-wired' to the brain.
TL;DR: It is shown that the processes of degenerate parametric down conversion, harmonic generation, and resonance fluorescence all exhibit higher-order squeezing.
Abstract: The concept of $2n\mathrm{th}$-order squeezing of a quantum field is introduced as a natural generalization of the usual second-order squeezing. It is shown that the processes of degenerate parametric down conversion, harmonic generation, and resonance fluorescence all exhibit higher-order squeezing.
TL;DR: This study indicates that improvements and superiority in stroke mechanics are reflected in the stroke rate and distance per stroke used to swim a race.
Abstract: The mean velocity of 9 out of 10 women's events during the U.S. Olympic Swimming Trials was greater in 1984 as compared to 1976. Three of the 10 men's events showed improvement. In 9 out of these 12 events, the increased velocity was accounted for by increased distance per stroke (range, -3 to -13%). In the women's 100-m butterfly and 100-m backstroke, increased velocity was due solely to faster stroke rates. The finalists in each event were compared to those whose velocities were 3-7% slower. In almost all events and stroke styles, the finalists achieved greater distances per stroke than did the slower group. In the men's events increased distance per stroke was associated with decreased stroke rate, except in the backstroke, in which both were increased for the finalists. Although the faster women swimmers generally had greater distances per stroke, they were more dependent than men on faster stroke rates to achieve superiority. The profile of velocity for races of 200 m and longer indicated that as fatigue developed the distance per stroke decreased. The faster swimmers compensated for this change by maintaining or increasing stroke rate more than did their slower competitors. This study indicates that improvements and superiority in stroke mechanics are reflected in the stroke rate and distance per stroke used to swim a race.