Showing papers by "University of Rochester published in 1989"
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of perceived locus of causality (PLOC) was developed, using children's self-reported reasons for acting, and the proposed model and conceptualization of PLOC were discussed with regard to intrapersonal versus interpersonal perception, internalization, cause-reason distinctions, and significance of perceived autonomy in human behavior.
Abstract: Theories of internalization typically suggest that self-perceptions of the "causes" of (i.e. reasons for) behavior are differentiated along a continuum of autonomy that contains identifiable gradations. A model of perceived locus of causality (PLOC) is developed, using children's self-reported reasons for acting. In Project 1, external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic types of reasons for achievement-related behaviors are shown to conform to a simplex-like (ordered correlation) structure in four samples. These reason categories are then related to existing measures of PLOC and to motivation. A second project examines 3 reason categories (external, introject, and identification) within the domain of prosocial behavior. Relations with measures of empathy, moral judgement and positive interpersonal relatedness are presented. Finally, the proposed model and conceptualization of PLOC are discussed with regard to intrapersonal versus interpersonal perception, internalization, cause-reason distinctions, and the significance of perceived autonomy in human behavior.
3,003 citations
TL;DR: A method, using LiAc to yield competent cells, is described that increased the efficiency of genetic transformation of intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to more than 1 × 105 transformant per microgram of vector DNA and to 1.5% transformants per viable cell.
Abstract: A method, using LiAc to yield competent cells, is described that increased the efficiency of genetic transformation of intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to more than 1 × 105 transformants per microgram of vector DNA and to 1.5% transformants per viable cell. The use of single stranded, or heat denaturated double stranded, nucleic acids as carrier resulted in about a 100 fold higher frequency of transformation with plasmids containing the 2μm origin of replication. Single stranded DNA seems to be responsible for the effect since M13 single stranded DNA, as well as RNA, was effective. Boiled carrier DNA did not yield any increased transformation efficiency using spheroplast formation to induce DNA uptake, indicating a difference in the mechanism of transformation with the two methods.
2,073 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an organizational development intervention, focused on the concept of supporting subordinates' self-determination, was provided for the managers, which showed a clearly positive impact on managers' orientations, though a less conclusive radiation to subordinates.
Abstract: Research testing self-determination theory was discussed in terms of recent work on intrinsic motivation, participative management, and leadership. On three occasions, managers' interpersonal orientations—toward supporting subordinates' self-determination versus controlling their behavior— were related to perceptions, affects, and satisfactions of the subordinates. Data from 23 managers and their subordinates in a major corporation showed that managers' orientations did correlate with the subordinate variables, although the magnitude of the relation varied, seemingly as a function of factors in the corporate climate. An organizational development intervention, focused on the concept of supporting subordinates' self-determination, was provided for the managers. Evaluation of the program showed a clearly positive impact on managers' orientations, though a less conclusive radiation to subordinates. To be self-determining means to experience a sense of choice in initiating and regulating one's own actions. Recent research linking self-determination to, enhanced creativity (Amabile, 1983), conceptual learning (Benware & Deci, 1984), self-esteem (Deci, Schwartz, Sheinman, & Ryan, 1981), and general well-being (Langer & Rodin, 1976) has stimulated psychologists to clarify the antecedent conditions that promote self-determination and to detail the relevance of self-determination to various applied settings. Concepts related to self-determination have been vigorously researched and discussed in the organizational literature for over a quarter century. Argyris (1957) and McGregor (1960), for example, stressed that organizational contexts providing workers the opportunity to satisfy their higher order needs (Maslow, 1943) promote effective performance. Furthermore, management styles (e.g., Likert, 1967; Marrow, Bowers, & Sea
1,857 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors predict and document evidence that the earnings response coefficient is a function of riskless interest rates and the riskiness, growth and/or persistence of earnings.
1,769 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare several statistical models for monthly stock return volatility, focusing on U.S. data from 1834-19:5 and post-1926 data.
Abstract: This paper compares several statistical models for monthly stock return volatility. The focus is on U.S. data from 1834-19:5 because the post-1926 data have been analyzed in more detail by others. Also, the Great Depression had levels of stock volatility that are inconsistent with stationary models for conditional heteroskedasticity, We show the importance of nonlinearities in stock return behavior that are not captured by conventional ARCH or GARCH models. We also show the nonstationariry of stock volatility, even over the 1834-1925 period.
1,284 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the pricing of 63 block trades between 1978 and 1982 involving at least 5% of the common stock of NYSE or Amex corporations and argued that the premiums reflect private benefits that accrue exclusively to the blockholder because of his voting power.
1,201 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the shape and the initial frequency chirp of input pulses on shape and spectrum of amplified pulses is discussed in detail and the case in which the input pulsewidth is comparable to the carrier lifetime so that the saturated gain has time to recover partially before the trailing edge of the pulse arrives.
Abstract: Amplification of ultrashort optical pulses in semiconductor laser amplifiers is shown to result in considerable spectral broadening and distortion as a result of the nonlinear phenomenon of self-phase modulation (SPM). The physical mechanism behind SPM is gain saturation, which leads to intensity-dependent changes in the refractive index in response to variations in the carrier density. The effect of the shape and the initial frequency chirp of input pulses on the shape and the spectrum of amplified pulses is discussed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the case in which the input pulsewidth is comparable to the carrier lifetime so that the saturated gain has time to recover partially before the trailing edge of the pulse arrives. The experimental results, performed by using picosecond input pulses from a 1.52- mu m mode-locked semiconductor laser, are in agreement with the theory. When the amplified pulse is passed through a fiber, it is initially compressed because of the frequency chirp imposed on it by the amplifier. This feature can be used to compensate for fiber dispersion in optical communication systems. >
1,175 citations
933 citations
TL;DR: The accuracy of computer predictions of RNA secondary structure from sequence data and free energy parameters has been increased to roughly 70% and the excellent performance is consistent with these interactions being the primary interactions determiningRNA secondary structure.
Abstract: The accuracy of computer predictions of RNA secondary structure from sequence data and free energy parameters has been increased to roughly 70%. Performance is judged by comparison with structures known from phylogenetic analysis. The algorithm also generates suboptimal structures. On average, the best structure within 10% of the lowest free energy contains roughly 90% of phylogenetically known helixes. The algorithm does not include tertiary interactions or pseudoknots and employs a crude model for single-stranded regions. The only favorable interactions are base pairing and stacking of terminal unpaired nucleotides at the ends of helixes. The excellent performance is consistent with these interactions being the primary interactions determining RNA secondary structure.
869 citations
TL;DR: This article found that teacher skill is not strongly related to educational backgrounds, amount of teaching experience, or teaching in small classes, and more skilled teachers simply are not regularly paid more than less skilled teachers.
Abstract: Two decades of research into educational production functions have produced startlingly consistent results: Variations in school expenditures are not systematically related to variations in student performance. Enormous differences in teacher quality exist, but differences in teacher skill are not strongly related to educational backgrounds, amount of teaching experience, or teaching in small classes. Further, more skilled teachers simply are not regularly paid more than less skilled teachers. These findings suggest that school decision making must move away from traditional “input directed” policies to ones providing performance incentives. The concentration on expenditure differences in, for example, school finance court cases or legislative deliberations, appears misguided given the evidence.
859 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded from these preliminary results that the use of deprenyl (10 mg per day) delays the onset of disability associated with early, otherwise untreated cases of Parkinson's disease.
Abstract: In a clinical trial that is still in progress, we studied the ability of deprenyl and tocopherol, antioxidative agents that act through complementary mechanisms, to delay the onset of disability necessitating levodopa therapy (the primary end point) in patients with early, untreated Parkinson's disease. Eight hundred subjects were randomly assigned in a two-by-two factorial design to receive deprenyl, tocopherol, a combination of both drugs, or placebo, and were followed up to determine the frequency of development of the end point. The interim results of independent monitoring prompted a preliminary comparison of the 401 subjects assigned to tocopherol or placebo with the 399 subjects assigned to deprenyl, alone or with tocopherol. Only 97 subjects who received deprenyl reached the end point during an average 12 months of follow-up, as compared with 176 subjects who did not receive deprenyl (P less than 10(-8). The risk of reaching the end point was reduced by 57 percent for the subjects who received deprenyl (Cox hazard ratio, 0.43; 95 percent confidence limits, 0.33 and 0.55; P less than 10(-10]. The subjects who received deprenyl also had a significant reduction in their risk of having to give up full-time employment (P = 0.01). We conclude from these preliminary results that the use of deprenyl (10 mg per day) delays the onset of disability associated with early, otherwise untreated cases of Parkinson's disease.
TL;DR: 3 studies reexamine Steinberg and Silverberg's construct of "emotional autonomy" (EA) in adolescent and young adult samples and argue that rather than measuring either autonomy or independence, EA represents emotional detachment from parents.
Abstract: 3 studies reexamine Steinberg and Silverberg's construct of "emotional autonomy" (EA) in adolescent and young adult samples. We argue that rather than measuring either autonomy or independence, EA represents emotional detachment from parents. In Study 1, EA is shown to be negatively associated with early adolescents' (n = 148) reported quality of attachment to parents, but not to friends. In Study 2, EA is shown to be positively related to experienced parental rejection but largely unrelated to perceived independence-support in a high school sample (n = 193). In Study 3, EA in young adults (n = 104) is inversely related to measures of family cohesion, parental acceptance, independence support, and self-perceived lovability. Finally, a projective measure of parental nurturance taken by a subsample of subjects (n = 58) was associated negatively with EA but positively with perceived lovability. Discussion concerns the conceptualization of attachment versus detachment, dependence, and autonomy in theories of adolescence.
TL;DR: In this article, a study analysant les relations d'attachement d'un echantillon de 22 enfants maltraites âges de 12 mois compares a 21 enfant temoins, a partir de un nouveau systeme de classification.
Abstract: Etude analysant les relations d'attachement d'un echantillon de 22 enfants maltraites âges de 12 mois compares a 21 enfants temoins, a partir d'un nouveau systeme de classification
TL;DR: Peripheral blood, bone marrow films, and bone marrow biopsy specimens from 110 patients, well characterised by clinical and laboratory studies, including electron microscopy, were reviewed, to determine proposals for the classification of chronic (mature) B and T cell leukaemias.
Abstract: Peripheral blood, bone marrow films, and bone marrow biopsy specimens from 110 patients, well characterised by clinical and laboratory studies, including electron microscopy, were reviewed, to determine proposals for the classification of chronic (mature) B and T cell leukaemias. On the basis of cytology and membrane phenotype the following disorders were defined: (i) B cell type: chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL); CLL of mixed cell type, which includes cases with more than 10% and less than 55% prolymphocytes (CLL/PL), and a less well defined form with pleomorphic lymphocytes but less than 10% prolymphocytes; prolymphocytic leukaemia (PLL); hairy cell leukaemia (HCL); HCL variant; splenic lymphoma with circulating villous lymphocytes; leukaemic phase of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (follicular lymphoma, intermediate, or mantle zone lymphoma and others); lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with peripheral blood disease (mostly Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia); and plasma cell leukaemia. (ii) T cell type: T/CLL, which was differentiated from reactive T/lymphocytosis; T/PLL; adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma; and Sezary's syndrome. The recognition of distinct entities within the B and T cell leukaemias seems to have clinical and epidemiological connotations. It is hoped that these proposals may serve as the basis for further work, discussion, and improved management of patients.
TL;DR: Cette etude generale aborde successivement l'epidemiologie, l'entomologies, la methodologie pour la collecte and le traitement des echantillons de poussieres, the lutte contre les acariens.
Abstract: Cette etude generale aborde successivement l'epidemiologie, l'entomologie (taxonomie, physiologie, biologie et ecologie des acariens), les allergenes des acariens (identification et standardisation), la methodologie de l'evaluation des acariens, la methodologie pour la collecte et le traitement des echantillons de poussieres, la lutte contre les acariens
TL;DR: The findings support the notion that IBM is a distinct entity in which a set of pathological features is associated with a constellation of clinical findings, and Prednisone treatment at dose levels frequently effective in polymyositis failed to prevent disease progression in those patients observed for 2 or more years.
Abstract: Inclusion body myositis (IBM) was suspected on light microscopic grounds in 48 of 170 consecutive patients with inflammatory myopathies. One or more vacuoles containing membranous material, groups of atrophic fibres, and an autoaggressive endomysial inflammatory exudate occurred in 100, 96 and 92% of the muscle specimens. All three of these features were present in 88% of the specimens. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of filamentous inclusions in 40 of 43 patients. The inclusions are typically near vacuoles and a minimum of three vacuolated fibres must be scrutinized to detect them with confidence. There is no electromyographic pattern that can reliably distinguish IBM from other inflammatory myopathies. The typical clinical features in the patients diagnosed by histological criteria as IBM were: insidious onset after age 50 yrs with painless, proximal lower extremity weakness; slow but relentless progression with selectively severe involvement of quadriceps, iliopsoas, tibialis anterior, biceps and triceps muscles; relatively early depression of the knee reflexes; and a normal or mildly elevated serum creatine kinase level. The male: female ratio was 3:1. Distal weakness occurred in about 50%, but only in 35% was it as great or greater than proximal weakness. Significant associated illnesses include other autoimmune disorders (15%), diabetes mellitus (20%), and diffuse peripheral neuropathy (18%). Prednisone treatment at dose levels frequently effective in polymyositis failed to prevent disease progression in those patients observed for 2 or more years. Our findings support the notion that IBM is a distinct entity in which a set of pathological features is associated with a constellation of clinical findings.
Book•
01 Nov 1989
TL;DR: This article reviewed a model of retrieval processes in language production that accounts for phonological speech-error data and drew a distinction between empirical phenomena that are built into the model and phenomena that can be considered predictions from it.
Abstract: This article reviews a model of retrieval processes in language production that accounts for phonological speech-error data (Dell, 1986, Psychological Review, 93, 283–321). A distinction is drawn between empirical phenomena that are built into the model and phenomena that can be considered predictions from it. Data from experiments creating phonological speech errors are presented as tests of those predictions.
TL;DR: In this paper, negative serial correlation in aggregate (market-wide) stock returns was found to be due almost entirely to variation in relative risks, and therefore expected relative returns, through time.
TL;DR: This work represents the first study of the production of highly ionized noble-gas ions done exclusively in the tunneling regime and it is found in this regime that the ionization at a given intensity depends on both the Ionization potential and the charge state of the species.
Abstract: Studies of multiphoton ionization of noble gases have been carried out using 1-\ensuremath{\mu}m, 1-ps laser pulses with intensities up to the mid- ${10}^{16}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. To our knowledge, this work represents the first study of the production of highly ionized noble-gas ions done exclusively in the tunneling regime. It is found in this regime that the ionization at a given intensity depends on both the ionization potential and the charge state of the species. The onset of ionization occurs when the sum of the Coulomb and laser electric potentials causes the electron to be unbound.
Patent•
12 Sep 1989TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to use a pharmaceutically acceptable dithiocarbamic compound, such as a compound of the formula R1R2NCSSM or R 1R2 NCSSM-SCSNR3R4, where R?1, R2, R3, and R4? are the same or different aliphatic or cyclo-aliphatic groups, unsubstituted or substituted by hydroxyl, or one of r?1 and r2? and one of R?3 and r4
Abstract: Various types of biological treatments, including antineoplastic treatments with antineoplastic drugs, can result in damage to the blood-forming function of the bone marrow. This damage can be reversed, at least to some degree, with an effective amount (preferably an extremely low dose) of a pharmaceutically acceptable dithiocarbamic compound, including a compound of the formula R1R2NCSSM or R1R2NCSS-SCSNR3R4, wherein R?1, R2, R3, and R4? are the same or different aliphatic or cycloaliphatic or heterocycloaliphatic groups, unsubstituted or substituted by hydroxyl, or one of R?1 and R2? and one of R?3 and R4? can be H, or R?1 and R2 or R3 and R4?, taken together with the N atom upon which the pair of R groups is substituted, can be a 5- or 6-member N-heterocyclic ring which is aliphatic or aliphatic interrupted by a ring oxygen or second ring nitrogen, and M is H or one equivalent of a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, in which case the rest of the molecule is negatively charged. The dosage in mammals can range from about 0.001 to 30 mg/kg of body weight. For larger mammals, including humans, a typical dosage unit is less than 10 mg/kg, e.g. < 3 mg/kg. The dosage unit can be dissolved in a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (e.g. and aqueous medium) and is then preferably administered intravenously within 8 hours of the administration of the agent which can cause bone marrow damage. The extremely low dosages particularly preferred in this invention do not cause any significant side effects.
TL;DR: In this article, the differences in time series behavior of key economic aggregates under alternative exchange-rate systems were investigated, and they found little evidence of systematic differences in the behavior of macroeconomic aggregates or international trade flows under different exchange rate systems.
TL;DR: Boys' understanding of their parents' conventional perspectives increased significantly with age, whereas girls' understanding was significantly lower in early adolescence, as compared to pre- or late adolescence.
Abstract: This study employed a distinct domain perspective on social-cognitive development to assess reasoning about issues of family conflict. Subjects were 102 fifth through twelfth graders from 2-parent families and their parents. Individually interviewed family members described actual family conflicts and, for each, justified their position on the dispute and reasoned about them from the other's perspective. Parents generated fewer conflicts than did children. Preadolescent to late adolescent families generally agreed that conflicts occurred over the mundane, everyday details of family life, but they did not agree on their interpretation. Adolescents understood but rejected their parents' conventional interpretations of conflicts, reasoning instead in terms of personal choice. Boys' understanding of their parents' conventional perspectives increased significantly with age, whereas girls' understanding was significantly lower in early adolescence, as compared to pre- or late adolescence. The results are discussed in terms of adolescent individuation and parent-child conflict during adolescence.
TL;DR: It is suggested that testosterone increases muscle mass by increasing muscle protein synthesis, and whole-body protein synthesis was estimated from nonoxidative flux.
Abstract: We have studied the effect of a pharmacological dose of testosterone enanthate (3 mg.kg-1.wk-1 for 12 wk) on muscle mass and total-body potassium and on whole-body and muscle protein synthesis in n...
TL;DR: Preliminary results suggest that in vivo application of the combination of PDGF and IGF-1 may enhance regeneration of the periodontal structures.
Abstract: The combination of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and insulin-like growth factor one (IGF-1) has previously been shown to enhance repair of soft tissue wounds. Here we report initial observations following application of PDGF and IGF-1 to periodontitis-affected teeth in beagle dogs. 1 micrograms of PDGF and IGF-1 in an aqueous gel was applied to the root surfaces of test teeth following open flap debridement. Control sites received the gel alone. Block biopsies of the teeth and surrounding bone were taken 2 weeks after treatment. Histologic analyses of control specimens revealed a long junctional epithelial attachment, and no new bone or cementum formation. In contrast, growth factor treated sites exhibited significant amounts of new bone and cementum formation. A nearly continuous layer of osteoblasts lined the newly formed bone, and there was a dense cellular "front" at the coronal extent of the new bone. These preliminary results suggest that in vivo application of the combination of PDGF and IGF-1 may enhance regeneration of the periodontal structures.
TL;DR: The mechanisms for production of backscatter contrast, as well as attenuation contrast and speed of sound contrast, and the potential advantages and disadvantages of various classes of contrast agents are explained.
Abstract: We review the field of contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound. The progress in the development of various classes of contrast agents such as free and encapsulated gas bubbles, colloidal suspensions, emulsions, and aqueous solutions is described. The mechanisms for production of backscatter contrast, as well as attenuation contrast and speed of sound contrast are explained. Finally, the potential advantages and disadvantages of various classes of contrast agents are compared.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the βγ-subunit of G-proteins activates IK.ACH by stimulating the production of lipoxygenase-derived second messengers.
Abstract: Muscarinic receptors of cardiac pacemaker and atrial cells are linked to a potassium channel (IK.ACh) by a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein. The dissociation of G-proteins leads to the generation of two potential transducing elements, alpha-GTP and beta gamma. IK.ACh is activated by G-protein alpha- and beta gamma-subunits applied to the intracellular surface of inside-out patches of membrane. beta gamma has been shown to activate the membrane-bound enzyme phospholipase A2 in retinal rods. Arachidonic acid, which is produced from the action of phospholipase A2 on phospholipids, is metabolized to compounds which may act as second messengers regulating ion channels in Aplysia. Muscarinic receptor activation leads to the generation of arachidonic acid in some cell lines. We therefore tested the hypothesis that beta gamma activates IK.ACh by stimulation of phospholipase A2. When patches were first incubated with antibody that blocks phospholipase A2 activity, or with the lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, beta gamma failed to activate IK.ACh. Arachidonic acid and several of its metabolites derived from the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, activated the channel. Blockade of the cyclooxygenase pathway did not inhibit arachidonic acid-induced channel activation. We conclude that the beta gamma-subunit of G-proteins activates IK.ACh by stimulating the production of lipoxygenase-derived second messengers.
TL;DR: A novel quantitative approach to improve the description of ventricular repolarization was applied to the digitized electrocardiograms of 423 normal subjects and conveys a new and more complete description of theRepolarization process and provides an electro Cardiac Repolarization database in normal subjects as a reference standard for identifying patients with disordered repolarized patients.
Abstract: Quantification of the electrocardiographic ventricular repolarization involving the T-U wave complex is usually performed with reference to the axis of the T wave and the QT interval duration. A novel quantitative approach to improve the description of ventricular repolarization was applied to the digitized electrocardiograms of 423 normal subjects. Six electrocardiographic repolarization characteristics were identified: duration, rate, area, symmetry, late phenomena, and interlead heterogeneity. A computer algorithm was designed to automatically interpret the electrocardiographic repolarization segment and measure 11 variables that quantified these repolarization characteristics. The application of redundancy-reduction techniques selected a final set of seven variables that were used in the statistical analysis. The QT interval, which was included in the initial group of variables, was replaced by the time interval between S wave offset and T wave maximum. All selected electrocardiographic variables were independent of age (r2 less than 0.11) and body surface area (r2 less than 0.03); all except the early duration variable were heart rate- and QT interval-independent (r2 less than 0.2, r2 less than 0.13, respectively; and most were uncorrelated to each other. A comparison of repolarization characteristics by gender revealed that repolarization duration was significantly more prolonged (p less than 0.0001) in women than in men. This multidimensional quantitative approach conveys a new and more complete description of the repolarization process and provides an electrocardiographic repolarization database in normal subjects as a reference standard for identifying patients with disordered repolarization.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of diagnostic testing of models based on unit record data and propose some new tests based on comparisons of parametric estimators with nonparametric estimator which are consistent under certain forms of misspecification.
Abstract: This paper surveys the growing literature on diagnostic testing of models based on unit record data. We argue that while many of these tests are produced in a Lagrange multiplier framework they are often more readily derived, and more easily applied, if approached from the conditional moment testing view of Newey (1985) and Tauchen (1985). In addition we propose some new tests based on comparisons of parametric estimators with nonparametric estimators which are consistent under certain forms of misspecification. To illustrate the utility of the tests we employ them in the examination of some existing published studies.
TL;DR: This article showed that the basic Keynesian framework was not the appropriate vehicle for understanding what happens during a business cycle nor did it seem capable of providing the empirically correct answers to questions involving changes in the economic environment or changes in monetary or fiscal policy.
Abstract: he 1 960s were a time of great optimism for macroeconomists. Many economists viewed the business cycle as dead. The Keynesian model was the reigning paradigm and it provided all the necessary instructions for manipulating the levers of monetary and fiscal policy to control aggregate demand. Inflation occurred if aggregate demand was stimulated "excessively" and unemployment arose if demand was "insufficient." The only dilemma faced by policymakers was determining the most desirable location along this inflation-unemployment tradeoff or Phillips curve. The remaining intellectual challenge was to establish coherent microeconomic foundations for the aggregate behavioral relations posited by the Keynesian framework, but this was broadly regarded as a detail that should not deter policymakers in their efforts to "stabilize" the economy. The return of the business cycle in the 1970s after almost a decade of economic expansion, and the accompanying high rates of inflation, came as a rude awakening for many economists. It became increasingly apparent that the basic Keynesian framework was not the appropriate vehicle for understanding what happens during a business cycle nor did it seem capable of providing the empirically correct answers to questions involving changes in the economic environment or changes in monetary or fiscal policy. The view that Keynesian economics was an empirical success even if it lacked sound theoretical foundations could no longer be taken seriously. The essential flaw in the Keynesian interpretation of macroeconomic phenomenon was the absence of a consistent foundation based on the choice theoretic framework of microeconomics. Two important papers, one by Milton Friedman (1968) and the other by Robert Lucas (1976), forcefully demonstrated examples of
TL;DR: A multiple-block network partitions algorithm adapted from a two-block iterative improvement partitioning algorithm and of the level gain concept to multiple blocks seeks to improve the partition uniformly with respect to all blocks as oppose to making repeated uses of two-way partitioning.
Abstract: A multiple-block network partitioning algorithm adapted from a two-block iterative improvement partitioning algorithm is presented. This adaptation of the algorithm and of the level gain concept to multiple blocks seeks to improve the partition uniformly with respect to all blocks as oppose to making repeated uses of two-way partitioning. Appropriate data structures and a complexity analysis are presented, as well as experimental results. The experiments indicate that the optimal number of levels to use depends on the number of blocks and the net size and degree distributions of the network, but it varies little with the size of the network. In particular, higher levels are increasingly useful as the number of blocks in the partition increases. Theoretical results agree with the experimental results and form the basis for a predictor which, given a network and the desired number of blocks, approximates the optimal number of levels. >