Showing papers by "University of Rochester published in 1993"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined a cross-section of about 80 countries for the period 1960-89 and found that various measures of financial development are strongly associated with both current and later rates of economic growth.
Abstract: Joseph Schumpeter argued in 1911 that the services provided by financial intermediaries - mobilizing savings, evaluating projects, managing risk, monitoring managers, and facilitating transactions -stimulate technological innovation and economic development. The authors present evidence that supports this view. Examining a cross-section of about 80 countries for the period 1960-89, they find that various measures of financial development are strongly associated with both current and later rates of economic growth. Each measure has shortcomings but all tell the same story: finance matters. They present three main findings, which are robust to many specification tests: The average level of financial development for 1960-89 is very strongly associated with growth for the period. Financial development precedes growth. For example, financial depth in 1960 (the ratio of broad money to GDP) is positively and significantly related to real per capita GDP growth over the next 30 years even after controlling for a variety of country-specific characteristics and policy indicators. Financial development is positively associated with both investment rate and the efficiency with which economies use capital. Much work remains to be done, but the data are consistent with Schumpeter's view that the services provided by financial intermediaries stimulate long-run growth.
8,204 citations
TL;DR: Three studies examine the hypothesis that values and Expectancies for wealth and money are negatively associated with adjustment and well-being when they are more central to an individual than other self-relevant values and expectancies to show that a high centrality of aspirations for financial success is associated with interview ratings of lower global adjustment and social productivity.
Abstract: Aspiring for financial success is an important aspect of capitalist cultures. Three studies examine the hypothesis that values and expectancies for wealth and money are negatively associated with adjustment and well-being when they are more central to an individual than other self-relevant values and expectancies. Studies 1 and 2 use 2 methods to show that the relative centrality of money-related values and expectancies is negatively related to college students' well-being and mental health. Study 3, using a heterogeneous noncollege sample, extends these findings by showing that a high centrality of aspirations for financial success is associated with interview ratings of lower global adjustment and social productivity and more behavioral disorders. Discussion is focused on the deleterious consequences of materialistic world views and the need to examine differential effects of content regarding goals and values. Financial success has long been a core component of the American dream, and many of the values modeled and encouraged by modern society suggest that success and happiness depend on procuring monetary wealth (Derber, 1979). Yet folklore and table side discussion often suggest that a darker side lurks behind the American dream. Pursuing material wealth is sometimes viewed as empty or shallow and as precluding investment in one's family and friends, self-actualization, and contributions to the community. Suspicion about the worth of material pursuits is echoed in some humanistic theories. Both Rogers (1963) and Maslow (1954), for instance, consider humans to be energized by an actualizing tendency and believe that well-being occurs to the extent people can freely express their inherent potentials. In situations of conditional positive regard (Rogers, 1963) or forceful external demands (Maslow, 1956), however, individuals often forego their own actualization to attain regard or outcomes from others. Similarly, Fromm (1976) distinguished between a "having" or consummatory orientation and a "being" or experiential orientation to life. He considered the former as reflecting alienation from the actualizing tendencies of the self. Inasmuch as money represents an external incentive for behavior that is contingently given, these theories suggest the pursuit of
1,958 citations
01 Aug 1993
TL;DR: An expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for adjusting the parameters of the tree-structured architecture for supervised learning is presented and an online learning algorithm in which the parameters are updated incrementally is developed.
Abstract: We present a tree-structured architecture for supervised learning. The statistical model underlying the architecture is a hierarchical mixture model in which both the mixture coefficients and the mixture components are generalized linear models (GLIMs). Learning is treated as a maximum likelihood problem; in particular, we present an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for adjusting the parameters of the architecture. We also develop an online learning algorithm in which the parameters are updated incrementally. Comparative simulation results are presented in the robot dynamics domain.
1,689 citations
TL;DR: This proposal that the cortical and subcortical pathways are continuous, so that distinct channels of information that arise in the retina remain segregated up to the highest levels of visual cortex has far-reaching implications for the understanding of the functional organization of the visual system.
Abstract: The visual system, like all sensory systems, contains parallel pathways (see Stone 1 983). Recently, m uch emphasis has been placed on the relationship between two subcortical and two cortical pathways. It has been suggested that the cortical and subcortical pathways are continuous, so that distinct channels of information that arise in the retina remain segregated up to the highest levels of visual cortex. According to this view, the visual system comprises two largely independent subsystems that mediate different classes of visual behaviors. In this paper, we evaluate this proposal, which has far-reaching implications for our understanding of the functional organization of the visual system. The subcortical projection from the retina to cerebral cortex is strongly dominated by the two pathways (M and P pathways) that are relayed by the magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) (see Shapley & Perry 1 986). The importance of these pathways is demonstrated by the fact that they include about 90% of the axons that leave the retinas (Silveira & Perry 1 99 1 ) and that little vision survives when both pathways are destroyed (Schiller et al 1 990a). The P and M pathways maintain their sharp anatomical segregation through the termination of the LGN projection in layer 4C of VI (striate cortex). The complex network of connections in primate extrastriate visual cor-
1,580 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the empirical regularities relating fiscal policy variables, the level of development, and the rate of growth are described, and they employ historical data, recent cross-section data and newly constructed public investment series.
1,431 citations
TL;DR: Deprenyl but not tocopherol delays the onset of disability associated with early, otherwise untreated Parkinson's disease and the action of deprenyl that accounts for its beneficial effects remains unclear.
Abstract: Background and Methods. In 1987 we began a multicenter controlled clinical trial of deprenyl (a mono-amine oxidase inhibitor) and tocopherol (a component of vitamin E that traps free radicals) in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. We randomly assigned 800 patients to one of four treatments: placebo, active tocopherol and deprenyl placebo, active deprenyl and tocopherol placebo, or both active drugs. The primary end point was the onset of disability prompting the clinical decision to begin administering levorlopa
1,186 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that genetic modification of tumor cells may be useful for developing cancer therapies and the mechanism of this "bystander effect" was related to the process of apoptotic cell death when HSV-TK-positive cells were exposed to GCV.
Abstract: Tumor cells expressing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene are sensitive to the drug ganciclovir (GCV). We demonstrate here that HSV-TK-positive cells exposed to GCV were lethal to HSV-TK-negative cells as a result of a "bystander effect." HSV-TK-negative cells were killed in vitro when the population of cultured cells contained only 10% HSV-TK-positive cells. The mechanism of this "bystander effect" on HSV-TK-negative cells appeared to be related to the process of apoptotic cell death when HSV-TK-positive cells were exposed to GCV. Flow cytometric and electron microscopic analyses suggested that apoptotic vesicles generated from the dying gene-modified cells were phagocytized by nearby, unmodified tumor cells. Prevention of apoptotic vesicle transfer prevented the bystander effect. The toxic effect of HSV-TK-positive cells on HSV-TK-negative cells was reproduced in an in vivo model. A mixed population of tumor cells consisting of HSV-TK-positive and HSV-TK-negative cells was inoculated s.c. into mice. Regression of the tumor mass occurred when the inoculum consisted of as few as 10% HSV-TK-expressing tumor cells. The bystander effect was also demonstrated in i.p. tumor studies. Initial experiments demonstrated that prolonged survival (> 70 days) occurred when a mixture containing 50% HSV-TK-positive and 50% HSV-TK-negative cells was injected i.p. followed by GCV treatment. Further, survival was prolonged for mice with a preexisting HSV-TK-negative i.p. tumor burden by injecting HSV-TK-positive cells and GCV. These results suggest that genetic modification of tumor cells may be useful for developing cancer therapies.
1,144 citations
TL;DR: The open reading frame of the R2 element from Bombyx mori, R2Bm, in E. coli is expressed and it is shown that it encodes both sequence-specific endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activities.
1,116 citations
TL;DR: A recent comparison of the rates of homicide among 21 developed nations indicates that the United States has the highest homicide rate in the world, and its rate is more than four times higher than the next highest rate.
Abstract: In recent decades it has become increasingly apparent that violence affects a significant proportion of families in the United States (Bureau of Justice Statistics 1983). Violence, in fact, is becoming a defining characteristic of American society. A recent comparison of the rates of homicide among 21 developed nations indicates that the United States has the highest homicide rate in the world, and its rate is more than four times higher than the next highest rate (Fingerhut and Kleinman 1990). What is even more alarming is the high incidence of violent death and injury for children and adolescents in the United States. Acts of violence are the cause of death for over 2000 children between the ages of 0 and 19 years each year, and more than 1.5 million children and adolescents are abused by their adult caretakers each year (Christoffel 1990).
1,044 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple generalization of the Weibull distribution is presented, which is well suited for modeling bathtub failure rate lifetime data and for testing goodness-of-fit of the weibull and negative exponential models as subhypotheses.
Abstract: A simple generalization of the Weibull distribution is presented. The distribution is well suited for modeling bathtub failure rate lifetime data and for testing goodness-of-fit of the Weibull and negative exponential models as subhypotheses. >
1,028 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the proportion of a stock's cumulative price change that occurs in each trade-size category, using transactions data for a sample of NYSE firms and found that most of the cumulative stock-price change is due to medium-size trades.
TL;DR: The authors found no evidence of managerial discretion in strongly performing firms where the CEO retires as part of the normal succession process, and concluded that turnover-related changes in R&D, advertising, capital expenditures, and accounting accruals are due mostly to poor performance.
TL;DR: Experiments with gene fusions show that gene lasl is essential for high expression of elastase, and PAI provides P. aeruginosa with a means of cell-to-cell communication that is required for the expression of virulence genes and may provide a target for therapeutic approaches.
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that causes a variety of infections in immunocompromised hosts and individuals with cystic fibrosis. Expression of elastase, one of the virulence factors produced by this organism, requires the transcriptional activator LasR. Experiments with gene fusions show that gene lasl is essential for high expression of elastase. The lasl gene is involved in the synthesis of a diffusible molecule termed Pseudomonas autoinducer (PAI). PAI provides P. aeruginosa with a means of cell-to-cell communication that is required for the expression of virulence genes and may provide a target for therapeutic approaches.
TL;DR: HIV-1 mutants containing amino-acid substitutions in this nuclear localization signal integrate and replicate within dividing but not growth-arrested cells, and thus display a phenotype more representative of an onco-retrovirus.
Abstract: PERMISSIVENESS of the host cell to productive infection by onco-retroviruses is cell-cycle dependent1, and nuclear localization of viral nucleoprotein preintegration complexes will occur only after cells have passed through mitosis2. In contrast, establishment of an integrated provirus after infection by the lentivirus HIV-1 is independent of host cell proliferation3–5. The ability of HIV-1 to replicate in non-dividing cells is partly accounted for by the kary-ophilic properties of the viral preintegration complex which, after virus infection, is actively transported to the host cell nucleus. Here we report that the gag matrix protein of HIV-1 contains a nuclear localization sequence which, when conjugated to a heterologous protein, directs its nuclear import. In addition, HIV-1 mutants containing amino-acid substitutions in this nuclear localization signal integrate and replicate within dividing but not growth-arrested cells, and thus display a phenotype more representative of an onco-retrovirus.
TL;DR: Multiple risk was important in longitudinal prediction, even after prior measurement of child IQ was accounted for; the pattern of risk was less important than the total amount of risk present in the child's context.
Abstract: Intelligence scores of children in a longitudinal study were assessed at 4 and 13 years and related to social and family risk factors. A multiple environmental risk score was calculated for each child by counting the number of high-risk conditions from 10 risk factors: mother's behavior, mother's developmental beliefs, mother's anxiety, mother's mental health, mother's educational attainment, family social support, family size, major stressful life events, occupation of head of household, and disadvantaged minority status. Multiple risk scores explained one-third to one-half of IQ variance at 4 and 13 years. The stability between 4- and 13-year environmental risk scores (r = .77) was not less than the stability between between 4- and 13-year IQ scores (r = .72). Effects remained after SES and race, or maternal IQ, were partialled; multiple risk was important in longitudinal prediction, even after prior measurement of child IQ was accounted for; the pattern of risk was less important than the total amount of risk present in the child's context.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Hodrick-Prescott (1980) filter was applied to U.S. time series and to simulated outcomes of real business cycle models and the results showed that the HP filter dramatically altered measures of persistence, variability, and comovement.
TL;DR: This paper examined industry-level exchange rate exposures for Canada, Japan, and the USA and found that the relationship between exposure and industry characteristics is broadly consistent with economic theory, and that the exchange rate is important for explaining industry returns at the economy-wide level.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined employee and supervisor perceptions of the employee's autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the workplace, as well as the degree and direction of discrepancies between employee reports.
Abstract: Research and theory on employee job satisfaction and well-being has increasingly concentrated on both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. According to self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985). autonomy, relatedness, and competence are three intrinsic psychological needs that, if fulfilled in the workplace, will lead to greater satisfaction, performance, and general well-being. This study examines employee and supervisor perceptions of the employee's autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the workplace, as well as the degree and direction of discrepancies between employee and supervisor reports. Both employee and supervisor ratings of intrinsic motivational factors were significantly related to work satisfaction, psychological health, and self-esteem, after controlling for the extrinsic factors of pay and job status. Results of discrepancy analyses were somewhat supportive of overrating being associated with greater well-being and job satisfaction. Discussion of the results ties this study to relevant research from a self-determination perspective and to the growing literature on discrepancies and self-perception.
TL;DR: These guidelines do not eliminate all risk or strictly confine antibiotic treatment to children likely to have occult bacteremia and Physicians may individualize therapy based on clinical circumstances or adopt a variation of these guidelines based on a different interpretation of the evidence.
TL;DR: New evidence indicates that the Gβγ dimer also plays a major part in signal transmission, enhancing the complexity of the possible interactions between the G proteins and their targets.
Abstract: When a membrane-bound receptor acts on a G protein, the GTP-binding or Gα subunit dissociates from the Gβγ dimer. Until recently, the Gα subunit alone was thought to act on the enzymes and ion channels controlled by these proteins. Newer evidence indicates that the Gβγ. dimer also plays a major part in signal transmission, enhancing the complexity of the possible interactions between the G proteins and their targets.
TL;DR: The data indicate that large increases in NO occur at onset of ischemia, which may affect tissue response to an ischemic insult.
Abstract: We measured, in vivo, the local concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in cerebral tissue, during and after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat (n = 8). Baseline concentration of NO w...
TL;DR: The authors found that syntactic misanalysis effects in sentence complements (e.g., "The student forgot the solution was" ) occurred at the verb in the complement (i.e., was) for matrix verbs typically used with noun phrase complements, but not for verbs usually used with sentence complementments.
Abstract: Immediate effects of verb-specific syntactic (subcategorization) information were found in a cross-modal naming experiment, a self-paced reading experiment, and an experiment in which eye movements were monitored. In the reading studies, syntactic misanalysis effects in sentence complements (e.g., "The student forgot the solution was. . .") occurred at the verb in the complement (e.g., was) for matrix verbs typically used with noun phrase complements but not for verbs typically used with sentence complements. In addition, a complementizer effect for sentencecomplement-biased verbs was not due to syntactic misanalysis but was correlated with how strongly a particular verb prefers to be followed by the complementizer that. The results support models that make immediate use of lexically specific constraints, especially constraint-based models, but are problematic for lexical filtering models. Many aspects of language comprehension take place rapidly, with readers and listeners making commitments to at least partial interpretations soon after receiving linguistic input (e.g., Altmann & Steedman, 1988; Crain & Steedman, 1985; Frazier, 1989; Frazier & Fodor, 1978; Marslen-Wilson & Tyler, 1987; Tyler, 1989). The on-line nature of comprehension has important consequences for syntactic processing (parsing). Immediate interpretation requires some local syntactic commitments even though sentences often contain temporary ambiguities. As a result, readers and listeners will occasionally make incorrect commitments that will require revision when, an ambiguity is resolved at a later point in processing. The frequency of syntactic misanalysis or garden-pathing will depend on the types of commitments made by the system and the information used to determine these commitments. A system that makes complete syntactic commitments using only a restricted domain of syntactically
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine how excessive concern over current stock price can motivate managers to use observable investment decisions to manipulate the market's inferences about the firm's stock price, and find that firms with high/persistent informational asymmetries between managers and shareholders will tend to favor contracts that focus on long-run stock returns (both current and future) over contracts focusing on near-term stock returns alone.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that parthenogenesis bacteria and cytoplasmic incompatibility bacteria form a monophyletic group of microorganisms that 'specialize' in manipulating chromosome behaviour and reproduction of insects.
Abstract: CYTOPLASMICALLY inherited microorganisms are widespread in insects and have been implicated as causes of female parthenogenesis (females developing from unfertilized eggs) and cytoplasmic incompatibility1–15. Normal sexual reproduction can be restored by treatment with antibiotics1–4. Sequence analysis of the DNA encoding 16S ribosomal RNA has shown that cytoplasmic incompatibility bacteria from diverse insect taxa are closely related (they share >95% sequence similarity) and belong to the alpha subdivision of Proteobacteria5–7. Here we show that parthenogenesis-associated bacteria from parasitoid Hymenoptera also fall into this bacterial group, having up to 99% sequence similarity to some incompatibility microorganisms. Both incompatibility and parthenogenesis microorganisms alter host chromosome behaviour during early mitotic divisions of the egg13–17. Incompatibility bacteria act by interfering with paternal chromosome incorporation in fertilized eggs, whereas parthenogenesis bacteria prevent segregation of chromosomes in unfertilized eggs. These traits are adaptive for the microorganisms. On the basis of their sequence similarities, we conclude that parthenogenesis bacteria and cytoplasmic incompatibility bacteria form a monophyletic group of microorganisms that 'specialize' in manipulating chromosome behaviour and reproduction of insects.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the field of developmental psychopathology, discuss its major tenets, and delineate its boundaries with other disciplines with an eye toward the future, and articulate how they envision those aspects of the field that they view as central to the discipline affecting the field and evolving over time.
TL;DR: In the past, methylmercury compounds were manufactured as fungicides or appeared as unwanted byproducts of the chemical industry, but today the methylation of inorganic mercury in aquatic sediments and soils is the predominant if not the sole source of methylMERcury.
Abstract: In the past, methylmercury compounds were manufactured as fungicides or appeared as unwanted byproducts of the chemical industry, but today the methylation of inorganic mercury in aquatic sediments and soils is the predominant if not the sole source of methylmercury. This form of mercury is bioaccumulated to a high degree in aquatic food chains to attain its highest concentrations in edible tissues in long-lived predatory fish living in both fresh and ocean waters. It is well absorbed from the diet and distributes within a few days to all tissues in the body. It crosses without hindrance the blood-brain and placental barriers to reach its principal target tissue, the brain. It is eliminated chiefly in the feces after conversion to inorganic mercury. The biological half-time of methylmercury in human tissues is about 50 days, but there is wide individual variation. Adult poisoning is characterized by focal damage to discrete anatomical areas of the brain such as the visual cortex and granule layer of the cerebellum. A latent period of weeks or months may ensue before the appearance of signs and symptoms of poisoning. The latter manifest themselves as paresthesia, ataxia, constriction of the visual fields, and hearing loss. The prenatal period is the most sensitive stage of the life cycle to methylmercury. Prenatally poisoned infants exhibit a range of effects from severe cerebral palsy to subtle developmental delays. Methylmercury is believed to inhibit those processes in the brain specially involved in development and growth such as neuronal cell division and migration.
TL;DR: What is known and what is still controversial about the histogenesis, diagnosis, and management of Merkel cell carcinoma and the structure and function of the Merkel cell from which it is believed to be derived are addressed.
Abstract: Merkel cell carcinoma is a malignant neuroendocrine tumor with features of epithelial differentiation. Biologically aggressive, it may be difficult to diagnose and, particularly in its late stages, even more difficult to treat effectively. This article addresses what is known and what is still controversial about the histogenesis, diagnosis, and management of Merkel cell carcinoma and the structure and function of the Merkel cell from which it is believed to be derived. The incidence, clinical presentation and diagnosis, ultrastructure, immunocytochem-istry, treatment, and prognosis of this tumor will be discussed.
TL;DR: Data from the International Long QT Syndrome Registry indicate that the probabilistic risk of developing malignant arrhythmias in patients with QT prolongation is exponentially related to the length of the QTc interval.
Abstract: The accurate measurement of the QT interval and its correction or adjustment for cycle length, age, and gender have been topics of increasing interest over the course of the past 70 years. The availability of digitized electrocardiographic recordings on large normal populations together with statistical adjustment for pertinent covariates has provided useful data for defining QT interval prolongation. Data from the International Long QT Syndrome Registry indicate that the probabilistic risk of developing malignant arrhythmias in patients with QT prolongation is exponentially related to the length of the QTc interval. The risk is further accentuated by the development of T-wave alternans, particularly at very prolonged QTc intervals.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a methodology for estimating a structural labor supply model for primarily self-employed peasant households, which holds under a general agricultural technology and set of labor market conditions.
Abstract: A striking feature of developing economies is the large proportion of the work force that is self employed. Lack of widespread labor market participation in the agricultural sector can pose a major obstacle to the empirical implementation of economic models of the peasant household, whether because wage data are simply not available, or because the assumptions required to make use of wage data stretch the bounds of credulity. This paper develops a methodology for estimating a structural labor supply model for primarily self employed peasant households, which holds under a general agricultural technology and set of labor market conditions. The unique feature of the approach is that the opportunity cost of time, or shadow wage, of household workers is explicitly estimated from an agricultural production function and is subsequently used to identify a set of structural labor supply parameters. Recent household survey data from rural Peru is employed to estimate and perform various diagnostic tests on the model. The empirical findings lend support to the hypothesis that peasant households allocate their members' time as if to maximize a family utility function, and moreover, demonstrate the tractability of the shadow wage methodology and its usefulness in estimating more elaborate time allocation models.