University of Rochester

About: University of Rochester is a education organization based out in Rochester, New York, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Laser. The organization has 63915 authors who have published 112762 publications receiving 5484122 citations. The organization is also known as: Rochester University.

Dimensions of child maltreatment and children's adjustment: contributions of developmental timing and subtype.

Abstract: This investigation examined the dimensions of developmental timing, subtype, and severity of maltreatment and their relations with child adaptation. The 814 children who participated in a summer day camp, 492 of whom were maltreated and 322 of whom were nonmaltreated comparison children, were assessed by camp counselors on their internalizing and externalizing symptomatology, aggressive, withdrawn, and cooperative behavior, and on personality dimensions of ego resiliency and ego control, and were rated by peers on disruptive, aggressive, and cooperative behavior. The severity within each subtype of maltreatment and the developmental period in which each subtype occurred were examined through hierarchical regression analyses. Additionally, children with similar timing or subtype patterns were grouped to explore diversity in outcomes. Results highlighted the role of severity of emotional maltreatment in the infancy-toddlerhood period and physical abuse during the preschool period in predicting externalizing behavior and aggression. Severity of physical neglect, particularly when it occurred during the preschool period, was associated with internalizing symptomatology and withdrawn behavior. Additionally, maltreatment during the school-age period contributed significant variance after earlier maltreatment was controlled. Chronic maltreatment, especially with onset during infancy-toddlerhood or preschool periods, was linked with more maladaptive outcomes. The implications of measuring multiple dimensions for improving research in child maltreatment are discussed.

Effectiveness and Limitations of β-Blocker Therapy in Congenital Long-QT Syndrome

Abstract: Background—β-blockers are routinely prescribed in congenital long-QT syndrome (LQTS), but the effectiveness and limitations of β-blockers in this disorder have not been evaluated. Methods and Results—The study population comprised 869 LQTS patients treated with β-blockers. Effectiveness of β-blockers was analyzed during matched periods before and after starting β-blocker therapy, and by survivorship methods to determine factors associated with cardiac events while on prescribed β-blockers. After initiation of β-blockers, there was a significant (P<0.001) reduction in the rate of cardiac events in probands (0.97±1.42 to 0.31±0.86 events per year) and in affected family members (0.26±0.84 to 0.15±0.69 events per year) during 5-year matched periods. On-therapy survivorship analyses revealed that patients with cardiac symptoms before β-blockers (n=598) had a hazard ratio of 5.8 (95% CI, 3.7 to 9.1) for recurrent cardiac events (syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, or death) during β-blocker therapy compared with ...

Minimization: A new method of assigning patients to treatment and control groups

Abstract: This paper describes a new method of assigning patients to treatment and control groups to minimize differences between the groups, not only in the number of patients but in patient characteristics. Testing the method by computer simulations, using data on 40 patients with 15 variates each, demonstrates a four- to fivefold reduction of the probability of severe imbalance, relative to randomization. Minimization can maintain tight control of one variate, comparable to the currently acceptable experimental design of blocking, while reduCing the probability of severe imbalance in the other 14 variates by a factor of 3. It also compares favorably with accepted methods regarding susceptibility to experimenter bias. Therefore, it is suggested that minimization should replace randomization in assigning patients in clinical trials.

Anidulafungin versus Fluconazole for Invasive Candidiasis

Abstract: Eighty-nine percent of the 245 patients in the primary analysis had candidemia only. Candida albicans was isolated in 62% of the 245 patients. In vitro fluconazole resistance was infrequent. Most of the patients (97%) did not have neutropenia. At the end of intravenous therapy, treatment was successful in 75.6% of patients treated with anidulafungin, as compared with 60.2% of those treated with fluconazole (difference, 15.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9 to 27.0). The results were similar for other efficacy end points. The statistical analyses failed to show a “center effect”; when data from the site enrolling the largest number of patients were removed, success rates at the end of intravenous therapy were 73.2% in the anidulafungin group and 61.1% in the fluconazole group (difference, 12.1 percentage points; 95% CI, −1.1 to 25.3). The frequency and types of adverse events were similar in the two groups. The rate of death from all causes was 31% in the fluconazole group and 23% in the anidulafungin group (P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Anidulafungin was shown to be noninferior to fluconazole in the treatment of invasive candidiasis. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00056368).

Genome evolution in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis

Abstract: To explore the origins and consequences of tetraploidy in the African clawed frog, we sequenced the Xenopus laevis genome and compared it to the related diploid X. tropicalis genome. We characterize the allotetraploid origin of X. laevis by partitioning its genome into two homoeologous subgenomes, marked by distinct families of 'fossil' transposable elements. On the basis of the activity of these elements and the age of hundreds of unitary pseudogenes, we estimate that the two diploid progenitor species diverged around 34 million years ago (Ma) and combined to form an allotetraploid around 17-18 Ma. More than 56% of all genes were retained in two homoeologous copies. Protein function, gene expression, and the amount of conserved flanking sequence all correlate with retention rates. The subgenomes have evolved asymmetrically, with one chromosome set more often preserving the ancestral state and the other experiencing more gene loss, deletion, rearrangement, and reduced gene expression.