Showing papers by "University of Salford published in 1980"
TL;DR: Fish contain naturally-occurring, relatively nonspecific, lectin-like proteins or glycoproteins, which are distinct from immunoglobulins, and which react with a wide variety of antigens and may confer some degree of immunity against natural infection.
Abstract: Natural‘antibodies’are substances found in the blood of animals that have not been immunised against infective agents. However, exposure to these agents or to cross-reacting antigens may well have taken place. Fish contain naturally-occurring, relatively nonspecific, lectin-like proteins or glycoproteins, which are distinct from immunoglobulins, and which react with a wide variety of antigens and may confer some degree of immunity against natural infection. In most cases the cause of the antigenic stimulus is not obvious although the formation of these‘antibodies’may have been brought about by exposure to various micro-organisms. Many of these antibody-like molecules behave in a similar manner to immune antibodies or immunoglobulins and cross-react with specific carbohydrate moieties on the cell walls of bacteria, erythrocytes and certain other cellular antigens, due to the presence of similar antigenic determinants.
It is difficult to ascribe an appropriate definition to the term‘natural antibody’. In fish, these‘antibodies’have been so designated on the basis of functional rather than structural criteria. Such naturally-occurring, low grade, antibody-like‘immune’substances include‘acute phase’proteins, lysozyme and chitinase, interferon, agglutinins, lysins, complement and properdin, precipitins, and non-immunoglobulin, lectin-like molecules. In addition to the above non-immunoglobulin materials, natural immunoglobulins identifiable as IgM have also been reported in fish. Furthermore, mucus contains many biochemical agents capable of reaction against infective organisms and thus providing the host with an immediate or a first line of defence mechanism.
This review compiles some of the relevant information in the literature concerned with natural‘immune’substances, present in the serum and mucus of fish, involved in protection against pathogens. Wherever possible the basic physicochemical properties of these substances are indicated and their potential immunobiological functions discussed.
374 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the mid and far-infrared spectra of water in argon and nitrogen matrices have been investigated and a detailed concentration-dependent study enabled bands to be attributed to dimer, trimer, and tetramer or higher multimers.
262 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the observed differences in feeding behaviour result from impaired function of the labral mechanoreceptors in infected Glossina, and how infection affects that rate in the labrum is suggested.
Abstract: Although much is known about factors which determine infection rates of salivarian trypanosomes (subgenera Nannomonas, Duttonella and Trypanozoon) in the tsetse fly Glossina1,2, it is not clear why infection rates of Trypanozoon are high in mammalian hosts but low in wild-caught Glossina3,4 and why trypanosomiasis occurs where Glossina is not readily detectable. We report here that the feeding behaviour of trypanosome-infected Glossina differed from that of uninfected control flies. Infected flies probed more frequently and fed more voraciously. We describe a specific relationship between trypanosomes and the mechanoreceptors responsible for detecting the rate of blood flow5–7, and show how infection affects that rate in the labrum. We suggest that the observed differences in feeding behaviour result from impaired function of the labral mechanoreceptors in infected Glossina.
109 citations
TL;DR: The anatomy and morphology of the digestive tract of the eel was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy to study the structure and function of the pancreas and stomach.
Abstract: The anatomy and morphology of the digestive tract of the eel was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. The oeosphagus showed complex longitudinal folding; stratified epithelium, columnar epithelium and goblet cells striated muscle fibres formed the thick muscular coat. The pneumatic duct entered the oesophagus anterior to the oesophagastric junction. The Y shaped stomach showed large well developed folds which decreased in size and number towards the pyloric sphincter. Columnar epithelium and gastric gland cells were present, the latter being absent from the pyloric region.
The intestine had a heavily thickened anterior region, signs of convulation were noted prior to the ileorectal valve. Intestinal folding showed a complex reticulate pattern with columnar epithelium and goblet cells present. The mucopolysaccharides were studied in the goblet and columnar cells throughout the regions of the gut. Lymphocytes and eosinophilic type cells were found in the connective tissue of the mucosa throughout the gut. The pancreas was a compact organ with few Islets of Langerhans, beta cells were peripherally situated and alpha cells centrally. The unilobular liver acted as a storage organ for oil and glycogen.
98 citations
90 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested here that the postulated hormone does not exist and that the adrenarche, which parallels the development of the inner zone, the zona reticularis, is best explained by a morphological and functional change in the inner cells that is induced locally by high levels of cortisol.
85 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the ion current density on the properties of Ti-N compounds deposited at low temperatures (<600°C) by a thermionically assisted triode reactive ion-plating technique is discussed.
79 citations
TL;DR: In this article, low energy ion scattering has been used to investigate the early stages of the oxidation of a Ni(100) surface and the development of surface structures, and it is concluded that during the early chemisorption, a two stage process takes place: an initial oxygen adsorption during which the O atoms probably reside within the fourfold surface hollows, followed by a reconstruction process, caused by the combined action of at least two nearest neighbor O atoms, trapping mobile Ni adatoms, after which the o atoms stabilise at a site in or close to
73 citations
TL;DR: The concentration of protein in the sera of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, brown trout S. trutta and Atlantic salmon S. salar has been measured by six standard techniques viz refractometry, copper sulphate specific gravity, automated and manual biuret, optical density and Lowry et al. phenol reagent and the results compared.
Abstract: The concentration of protein in the sera of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, brown trout S. trutta and Atlantic salmon S. salar has been measured by six standard techniques viz refractometry, copper sulphate specific gravity, automated and manual biuret, optical density and Lowry et al. phenol reagent and the results compared. Good correlation was obtained in most cases and interconversion formulae are given between each method in the three salmonid species. The concentrations obtained with the refractometer and optical density methods were approximately one and a half times those obtained with the others.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of locust bean gum, guar gum, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and carrageenan on the viscosity of an ice cream mix has been investigated over a range of shear rates.
Abstract: The effect of locust bean gum, guar gum, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and carrageenan on the viscosity of an ice cream mix has been investigated over a range of shear rates. The effect of temperature on mix viscosity was also determined. The behaviour of the added polysaccharides was compared with their behaviour in other systems and carrageenan was found to show the most significant changes. The relative viscosity of mixes containing anionic polysaccharides increased with decreasing temperature; the relative viscosity of mixes containing neutral polysaccharides was independent of temperature.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the ion bombardment induced surface morphological changes on Si single crystals substrates have been made using a miniature ion accelerator located in the target chamber of an SEM, where 10 keV Ar+ ions were employed over the fluence range 1016-1020 cm−2 and following incremental increases in fluence, direct observations of individual surface features were made.
TL;DR: In this article, gas exchange and respiratory movements were monitored in domestic cocks running on a treadmill for continuous periods of 10-12 min and it was suggested that the energy required for this form of panting may account for a significant fraction of the increased energy requirement for running at high temperatures.
TL;DR: Structural damage to isolated erythrocyte membranes ('ghosts') has been studied following gamma-irradiation under a variety of conditions, and sensitization and protection was observed in the presence of known dose-modifying chemicals.
Abstract: Structural damage to isolated erythrocyte membranes ('ghosts') has been studied following gamma-irradiation under a variety of conditions. For this two fluorescent probes were used; one 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate probes the lipid-aqueous interface, the other, diphenylhexatriene, was used to probe the membrane fluidity. Irradiation of the membranes caused a decrease in fluorescent intensity of the added probes, and changes in polarization of fluorescence. Oxygen was found to enhance the radiation damage, and scavenger experiments showed the hydroxyl radical was the major radical species involved. The structural modifications are therefore interpreted in terms of preliminary chemical damage involving peroxidation of unsaturated lipids. In addition sensitization and protection was observed in the presence of known dose-modifying chemicals.
TL;DR: In this paper, a time-of-flight mass spectrometer is used to monitor the thermal decomposition of solid samples placed in the ion source region, which yields direct insight into the decomposition mechanism as well as values for kinetic parameters.
TL;DR: A heuristic method, based on a linear programming model, gives good integer solutions to the problem of finding a minimum cost set of schedules for railway locomotives to work a given set of trains.
Abstract: A method is described for finding a minimum cost set of schedules for railway locomotives to work a given set of trains. The times at which the trains start may be fixed or variable. A heuristic method, based on a linear programming model, is described. This gives good integer solutions to the problem.
TL;DR: The spectra have been measured and show that the transient absorption change can be interpreted as being due to an ultrafast ligand recombination following the photolysis of aqueous carbon monoxy- and oxyhaemoglobin.
TL;DR: The enzymes catalase andsuperoxide dismutase were added to the irradiated suspensions in order to determine the contribution from hydrogen peroxide and superoxide to peroxidation and compared with structural modification of the membrane under the same conditions of irradiation.
Abstract: SummaryIn air saturated suspensions of erythrocyte ghost membranes γ-irradiation causes formation of lipid peroxides, measured as malonaldehyde, and a loss of membrane protein sulphydryl groups. Addition of N-(p-amino-benzoyl)-1-glutamate prevented peroxidation up to doses of 2 × 103 Gy, due to scavenging of hydroxyl radicals. Another hydroxyl scavenger sodium formate, also prevented peroxidation at low doses, but lost its protective effect at higher doses probably because of secondary reactions of the resulting superoxide radical anion. Two sulphur containing radioprotectants also were able to reduce the extent of lipid peroxidation. The enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were added to the irradiated suspensions in order to determine the contribution from hydrogen peroxide and superoxide to peroxidation. The extents of peroxidation are compared with structural modification of the membrane under the same conditions of irradiation.
TL;DR: Brown trout produced high molecular weight, thermostable, dithiothreitol sensitive, non-precipitating, complement-fixing antibodies and agglutinins to lipopolysaccharides after intramuscular injection with adjuvant.
Abstract: Brown trout produced high molecular weight, thermostable, dithiothreitol sensitive, non-precipitating, complement-fixing antibodies and agglutinins to lipopolysaccharides after intramuscular injection with adjuvant. Antibodies were first detected on Day 14 and reached maximum titres after 56 to 63 days when a single injection was given. When either a second or a third injection was administered maximum titres occurred 34 to 40 days after the injection. After each injection the titres increased significantly, and the protein concentration of the sera was significantly decreased. In cellulose acetate electrophoresis experiments those bands which migrated in the β- to γ-globulin regions were increased.
Antibody-secreting and antigen-binding cells were detected on Days 8 and 4 respectively and maxima were reached between Day 16 and Day 18. The number of cells per 106 lymphoid cells was higher in the spleen than in the kidney.
01 Mar 1980
TL;DR: In this article, a model of surface morphology generation based upon the production of embrittled ridges and wave crests which are induced by plastic flow and ablated by impact is proposed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient, the interfacial area and the true liquid phase transfer coefficient (kL) in three-phase fluidized beds.
Abstract: The technique of simultaneous measurement of the mass transfer coefficient and the interfacial area (Robinson and Wilke, 1974) was used to measure the volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient , the interfacial area and the true liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient (kL) in three-phase fluidized beds. The eddy-cell model of Lamont and Scott (1970) was found to give a reasonable fit to the kL data, if the proportionality constant is modified. The and data were correlated by empirical equations. Some information on bubble diameter was deduced from the interfacial area and holdup measurements.
TL;DR: It is shown that the differences in quantum yield in the case of HbCO and MbCO and between Hb02 and Mb02 can be correlated with the different extent of ultrafast recombination observed in the nanosecond experiments.
Abstract: — Measurements of relative photolysis yields in nanosecond flash photolysis studies of carbon monoxide and dioxygen complexes of haemoglobin and myoglobin are compared with published values of the quantum efficiency for photodissociation obtained from microsecond flash or continuous photolysis studies. It is shown that the differences in quantum yield between HbCO and MbCO and between Hb02 and Mb02 can be correlated with the different extent of ultrafast recombination observed in the nanosecond experiments. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the quantum yield in the case of HbCO can be entirely attributed to the effect of temperature on the ultrafast recombination.
TL;DR: In this article, a brief review of the origins of bipolar leakage currents, the means used for its measurement and calculation and the importance of minimizing the phenomenon is followed by a novel means of computing leakage currents more accurately than hitherto possible, using a commercially available simulation program.
Abstract: A brief review of the origins of bipolar leakage currents, the means used for its measurement and calculation and the importance of minimizing the phenomenon, is followed by a novel means of computing leakage currents more accurately than hitherto possible, using a commercially available simulation program. This has the further advantage that the reali-V characteristics of an electrochemical cell can be used, there being no need to represent the cell itself as a zener diode which is a poor representation of reali-V cell characteristics.
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction of mass-separated, well collimated beams of argon ions with copper, results, under certain conditions, as observed subsequently in a scanning electron microscope, in a pyramid covered surface.
TL;DR: A retrospective study of 50 consecutive patients admitted to hospital with Crohn's disease has been undertaken in order to assess the place of parenteral nutrition in our management of this disease as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A retrospective study of 50 consecutive patients admitted to hospital with Crohn's disease has been undertaken in order to assess the place of parenteral nutrition in our management of this disease. Following treatment, median weight, hemoglobin, and plasma albumin were the same in three treatment groups--parenteral nutrition (12), low-residue diet (9), and normal diet (29). Of 13 courses of parenteral nutrition used in 12 patients, 10 were for periods of less than 14 days (median four days). Most patients with nutritional problems associated with Crohn's disease can be treated successfully by one or other form of enteral nutrition. Parenteral nutrition, if required, is usually only necessary for periods of less than two weeks, to support patients over a critical period in their illness. Occasionally prolonged parenteral nutrition is required for short-bowel syndrome or advanced fistulous disease. In these cases, training the patient to infuse himself with nutrients at home has much to recommend it.
TL;DR: In this paper, the lattice disorder and the depth distribution of disorder produced by 40 keV N+ ion irradiation of GaAs have been carried out before and after thermal annealing.
Abstract: Measurements of the lattice disorder and the depth distribution of disorder produced by 40 keV N+ ion irradiation of GaAs have been carried out before and after thermal annealing. The results show a significant dependence of lattice disorder on ion flux, ion fluence and implant temperature. A bimodal depth distribution of disorder was also observed under certain implantation conditions. The results suggest that point defect production processes in III-IV binary semiconductors (GaAs) are similar to those of Si, whilst the annealing behaviour of GaAs is rather complex and is strongly dependent on implant temperature.
TL;DR: An algorithm is presented which can be used to select these left and right eigenvectors in the case in which the number of inputs plus thenumber of outputs exceeds the numberof states.
Abstract: It is known that, in the case of self-conjugate distinct eigenvalue spectra, the closed-loop eigen-structure assignable by output feedback in constrained by the requirement that the loft and right eigenvectors be in certain subspaces. In this paper an algorithm is presented which can be used to select these left and right eigenvectors in the case in which the number of inputs plus the number of outputs exceeds the number of states. The algorithm is ideally suited to digital computer implementation and an ALGOL program for this is available.
TL;DR: These results do not confirm earlier observations that prophylaxis with disopyramide reduces mortality after acute myocardial infarction, but they do confirm the need for further research into this issue.
TL;DR: In this article, the infrared reflectivity spectra of p-type CuInTe2 single crystals were measured at room temperature for the polarization direction E ⊥ c and E | c in the wavenumber range from 55 to 4000 cm−1.
TL;DR: The level of anti‐T antibodies directed towards the precursor T antigen of the MN blood group system was measured in the sera of 55 patients with disseminated melanoma, before and during chemoimmunotherapy, finding better prognosis for patients with higher titers.
Abstract: The level of anti-T antibodies directed towards the precursor T antigen of the MN blood group system was measured in the sera of 55 patients with disseminated melanoma, before and during chemoimmunotherapy. The anti-T titer was subnormal in patients before therapy; patients who responded to therapy had significantly higher titers than did nonresponders in sera taken before therapy, at regression/progression of disease, and during the last pulse of treatment. Higher pretreatment titers were associated with a significntly longer survival time. A single infusion of Corynebacterium parvum was given to 14 other melanoma patients and significant elevation of preimmunization titers was observed on days 14, 21, and 28 after infusion; Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, vaccination of 9 patients did not significantly alter the anti-T titer. The expression of the normally cryptic T antigen on melanoma cells would absorb naturally circulating anti-T antibodies. Less dense expression of T antigen on melanoma cells that were responsive to therapy, i.e., less "malignant," would explain the better prognosis for patients with higher titers. The increase in anti-T antibodies following administration of C parvum but not of BCG is of possible clinical relevance when C parvum is used as an immunotherapeutic agent.