Showing papers by "University of Salford published in 1982"
TL;DR: The Frechet distance between two multivariate normal distributions having means μX, μY and covariance matrices ΣX, ΣY is shown to be given by d2 = |μX − μY|2 + tr(ΣX + ǫ − 2(ǫ) 12) as discussed by the authors.
547 citations
260 citations
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on areas of a semi-commercial nature so that health and education are not covered though the temptation could not not be resisted of including an area both fecund in its variety of institutional forms and one where economists seem to have found their true home, refuse collection.
Abstract: At first blush it is remarkable how little work has been done by economists on a subject so popular and contentious in the political arena. At second blush there is perhaps little surprise given the huge pitfalls of a conceptual and measurement variety and the difficulty, at least in this country, of finding the two species in coexistence in the same product area. The recent surge of cost studies has, belatedly, drawn on the wide variety of institutional forms in certain industries in North America. Even so the coverage is patchy. Electricity has been well studied and there has been some work on water supply, railways, urban transport and airlines. In these areas output is generally subject to user charges. This paper therefore focuses on areas of a semi-commercial’ nature so that health and education are not covered though the temptation could not not be resisted of including an area both fecund in its variety of institutional forms and one where economists seem to have found their true home, refuse collection. There is a problem in specifying what is meant by performance and how it is measured. There is, on the other side of the coin, a problem in knowing what can be deduced from those things that can sometimes be measured, that is relative costs and relative profitability.
119 citations
107 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that neuronal activation causes a K-mediated increase in 3H-2-DG uptake and synthesis into glycogen by the satellite glial cells, which is used as a sensitive, specific marker for mapping sites of glycogen synthesis and distribution in nervous tissue.
Abstract: Neurones transmit signals to glial cells by releasing potassium into the intercellular spaces during nerve activity, simultaneously depolarizing their membrane potential1. It is thought that the glial cells may respond metabolically or trophically to the released K, and that they may also take up excess K, thereby protecting the neurones against perturbations in the extracellular concentration of this ion2,3. We have studied metabolic interactions between the two cell types in leech and snail ganglia using a recently discovered application4,5 of the radioactively labelled 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique6. This approach derives from the finding that 3H-2-DG is partially and selectively metabolized into glycogen within nervous tissue, and thus can be used as a sensitive, specific marker for mapping sites of glycogen synthesis and distribution in nervous tissue4,5. In the leech and snail ganglia, the large size of the neuronal perikarya, together with the grouping of the glial cells around them and the location of the axonal and dendritic processes in the core of the ganglia, allows the distributions of the labelled glycogen in the different cell types and their processes to be resolved by light and electron microscope autoradiography7,8. Here we describe how in both animals, antidromic stimulation of nerves entering the ganglia increased the incorporation of 3H-2-DG into glycogen in glial cells surrounding the activated neurones. Increased extracellular K had a similar effect, which was maximal for a K concentration ∼4mM above normal. We therefore conclude that neuronal activation causes a K-mediated increase in 3H-2-DG uptake and synthesis into glycogen by the satellite glial cells.
94 citations
89 citations
TL;DR: The data indicate that the nonprotein bound and albumin bound factors of NET and D-norgestrel may vary by as much as 2-3 fold between women who are known to have subnormal or supranormal levels of serum SHBG binding capacity and it is suggested that measurements of serum Sh BG binding capacity may provide a method of assessing the lowest effective dose of these 2 progestins in individual subjects to help reduce side effects associated with their use.
81 citations
TL;DR: By following the progress of two matched samples over a 15-month period in a district general hospital it is established that the Norton score does perform at least as well as a number of reasonable variants of it, and that in particular the physical score and incontinence score are the crucial elements.
Abstract: This paper investigates the predictive power of the Norton score in the problem of anticipating pressure lesions, and looks at some variants on that score. The Norton score is now nearly 20 years old but is still not in frequent use by nurses, and has been the subject of little research, especially in its predictive ability. By following the progress of two matched samples over a 15-month period in a district general hospital it is established that the Norton score does perform at least as well as a number of reasonable variants of it, and that in particular the physical score and incontinence score are the crucial elements. A follow-up sample in which the variants are retested confirms the usefulness of the Norton score.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that non-isothermal traces of thermal decomposition reactions of solids must fit the equation developed by Freeman and Carroll for performing the kinetic analysis of n-order reactions even if they are following a quite different mechanism.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used Rutherford backscattering analysis (RBS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and diffraction to investigate austenitic stainless steel crystals implanted at room temperature with 80 keV Sb+ ions to a fluence of 5 × 1020 ions m−2, thus providing implantation with a heavy group-V element.
Abstract: Recent investigations have shown that P+ implantation of stainless steel at room temperature induces diffusionless transformations resulting in either a martensitic-like phase formation or in amorphization In the work presented here we have used Rutherford backscattering analysis (RBS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and diffraction to investigate austenitic stainless steel crystals implanted at room temperature with 80 keV Sb+ ions to a fluence of 5 × 1020 ions m−2, thus providing implantation with a heavy group-V element RBS channelling spectra from implanted 〈110〉 crystals show a damage peak which approaches the height of the random level and therefore indicates a very high degree of disorder in the implanted layers The distribution of the disorder extends to a depth three to five times the depth of the primary radiation damage The Sb peaks under channelling as well as random conditions are indistinguishable, confirming that, substitutionality during implanatation is negligible
51 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the development and standardization of interferometric apparatus employed to measure linear thermal expansion coefficients of materials over the approximate temperature range 80 K to 310 K, an account of an investigation of particulate reinforced Ciba-Geigy epoxy resin CY219/HY219/DY219 is given.
Abstract: After describing the development and standardization of interferometric apparatus employed to measure linear thermal expansion coefficients of materials over the approximate temperature range 80 K to 310 K, an account of an investigation of particulate reinforced Ciba-Geigy epoxy resin CY219/HY219/DY219 is given. The successful conclusion of an appraisal of schemes attempting to describe the dependence of the thermal expansion characteristics of a composite upon the volume-fraction of its filler was followed by a search for particle-size effects. No such effects were observed in composites reinforced with silica flour, glass microspheres and copper powder.
TL;DR: A phospholipid analogue incorporating the diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) chromophore has been synthesized and it was shown that vesicles which had been induced to fuse by heating in the presence of melittin would not fuse with subsequently added vesicle.
TL;DR: Careful clinical assessment and examination supported by an EEG remain of paramount importance in the management of epilepsy, and CT scanning should be reserved for patients with focal features.
TL;DR: It is concluded that [3H]2-deoxyglucose is partially incorporated into glycogen in nervous tissue; the labelled 2- deoxyglycogen withstands aqueous histological processing and can be visualized directly by autoradiography.
TL;DR: In this paper, the infrared and Raman spectra of trifluoromethane and trichloromethanes were examined in argon, nitrogen and other matrices.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared five drying/dehumidification systems, including three with heat pumps, on the basis of specific power consumption (SPC) and primary energy consumption (PEC) divided by the efficiency of primary energy conversion.
Abstract: Drying is one of the most energy intensive unit operations. In many applications the drying temperatures required are low enough to make the inclusion of a heat pump in the system worthy of consideration. Five drying/dehumidification systems, including three with heat pumps, have been compared theoretically on the basis of specific power consumption (SPC), (i.e. the energy supplied per unit of moisture condensed) and primary energy consumption (PEC) which is (SPC) divided by the efficiency of primary energy conversion. The efficiency of each system is improved as the relative humidity of the air leaving the dryer is increased. The optimum is, however, very flat and a heat pump should be advantageous when a minimum relative humidity of 30 per cent is acceptable within the drying chamber. A closed cycle dryer is shown to be the most advantageous but requires careful matching.
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of azide radicals (N.3) was studied by using pulse radiolysis technique and showed that there is no significant effect on the formation or decay of the azide radical.
TL;DR: In this article, three efficient routes to the title systems were elaborated using 2-chloroquinoline-3-aldehyde acetals, 2-choline-4-acetals or 2-aminoquinoline -3-aldehydes.
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed study on the effects of annealing CuInTe2 single crystals, both in vacuum and in the presence of elemental Cu and In, is made.
Abstract: A detailed study is made on the effects of annealing CuInTe2 single crystals, both in vacuum and in the presence of elemental Cu and In. The variation of hole concentration with temperature is established and the acceptor state ionization energy is found to lie between 10 and 14 meV. This energy state is associated with the In vacancy. Mobility data are obtained and explained by taking into account various carrier scattering mechanisms including, ionized impurity, acoustic mode phonon, and space charge effects. The valence band deformation potential is found to be 5.35 eV.
Une etude detailleae a ete faite sur les effects de recuit des cristaux simples de CuInTe2 dans le vide et en presence des elements Cu et In. La variation de concentration des trous avec la temperature a ete etablie et l'energie d'ionisation des etats de l'accepteur a ete trouvee comprise entre 10 et 14 meV. Get etat d'energie, est associe avec la vacance de l'element In. Les doneees relatives ae la mobilite ont ete obtenues et expliquees en prenant en consideration les differents mechanismes de dispersion des porteurs de charges y compris les impuretes ionisees, les phonons de mode acoutique et les effets d'espace de charge. Le potentiel de deformation de la bande de valence est trouve egal a 5,35 eV.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that when the rate of energy deposition density by an individual projectile is of order or larger than a typical thermodynamic parameter of the solid, e.g. the atomic heat of melting, it appears that dynamic amorphisation of a local volume of the solids occurs.
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal conductivities of a series of blocks consisting of Shell DX210/BF3400 resin reinforced with Kevlar 49 fibre are reported in the approximate temperature range 180-270 K.
Abstract: The thermal conductivities of a series of blocks consisting of Shell DX210/BF3400 resin reinforced with Kevlar 49 fibre are reported in the approximate temperature range 180–270 K. The results are used to calculate the thermal conductivities of the fibres in directions parallel and perpendicular to their length. Varying the angle between the principal fibre directions of bidirectional laminates produced in-plane results that varied in a manner which was quantitatively consistent with expectation. The out-of-plane results proved to be independent of fibre orientation, as expected. In-plane and out-of-plane results for a Kevlar 49 fabric reinforced laminate proved to be essentially similar to results for a laminate reinforced with unwoven fibres of the same type, arranged in a 90° cross-plied disposition at the same fibre volume density.
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental heat pump dehumidifier is described and actual coefficients of performance (COP)A are plotted against the gross temperature lift (TCO - TEV) for various bypass ratios and air velocities.
Abstract: An experimental heat pump dehumidifier is described. Actual coefficients of performance (COP)A are plotted against the gross temperature lift (TCO - TEV) for various bypass ratios and air velocities. Interpolated values of (COP)A for a specified temperature lift were obtained by fitting each set for various dry bulb temperatures of air leaving the humidifier using a linear equation. These values of (COP)A are plotted against the linear velocity of the air stream approaching the evaporator at different dry bulb temperatures. The curves show a maximum of (COP)A at approach velocities in the region of 1·6 ms−1.
TL;DR: In this article, the kinetic parameters for the decomposition of calcium carbonate were established using a rising temperature program experiment and from isothermal experiments, and four methods of analysing the rising temperature data were then attempted.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used polarised neutrons and polarisation analysis to determine the diffuse magnetic scattering from MnSi as a function of temperature at 50 K (1.72Tc) and 100 K (3.45Tc).
Abstract: Polarised neutrons and polarisation analysis have been used to determine the diffuse magnetic scattering from MnSi as a function of temperature. Measurements at 50 K (1.72Tc) and 100 K (3.45Tc) in the paramagnetic phase confirmed the presence of strong spatial correlations previously reported at 300 K (10Tc) and 580 K (20Tc). The spatial correlations between regions of spin density separated by ∼ 12 A are of a ferromagnetic nature and determine the static susceptibility. Integration of the paramagnetic response over an inverse atomic volume yields a moment per manganese atom of ∼1.2μB, a value considerably larger than the 0.4 μB observed in Bragg scattering and magnetisation measurements at 4.2 K. Measurements made at 11 K in the ordered magnetic phase reveal strong diffuse scattering corresponding to ∼0.8 μB per Mn atom. The increase in the diffuse scattering observed in the paramagnetic phase corresponds to the passage of the Bragg component into the background.
TL;DR: In this article, the optical absorption of r.f. sputtered CuInSe2 thin films was studied in the photon energy range from 1 to 3 eV, and the gap energy and spin-orbit splitting were found to be (1.01 ± 0.01) eV and (0.24 − 0.02) ev, respectively.
Abstract: The optical absorption of r.f. sputtered CuInSe2 thin films was studied in the photon energy range from 1 to 3 eV. The gap energy and the spin-orbit splitting are found to be (1.01 ± 0.01) eV and (0.24 ± 0.02) eV, respectively. From the photon energy dependence of the absorption coefficient it is concluded that the heavy and light hole bands are parabolic whilst the split-off band contains terms linear in the wavevector. The optical transition probability for valence band- to- conduction band transitions is estimated to be (10.8 ± 1.0) eV which yields an admixture of copper d states to the valence band of (30 ± 8) %.
Die optische Absorption von durch Hochfrequenzzerstaubung hergestellen dunnen CuInSe2-Schichten wurde im Photonenenergiebereich von 1 bis 3 eV untersucht. Die Breite der verbotenen Zone und die Spin-Bahn-Aufspaltung wurden zu (1,01 ± 0,01) eV bzw. (0,24 ± 0,02) eV ermittelt. Aus der Abhangigkeit des Absorptionskoeffizienten von der Photonenenergie wird geschlossen, das das schwere und leichte Locherband parabolisch sind, wahrend das durch die Spin-Bahn-Kopplung abgespaltene Band Terme enthalt, die linear vom Wellenvektor abhangen. Die optische Ubergangswahrscheinlichkeit fur Valenzband-Leitungband-Ubergange wird zu (10,8 ± 1,0) eV abgeschatzt, woraus sich eine Beimischung von Kupfer-d-Zustanden zum Valenzband von (30 ± 8) % ergibt.
TL;DR: In this paper, the production and annealing of damage on a nickel (110) surface has been studied with low energy ion scattering (LEIS) and the results are discussed and compared with previously reported LEED, LEIS and TEM results.
TL;DR: A number of ion beam techniques for modifying the surface properties of solids are discussed in this paper, including ion implantation, ion beam mixing, ion plating and recoil mixing.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that vitamin A deficient (A−) cotton rats are more susceptible to infection with Litomosoides carinii than normal (A+) cotton rats, and microfilarial development was retarded in female worms from A− animals as compared with A+ ones.
Abstract: This paper demonstrates that vitamin A deficient (A−) cotton rats are more susceptible to infection withLitomosoides carinii than normal (A+) cotton rats. However, embryogenesis is frequently retarded in female worms from A− hosts.
TL;DR: In this article, the results of direct scanning, electron microscopic studies obtained quasi-dynamically during increasing fluence ion bombardment of the evolution of etch pit structures on Si and Cu, and how such elaboration may be suppressed.
Abstract: Among the several factors which lead to depth resolution deterioration during sputter profiling, surface morphological modification resulting from local differences of sputtering rate can be important. This paper reports the results of direct scanning, electron microscopic studies obtained quasi-dynamically during increasing fluence ion bombardment of the evolution of etch pit structures on Si and Cu, and how such elaboration may be suppressed. It also reports on the elaboration of contaminant-induced cone generation for different ion species bombardment. The influence of such etch pit and cone generation on achievable depth resolution is assessed.
TL;DR: Sodium hyaluronate samples of various molecular weights were prepared and characterized by size exclusion chromatography and dilution viscometry, and the values obtained discussed were discussed in relation to existing hydration models for sodium hyAluronate in water.