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Showing papers by "University of Salford published in 1991"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of the factors related to falls showed a considerable overlap between fallers and non-fallers, and a type of easily calculated score might be of use to medical and paramedical personnel for assessing the risk of falling among the elderly living at home.
Abstract: Attempts to determine the underlying causes of falls have come to conflicting conclusions, partly because subject groups studied have not been representative of all elderly people. Two hundred and three randomly selected people of 75 years and over, living at home, were visited and questioned about falls experienced in the previous 12 months, and about factors that might be related to falling. Eighty-six subjects (42.4%) had suffered one or more falls during this time, and of fallers, 49 (59.3%) were injured, 9 of them seriously. Women were slightly more likely to have had falls and were more likely to have suffered injury, but no increase in frequency of falls with age was demonstrated. Only a minority of fallers (43.0%) sought medical attention following their fall. Falls outside the home accounted for 39.5% of falls and these were more likely to be due to simple trips or slips. Analysis of the factors related to falls showed a considerable overlap between fallers and non-fallers. Fallers had significantly greater dependency and cognitive impairment, more physical symptoms, and higher scores for anxiety and depression, but there was no association with postural hypotension, neurological abnormalities, or measurements relating to nutritional state. The factors found to be significant on discriminant analysis were combined to determine a "fall risk score". This type of easily calculated score might be of use to medical and paramedical personnel for assessing the risk of falling among the elderly living at home.

194 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1991-Pain
TL;DR: The present results suggest that the concept of catastrophising has greatest potential for understanding current low back symptoms and that the CSQ may be the most useful measure of this.
Abstract: Four cognitive measures--MHLC, PLC, CSQ and PRSS/PRCS--were directly compared in 120 U.K. patients with chronic low back pain. 80% of the individual items in the PLC and 86% in the CSQ had satisfactory test-retest reliability, as had most of the scales of the CSQ and the PLC PC scale. The items and the scales of the MHLC and the PRSS/PRCS had lower reliability. The factor structures of the PLC and the PRSS/PRCS bore close similarity to the original descriptions. The CSQ structure was similar to the original but further investigation of its psychometric properties is required. The structure of the MHLC was not replicated. Considerable communality was found between the cognitive measures. The strongest relationship found in this study was between the CSQ and PRSS catastrophising scales and depressive symptoms. There was also a relationship among cognitive measures and both disability and work loss which persisted even after controlling for severity of pain and depressive symptoms. The present results suggest that the concept of catastrophising has greatest potential for understanding current low back symptoms and that the CSQ may be the most useful measure of this. Other work, however, suggests that the PLC may also be of value in following change and predicting response to treatment.

163 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1991-Bone
TL;DR: It is suggested that CDV may in some cases play a role in the aetiology of Paget's disease and RNA to the measles virus was not detected.

127 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By combining simple electrostatic and hydrodynamic concepts one can derive equations for cavity growth, the instability growth rate, and streamer velocity, with results in reasonable agreement with experiments at voltages near breakdown, in short gaps as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: By combining simple electrostatic and hydrodynamic concepts one can derive equations for cavity growth, the instability growth rate, and streamer velocity, with results in reasonable agreement with experiments at voltages near breakdown, in short gaps. In high-viscosity fluids other hydrodynamic growth processes are observed. Thus in 100 and 1000 cSt DC-200 silicone fluids a vortex of hot liquid forms near the point cathode and this vortex develops into a vortex ring which grows and decays; at high fields the vortex undergoes an unstable growth process, leading to multiple vortices. >

109 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that men have a greater biological vulnerability to negative symptoms and consequent social disability in the face of psychosis, particularly a schizophrenic psychosis, and that this may be one explanation for the apparently greater risk of definite schizophrenia and its poorer prognosis in men.
Abstract: In a catchment area study of 101 first inceptions of schizophrenia, mania and atypical psychoses, women were significantly more likely to have atypical psychosis and men were more likely to have definite schizophrenia. Negative symptoms such as affective flattening and poverty of speech were already present in many cases, and were significantly increased in patients with definite schizophrenia (geometric mean 5.6) compared with those with atypical psychosis (geometric mean 3.2) and mania (geometric mean 1.5). Negative symptoms were also twice as severe in men (geometric mean 5.5) than women (geometric mean 2.6). There was a significant increase in negative symptom severity with longer illness and greater depression, but the diagnosis and the sex effects were not caused by these factors. We suggest that our findings are further support for the hypothesis that men have a greater biological vulnerability to negative symptoms and consequent social disability in the face of psychosis, particularly a schizophrenic psychosis, and that this may be one explanation for the apparently greater risk of definite schizophrenia and its poorer prognosis in men.

107 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the theoretical relationship between the coherence length and phase front randomness is analyzed using a Gaussian-Schell source and beam model for light propagating through a turbulent atmosphere.
Abstract: The theoretical relationship between the coherence length and phase-front randomness is analysed using a Gaussian-Schell source and beam model for light propagating through a turbulent atmosphere. Computer results are given which show that partially coherent sources are less influenced by atmospheric turbulence than are coherent sources.

104 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, contrast variation in neutron reflection is used to obtain a scattering length density profile across an interface unique within the limitations of resolution, and an illustrative example is analyzed in terms of the kinematic approximation.
Abstract: Several of the useful results of the kinematic approximation are presented and applied to experimental data. From the kinematic equations it is shown that contrast variation in neutron reflection can be used to obtain a scattering length density profile across an interface unique within the limitations of resolution. It is shown to be more important for two component systems to obtain actual density profiles. Contrast variation is the only way to achieve this and an illustrative example is analysed in terms of the kinematic approximation.

96 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The encouraging response up to 8 months after engraftment indicates a possible benefit of bone-marrow transplantation in the treatment of this rare but usually fatal inherited disease.

Journal ArticleDOI
Philip Vas1
TL;DR: In this paper, tissue samples from 46 sharks representing ten species and four locations were analysed for seven trace metals (Cu, Mn, Fe, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: “I think you ought to leave your head to the College of Surgeons to ascertain what wonderful impressionable substance it contains instead of brains”
Abstract: “I think you ought to leave your head to the College of Surgeons to ascertain what wonderful impressionable substance it contains instead of brains” (G. B. Shaw to a correspondent, 1926).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of thermal diffusion on the entrapment from a static colloid is examined in the 1-D and 2-D cases, and its predicted effects upon the volume of captured particles are examined.
Abstract: The entrapment of fine colloidal paramagnetic (and diamagnetic) particles at magnetic capture centers in the colloid is reviewed. The effect of thermal diffusion on the entrapment from a static colloid is examined in the 1-D and 2-D cases. The latter case allows prediction of captured volumes of colloidal particles. The interparticle effects due to the Helmholtz double-layer electrical interaction and the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction are introduced, and their effect on the 1-D theory is calculated and shown to be of importance. A theory that incorporates the double-layer effect into the 2-D case is presented, and its predicted effects upon the volume of captured particles is examined. The flow of the colloid is introduced, and a framework that allows fine particle capture to be included as a special case of normal size particle entrapment theory is suggested. A diagrammatic means of assessing the effects of thermal diffusion and interparticle effects on entrapment is described. >

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The structure and composition of the native Si oxide were studied using high depth resolution medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) spectrometry in this article, which revealed that the oxide is an amorphous material of thickness 20 A and showed qualitatively that the interface between the oxide and the underlying structure consists of layers of Si atoms displaced from their normal lattice sites.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The frequency of negative D2, positive D4 readings was sizeable for all but one substance, primin, with a range of 14% for fragrance‐mix to 64% for neomycin.
Abstract: Computer data on 4721 consecutive patients patch tested with an extended standard series were analysed for the frequency of allergic reactions to each substance. Particular Attention was given to the negative first reading at day 2 (D2) which later became positive at day 4 (D4). A total of 4210 allergic reactions were recorded. 993 of which were negative on D2(24%). The most frequent positive reactions were to nickel sulphate (18%), fragrance-mix (8%), colophony (6%), neomycin (6%), cobalt chloride (6%), thiuram-mix (4%) and potassium dichromate (3%). The frequency of negative D2, positive D4 readings was sizeable for all but one substance, primin, with a range of 14% for fragrance-mix to 64% for neomycin. All of 21 positive reactions to primin, with a range of 14% for fragrance-mix to 64% for neomycin. All of 21 positive reactions to primin were recorded on D2. In our opinion, it is unjustified to perform D2-only patch test readings.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that it is a mistake to label parental decision-making as 'irrational' when one takes into account the interaction between personal experience, differing levels of advice and the impact of constraints, notably gender role constraints, as they affect women with young children.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined sources of error in determining activation energies and went on to consider the form of the alpha function and the value of A. They concluded that allowing significant pressures of product gas to appear in the reaction environment will lead to very high values for apparent activation energies.
Abstract: Following previous work on the measurement of meaningful activation energies and the application of Constant Rate Thermal Analysis (CRTA) to the determination of kinetic parameters [1, 2], here we further examine sources of error in determining activation energies and go on to consider the form of the alpha function and the value ofA. Using theoretical arguments based on transition state theory, we conclude that allowing significant pressures of product gas to appear in the reaction environment will lead to very high values for apparent activation energies. We note that, although this is observed in practice for calcium carbonate, it in no way invalidates the application of the Arrhenius equation to solid state decomposition reactions, provided care is taken to avoid this type of distortion of experimental results. We attempt to determine the alpha function for the decomposition of calcium carbonate using data gathered from a variety of different types of temperature programme and reaction conditions. We find that the apparent alpha function depends on the method adopted and the experimental conditions used. We propose an explanation of why this occurs and tentatively introduce a new way of looking at the development of a reaction interface for this type of reaction. We review the literature and conclude that, while significant variations for the activation energy for the decomposition of calcium carbonate exist, a critical appraisal leads to good agreement amongst values that follow good experimental practice and reliable methods of data reduction. The apparent divergence of results can be explained in the light of the theoretical arguments advanced and the easily understood sources of experimental error.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived the unperturbed dimensions of poly(3-sulphopropyl)-N-methacrylooxyethyl-N, N-dimethylammonium betaine (PSPE) samples via different extrapolation procedures.
Abstract: Values of intrinsic viscosity [ζ] measured in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and in 1·0M aq. NaCl solution mean square radii of gyration s2z and weight-average molecular masses Mw measured in TFE at 298 K for 12 well fractionated poly[N-(3-sulphopropyl)-N-methacrylooxyethyl-N,N-dimethylammonium betaine] (PSPE) samples have been used to derive the unperturbed dimensions (

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The case of a woman with protoporphyria who developed liver failure and underwent liver transplantation is described, and during the pretransplant episode of liver failure she developed quadriparesis that rapidly progressed after transplantation to a severe polyneuropathy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe three analyses to examine differences in construction company POT profitability between different financial years and different sizes of companies, showing that profitability enhancement was associated with diversification into house building and other related activities.
Abstract: This paper describes three analyses to examine differences in construction company POT profitability between (1) different financial years and (2) different sizes of companies. In the first analysis, the aggregated profitability of a sample of 80 UK general contractors was found not to differ significantly from 3.23% for each year of the period examined. The size (turnover) of companies, however, was significantly and positively correlated with profitability. The second analysis, of a sub-sample of eight very large companies, showed that profitability enhancement was associated with diversification into house building and other related activities. The third analysis, of 110 speculative house builders, showed profit margins to be around four times those of general contractors but uncorrelated with company size. Systematic changes were found, however, over the period involved. In all cases, the variability of profitability between companies was found to reduce with company size, implying a greater consisten...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Laser flash photolysis of α‐tocopherol in methanol and in aqueous micellar solutions has been shown to produce the α-tocopheroxyl radical, which was found to be relatively long‐lived in HTAC micelles, allowing the slow disappearance of the α‐ptychopherol radical by reaction with glutathione to be observed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of temperature, in the range 300-1000°C, and flame retardant type, on the yields of volatile products and char from flame-retardant treated cotton fabrics was investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Mark-Houwink equations were established for 1 in two good solvents, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and 1,0 M aqueous NaCl solution.
Abstract: Poly[N-2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-3-sulfopropylammonium betaine] (1) which is an interesting polyzwitterion polymer by virtue of its “antipolyelectrolyte solution behaviour” has been prepared by free-radical initiated polymerization in aqueous solution. Isothermal fractionation was conducted at 294 K employing formamide as solvent and acetone as precipitant. Twelve fractions covering a wide range of weight-average molecular weight (215 000 ≤ Mw ≤ 2 070 000) were used to characterise the polymer by light scattering, membrane osmometry and viscosity measurements. The Mark-Houwink equations, established for 1 in two good solvents, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and 1,0 M aqueous NaCl solution, show that the polymer has a random coil configuration and that TFE is a thermodynamically better solvent than 1,0 M aqueous NaCl solution. The random coil configuration of 1 in TFE was confirmed from the dependence of the polymer dimensions on molecular weight.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Heat conduction from the core seemed important for the skin of areas like the forearm and calf where the constant, low perfusion limited the amount of heat which could be transported to it directly by the blood.
Abstract: Relationships between skin temperature (Tsk) and perfusion have been studied to provide a basis for the use of Tsk in the non-invasive assessment of limb circulation in peripheral vascular disease. Raising the ambient temperature (Ta) from 20 to 30 degrees C increased the perfusion of the glabrous skin of the hands and feet without changing that of the skin of the forearm or calf. On a fractional basis the response in the hand and foot was the same. Tsk was higher in the arms than the legs and in the proximal than distal parts of the limbs. A fall in Tsk was often seen when Ta rose from 20 to 25 degrees C and was attributed to counter-current cooling. Subsequently Tsk rose even in regions where there was no increase in skin perfusion. Tsk can only be related to its perfusion in the fingers, palm and toes. Forearm Tsk was related to the perfusion of the digits. This relationship implies a link with the arterial inflow to the limb which determines the size of its thermal core. Heat conduction from the core seemed important for the skin of areas like the forearm and calf where the constant, low perfusion limited the amount of heat which could be transported to it directly by the blood. The importance of conduction was supported by studies, at Ta 20 degrees C, on subjects during calf muscle exercise and on patients with arterio-venous fistulae. Here an increase in the arterial inflow to the limb was associated with a rise in Tsk of the forearm/calf unrelated to the perfusion of its skin.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that chronic intestinal failure should be managed in specialised units in the same manner as other types of organ failure.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In the atopic eczema patients there were major abnormalities in the red cell phospholipids with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acidsbeing significantly elevated and the concentrations of most essential fatty acids being significantly reduced.
Abstract: Blood samples were collected from 48 atopic eczema patients and 33 normal subjects in Bristol, and from 434 normal individuals worldwide. In the plasma phospholipids in the atopic eczema patients, the concentrations of linoleic acid and the ratio of linoleic acid to its metabolites were significantly elevated as compared with both sets of controls. In the atopic eczema patients there were major abnormalities in the red cell phospholipids with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids being significantly elevated and the concentrations of most essential fatty acids being significantly reduced. Patients with atopic eczema thus show abnormalities related both to desaturation of essential fatty acids and to their incorporation into red cell membranes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A medium containing the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide was developed for the isolation and identification of Escherichia coli within 7.5 h and was based on the detection of beta-glUCuronidase, and potential applications of the medium are discussed.
Abstract: A medium containing the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide was developed for the isolation and identification of Escherichia coli within 7.5 h and was based on the detection of beta-glucuronidase. Optimum conditions for the rapid development of fluorescent colonies were determined. The optimum temperature was 41.5 degrees C. Development of fluorescence was delayed when carbohydrates were incorporated into the medium. Water samples were used to evaluate the medium by surface plating and membrane filtration. The frequency of false-negative results was 6.1% and false-positives were 3.7% for freshwater samples. The false-positive organisms were identified as Klebsiella spp. and Shigella sonnei. The potential applications of the medium are discussed.

Journal Article
TL;DR: By making small changes in their practices, anaesthetists are well-placed to help reduce the potential environmental damage and contribute to the 'greenhouse' effect.
Abstract: Nitrous oxide is now recognised as an important contributor to the 'greenhouse' effect. Each year the medical profession unwittingly adds a very small burden of this gas to the atmosphere. Unfortunately, the long lifetime of nitrous oxide means that all emissions into the atmosphere are significant. By making small changes in their practices, anaesthetists are well-placed to help reduce the potential environmental damage.