University of Salford

About: University of Salford is a education organization based out in Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Thin film. The organization has 13049 authors who have published 22957 publications receiving 537330 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Salford Manchester & The University of Salford Manchester.

Review article: intestinal failure

Abstract: Intestinal failure is a specific disease entity resulting from intestinal resection or disease-associated malabsorption and characterized by the inability to maintain protein-energy, fluid, electrolyte or micronutrient balance. We performed a MEDLINE search (1966-2006) to identify relevant articles, using keywords intestinal failure, parenteral or enteral nutrition, intestinal fistula and short bowel syndrome. Causes of intestinal failure are varied, with self-limiting or 'Type 1' intestinal failure occurring relatively commonly following abdominal surgery, necessitating short-term fluid or nutritional support. The rarer, 'Type 2' intestinal failure, is associated with septic, metabolic and complex nutritional complications, usually following surgical resection in patients with Crohn's or mesenteric vascular disease. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of patients with Type 2 intestinal failure is crucial: resolution of sepsis is required before adequate nutritional repletion can be achieved, and it is important to optimize nutritional status, not only through enteral or parenteral supplementation, but also by addressing complications of short bowel syndrome, before considering definitive surgical reconstruction. A structured approach to the management of Type 2 intestinal failure should reduce the likelihood of these complex patients developing 'Type 3' intestinal failure, which is characterized by the need for long-term parenteral nutrition.

Modeling stormwater management at the city district level in response to changes in land use and low impact development

Abstract: Mitigating the impact of increasing impervious surfaces on stormwater runoff by low impact development (LID) is currently being widely promoted at site and local scales. In turn, the series of distributed LID implementations may produce cumulative effects and benefit stormwater management at larger, regional scales. However, the potential of multiple LID implementations to mitigate the broad-scale impacts of urban stormwater is not yet fully understood, particularly among different design strategies to reduce directly connected impervious areas (DCIA). In this study, the hydrological responses of stormwater runoff characteristics to four different land use conversion scenarios at the city scale were explored using GIS-based Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). Model simulation results confirmed the effectiveness of LID controls; however, they also indicated that even with the most beneficial scenarios hydrological performance of developed areas was still not yet up to the pre-development level, especially where there were pronounced changes from pervious to impervious land.

Effects of modifier additions on the thermal properties, chemical durability, oxidation state and structure of iron phosphate glasses

Abstract: Modified iron phosphate glasses have been prepared with nominal molar compositions [(1−x)·(0.6P2O5–0.4Fe2O3)]·xRySO4, where x = 0–0.5 in increments of 0.1 and R = Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ba, or Pb and y = 1 or 2. In most cases the vast majority or all of the sulfate volatalizes and quarternary P2O5–Fe2O3–FeO–RyOz glasses or partially crystalline materials are formed. Here we have characterized the structure, thermal properties, chemical durability and redox state of these materials. Raman spectroscopy indicates that increasing modifier oxide additions result in depolymerization of the phosphate network such that the average value of i, the number of bridging oxygens per –(PO4)– tetrahedron, and expressed as Qi, decreases. Differences have been observed between the structural effects of different modifier types but these are secondary to the amount of modifier added. Alkali additions have little effect on density; slightly increasing Tg and Td; increasing α and Tliq; and promoting bulk crystallization at temperatures of 600–700 °C. Additions of divalent cations increase density, α, Tg, Td, Tliq and promote bulk crystallization at temperatures of 700–800 °C. Overall the addition of divalent cations has a less deleterious effect on glass stability than alkali additions. 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy confirms that iron is present as Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions which primarily occupy distorted octahedral sites. This is consistent with accepted structural models for iron phosphate glasses. The iron redox ratio, Fe2+/ΣFe, has a value of 0.13–0.29 for the glasses studied. The base glass exhibits a very low aqueous leach rate when measured by Product Consistency Test B, a standard durability test for nuclear waste glasses. The addition of high quantities of alkali oxide (30–40 mol% R2O) to the base glass increases leach rates, but only to levels comparable with those measured for a commercial soda-lime-silica glass and for a surrogate nuclear waste-loaded borosilicate glass. Divalent cation additions decrease aqueous leach rates and large additions (30–50 mol% RO) provide exceptionally low leach rates that are 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than have been measured for the surrogate waste-loaded borosilicate glass. The P2O5–Fe2O3–FeO–BaO glasses reported here show particular promise as they are ultra-durable, thermally stable, low-melting glasses with a large glass-forming compositional range.