University of Salford

About: University of Salford is a education organization based out in Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Thin film. The organization has 13049 authors who have published 22957 publications receiving 537330 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Salford Manchester & The University of Salford Manchester.

Women and academic workloads: career slow lane or Cul-de-Sac?

Abstract: Career progression for women academics to higher levels is not in proportion to their representation within the profession. This paper looks at theories about this and relates them to current practices within universities for allocating work. The management of workloads can disadvantage women through a number of interactive factors. Interruptions in continuity of employment and fractional contracts can work to exclude or hinder research activity, an area pivotal for higher progression. The issue that many models for allocating work exclude research from their calculations exacerbates this. Additionally this feeds off expectations that research work is conducted after hours at home, a feature that women may find more difficult. Lastly a lack of transparency can allow areas of, often unwitting, discrimination to go undetected through the skewed allocation of types of work not strongly associated with promotion. The paper suggests a series of measures that might improve this situation.

Flow of inelastic and viscoelastic fluids past a sphere

Abstract: This is essentially an engineering study undertaken with a view to providing drag coefficient correlations for the motion of a solid sphere in inelastic and viscoelastic fluids over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. An approximate closed form analytical solution has been obtained for the motion of a solid sphere in powerlaw fluids and this solution has been verified experimentally. The high Reynolds number flow was analysed theoretically using boundary layer theory; the results were used to separate form and skin friction. Viscoelastic fluids showed “drag reduction” at high Reynolds number. About 300 experimental data points were used to obtain drag coefficient correlations over a wide range of material and flow parameters.

Heterocycles by Ring Closure of Ortho-Substituted t-Anilines (The t-Amino Effect)

Abstract: Publisher Summary It is the purpose of this chapter to collate all the available material relating to the “t-amino effect” and to attempt a rationalization of its operative influence in a mechanistic manner. The cyclizations of ortho-substituted t-anilines are described in two main sections. The first discusses ring closures between the ortho substituent and the t-nitrogen. Varieties of seemingly unrelated reactions have been reported in which a t-aniline with an ortho substituent of the type N-C-Y is converted into a benzimidazole with loss of a group from the t-nitrogen. All these cyclizations can be rationalized by the intermediacy of an imine bearing a good leaving group. While the second deals with those ring formations which involve the a-methylene groups attached to the nitrogen. The reactions which fall into this category conform to a basic mechanism for an unsaturated ortho substituent (A=B) capable of mesomerism. The polarized mesomer is set up for further reaction since the hydrogens of the a-methylene group are rendered labile by the charged nitrogen, and are consequently abstracted by the nucleophilic center (B-). Here, the discussion will be divided into sections according to the functiona1 group (o-nitroso and o-nitro groups, o-amino and o-acylamino groups, o-azo group, o-azomethine group (=n=c), and o-carbonyl (c=o) and o-imine (c=n) groups) situated at the ortho position.

History of Sleeping Sickness in East Africa

Abstract: The history of human sleeping sickness in East Africa is characterized by the appearance of disease epidemics interspersed by long periods of endemicity. Despite the presence of the tsetse fly in large areas of East Africa, these epidemics tend to occur multiply in specific regions or foci rather than spreading over vast areas. Many theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, but recent molecular approaches and detailed analyses of epidemics have highlighted the stability of human-infective trypanosome strains within these foci. The new molecular data, taken alongside the history and biology of human sleeping sickness, are beginning to highlight the important factors involved in the generation of epidemics. Specific, human-infective trypanosome strains may be associated with each focus, which, in the presence of the right conditions, can be responsible for the generation of an epidemic. Changes in agricultural practice, favoring the presence of tsetse flies, and the important contribution of domestic animals as a reservoir for the parasite are key factors in the maintenance of such epidemics. This review examines the contribution of molecular and genetic data to our understanding of the epidemiology and history of human sleeping sickness in East Africa.

The relationship between treatment with valproate, lamotrigine, and topiramate and the prognosis of the idiopathic generalised epilepsies

Abstract: Objective: To examine a large population with idiopathic generalised epilepsy (IGE), and estimate the overall remission rates for the IGEs and subsyndromes in a clinic based sample. Remission rates on valproate, lamotrigine, topiramate, and combinations of these antiepileptic drugs were estimated and factors predicting outcome examined. Methods: All patients with IGE were identified from a computerised database and EEG records at large adult and paediatric epilepsy clinics. Data were recorded retrospectively on demographics and clinical information, seizure types and syndrome diagnosis, antiepileptic drug treatment details, and remission rates. Results: 54.3% of 962 patients had achieved a one year period of remission; this was most likely with valproate monotherapy (52.1%), with lower rates for lamotrigine and topiramate (16.7% and 34.6%, respectively). The combination of valproate and lamotrigine achieved a remission rate of 15.3%. The factor most predictive of a response to a particular antiepileptic drug regimen was the rank order in which it was given. Relapse rate was high (79.9%) after antiepileptic drug withdrawal in remission, particularly with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (93.6%). Conclusions: Valproate may be the most effective antiepileptic drug in the treatment of the IGEs. Combination therapy should be initiated if an adequate trial of valproate monotherapy is not effective, rather than switching to alternative monotherapy. Antiepileptic drug treatment needs to be lifelong in many adult patients with IGE.