Showing papers by "University of Saskatchewan published in 2009"
University of Alberta1, ExxonMobil2, University of Houston3, Louisiana State University4, Queen's University5, University of Pretoria6, University of Nebraska–Lincoln7, University of Texas at Austin8, Dalhousie University9, New Mexico State University10, University of Texas at Arlington11, University of South Carolina12, University of Toronto13, Colorado School of Mines14, Chevron Corporation15, University of Saskatchewan16, University of Fribourg17, Durham University18, Royal Dutch Shell19
TL;DR: In this paper, a model-independent framework of genetic units and bounding surfaces for sequence stratigraphy has been proposed, based on the interplay of accommodation and sedimentation (i.e., forced regressive, lowstand and highstand normal regressive), which are bounded by sequence stratigraphic surfaces.
1,255 citations
Christine G. Elsik1, Christine G. Elsik2, Christine G. Elsik3, Ross L. Tellam1 +325 more•Institutions (65)
TL;DR: To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage and provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
Abstract: To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
1,144 citations
ExxonMobil1, University of Houston2, University of Pretoria3, University of Nebraska–Lincoln4, University of Texas at Austin5, New Mexico State University6, University of Texas at Arlington7, University of South Carolina8, University of Toronto9, University of the Balearic Islands10, Chevron Corporation11, University of Saskatchewan12, University of Fribourg13, Royal Dutch Shell14
TL;DR: Catuneanu et al. as discussed by the authors used a neutral approach that focused on model-independent, fundamental concepts, because these are the ones common to various approaches and this search for common ground is what they meant by "standardization", not the imposition of a strict, inflexible set of rules for the placement of sequence-stratigraphicsurfaces.
872 citations
TL;DR: This note investigates the output feedback stabilization of networked control systems (NCSs) through the design of a two-mode-dependent controller that depends on not only the current S-C delay but also the most recent available C-A delay at the controller node.
Abstract: This note investigates the output feedback stabilization of networked control systems (NCSs). The sensor-to-controller (S-C) and controller-to-actuator (C-A) random network-induced delays are modeled as Markov chains. The focus is on the design of a two-mode-dependent controller that depends on not only the current S-C delay but also the most recent available C-A delay at the controller node. The resulting closed-loop system is transformed to a special discrete-time jump linear system. Then, the sufficient and necessary conditions for the stochastic stability are established. Further, the output feedback controller is designed via the iterative linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. Simulation examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
556 citations
TL;DR: This review has integrated recent structural and functional information to create a holistic model for the peritrophic matrix, and shows how this information may generate novel technologies for use in insect pest management.
Abstract: The peritrophic matrix (PM) is a chitin and glycoprotein layer that lines the invertebrate midgut. Although structurally different, it is functionally similar to the mucous secretions of the vertebrate digestive tract. The PM is a physical barrier, protecting the midgut epithelium from abrasive food particles, digestive enzymes, and pathogens infectious per os. It is also a biochemical barrier, sequestering and, in some cases, inactivating ingested toxins. Finally, the PM compartmentalizes digestive processes, allowing for efficient nutrient acquisition and reuse of hydrolytic enzymes. The PM consists of an organized lattice of chitin fibrils held together by chitin binding proteins. Glycans fill the interstitial spaces, creating a molecular sieve, the properties of which are dependent on the immediate ion content and pH. In this review, we have integrated recent structural and functional information to create a holistic model for the PM. We also show how this information may generate novel technologies for use in insect pest management.
514 citations
TL;DR: These studies demonstrate that active school commuters tend to be more physically active overall than passive commuters, and evidence for the impact of AST in promoting healthy body weights for children and youth is not compelling.
511 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that use of the Numerical Rating Scale is tentatively supported for clinical practice with children of 8 years and older, and recommended further research on the lower age limit and on standardized age‐appropriate anchors and instructions for this scale.
Abstract: Despite wide usage of the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for self-report of pain intensity in clinical practice with children and adolescents, validation data are lacking. We present here three datasets from studies in which the NRS was used together with another self-report scale. Study A compared post-operative pain ratings on the NRS with scores on the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) in 69 children age 7–17 years who had undergone a variety of surgical procedures. Study B compared post-operative pain ratings on the NRS with scores on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in 29 children age 9–17 years who had undergone pectus excavatum repair. Study C compared ratings of remembered immunization pain in 236 children who comprised an NRS group and a sex- and age-matched VAS group. Correlations of the NRS with the FPS-R and VAS were r = 0.87 and 0.89 in Studies A and B, respectively. In Study C, the distributions of scores on the NRS and VAS were very similar except that scores closest to the no pain anchor were more likely to be selected on the VAS than the NRS. The NRS can be considered functionally equivalent to the VAS and FPS-R except for very mild pain (<1/10). We conclude that use of the NRS is tentatively supported for clinical practice with children of 8 years and older, and we recommend further research on the lower age limit and on standardized age-appropriate anchors and instructions for this scale.
489 citations
TL;DR: Evaluated miRNAs involved in major histologic types of esophageal carcinoma and uncover significant associations with prognosis were independent of tumor stage or nodal status, cohort type, and chemoradiation therapy.
Abstract: Purpose: The dismal outcome of esophageal cancer patients highlights the need for novel prognostic biomarkers, such as microRNAs (miRNA). Although recent studies have established the role of miRNAs in esophageal carcinoma, a comprehensive multicenter study investigating different histologic types, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma with or without Barrett9s, is still lacking. Experimental Design: miRNA expression was measured in cancerous and adjacent noncancerous tissue pairs collected from 100 adenocarcinoma and 70 SCC patients enrolled at four clinical centers from the United States, Canada, and Japan. Microarray-based expression was measured in a subset of samples in two cohorts and was validated in all available samples. Results: In adenocarcinoma patients, miR-21, miR-223, miR-192, and miR-194 expression was elevated, whereas miR-203 expression was reduced in cancerous compared with noncancerous tissue. In SCC patients, we found elevated miR-21 and reduced miR-375 expression levels in cancerous compared with noncancerous tissue. When comparing cancerous tissue expression between adenocarcinoma and SCC patients, miR-194 and miR-375 were elevated in adenocarcinoma patients. Significantly, elevated miR-21 expression in noncancerous tissue of SCC patients and reduced levels of miR-375 in cancerous tissue of adenocarcinoma patients with Barrett9s were strongly associated with worse prognosis. Associations with prognosis were independent of tumor stage or nodal status, cohort type, and chemoradiation therapy. Conclusions: Our multicenter-based results highlight miRNAs involved in major histologic types of esophageal carcinoma and uncover significant associations with prognosis. Elucidating miRNAs relevant to esophageal carcinogenesis is potentially clinically useful for developing prognostic biomarkers and identifying novel drug targets and therapies. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(19):6192–200)
382 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of the microbiology, biokinetics, current and potential applications of the bacteria of the sulphur cycle and the reactions which are carried out by these versatile microorganisms.
379 citations
University of Sheffield1, University of Edinburgh2, University of Saskatchewan3, University of Helsinki4, University of Washington5, Colorado State University6, Environment Canada7, University of California, Los Angeles8, University of Lisbon9, United States Forest Service10, Royal Institute of Technology11, Bridgewater State University12, University of Yamanashi13, Silver Spring Networks14, University of California, Davis15, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute16, University of Reading17, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration18, University of Colorado Boulder19, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research20, MeteoSwiss21, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich22, University of Texas at Austin23, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology24, Kyoto University25, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera26, Durham University27, Met Office28, Tohoku University29
TL;DR: In this article, three snowpack models of varying complexity and purpose were evaluated across a wide range of hydrometeorological and forest canopy conditions at five Northern Hemisphere locations, for up to three months.
Abstract: Thirty-three snowpack models of varying complexity and purpose were evaluated across a wide range of hydrometeorological and forest canopy conditions at five Northern Hemisphere locations, for up t ...
334 citations
TL;DR: DGAT2, an ER-resident transmembrane domain-containing enzyme, is also found in mitochondria-associated membranes, where its N terminus may promote its association with mitochondria.
TL;DR: In this article, a meta-analysis of the predictive accuracy of three well-known forensic instruments used to appraise risk with young offenders is presented, i.e., youth adaptations of the Level of Service Inventory and Psychopathy Checklist and the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk for Youth.
Abstract: The current investigation is a meta-analysis of the predictive accuracy of three well-known forensic instruments used to appraise risk with young offenders: youth adaptations of the Level of Service Inventory and Psychopathy Checklist and the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk for Youth. Through several avenues, 49 potentially suitable published and unpublished studies (across 44 samples representing 8,746 youth) were identified and evaluated for inclusion. Predictive accuracy for general, nonviolent, violent, and sexual recidivism was examined for the three sets of measures. Mean weighted correlations for each of the three measures were significant in the prediction of general, nonviolent, and violent recidivism, with no single instrument demonstrating superior prediction. Separate analyses of specific young offender groups further supported the predictive accuracy of youth adaptations of the Level of Service Inventory among male, female, Aboriginal, and non-Aboriginal youth. Implications regarding t...
TL;DR: The ability of mass spectrometry to analyze proteins and other biological extracts is due to the advances gained through the development of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization.
Abstract: Mass spectrometry (MS) has progressed to become a powerful analytical tool for both quantitative and qualitative applications. The first mass spectrometer was constructed in 1912 and since then it has developed from only analyzing small inorganic molecules to biological macromolecules, practically with no mass limitations. Proteomics research, in particular, increasingly depends on MS technologies. The ability of mass spectrometry analyzing proteins and other biological extracts is due to the advances gained through the development of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) that can transform biomolecules into ions. ESI can efficiently be interfaced with separation techniques enhancing its role in the life and health sciences. MALDI, however, has the advantage of producing singly charges ions of peptides and proteins, minimizing spectral complexity. Regardless of the ionization source, the sensitivity of a mass spect...
TL;DR: This article proposed a two-stage structural equation model, assuming indirect personality effects (Dark Personality, Big Five) on prejudice through ideology and group threat perceptions, which fit the data well.
TL;DR: The biomineralization of Au nanoparticles in the metallophillic bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 is the result of Au-regulated gene expression leading to the energy-dependent reductive precipitation of toxic Au(III)-complexes.
Abstract: While the role of microorganisms as main drivers of metal mobility and mineral formation under Earth surface conditions is now widely accepted, the formation of secondary gold (Au) is commonly attributed to abiotic processes Here we report that the biomineralization of Au nanoparticles in the metallophillic bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 is the result of Au-regulated gene expression leading to the energy-dependent reductive precipitation of toxic Au(III)-complexes C metallidurans, which forms biofilms on Au grains, rapidly accumulates Au(III)-complexes from solution Bulk and microbeam synchrotron X-ray analyses revealed that cellular Au accumulation is coupled to the formation of Au(I)-S complexes This process promotes Au toxicity and C metallidurans reacts by inducing oxidative stress and metal resistances gene clusters (including a Au-specific operon) to promote cellular defense As a result, Au detoxification is mediated by a combination of efflux, reduction, and possibly methylation of Au-complexes, leading to the formation of Au(I)-C-compounds and nanoparticulate Au0 Similar particles were observed in bacterial biofilms on Au grains, suggesting that bacteria actively contribute to the formation of Au grains in surface environments The recognition of specific genetic responses to Au opens the way for the development of bioexploration and bioprocessing tools
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present critical analyses of the philosophy and methodology of the current research in the psychology of acculturation, arguing that the dominant mode of research does not correspond to the essential qualities of the phenomenon under scrutiny.
TL;DR: The risk allocation hypothesis as discussed by the authors predicts that as predation risk fluctuates over time (e.g. as predators come and go), the intensity of prey vigilance and foraging should depend on both the level of risk and the proportion of time that predators are present.
TL;DR: An important role for monolignol biosynthetic genes in effective CWA formation against pathogen penetration is indicated, and possible insights into how lignin biosynthesis contributes to host defense are discussed.
Abstract: For a long time it has been believed that lignification has an important role in host defense against pathogen invasion. Recently, by using an RNAi gene-silencing assay we showed that monolignol biosynthesis plays a critical role in cell wall apposition (CWA)-mediated defense against powdery mildew fungus penetration into diploid wheat. Silencing monolignol genes led to super-susceptibility of wheat leaf tissues to an appropriate pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), and compromised penetration resistance to a non-appropriate pathogen, B. graminis f. sp. hordei. Autofluorescence of CWA regions was reduced significantly at the fungal penetration sites in silenced cells. Our work indicates an important role for monolignol biosynthetic genes in effective CWA formation against pathogen penetration. In this addendum, we show that silencing of monolignol genes also compromised penetration resistant to Bgt in a resistant wheat line. In addition, we discuss possible insights into how lignin biosynthesis contributes to host defense.
TL;DR: The literature examining CXCR1 and CX CR2 in PMN function during human and modeled diseases will be reviewed, asking whether the functional differences can be perceived based on alterations in the role PMN play in these processes.
Abstract: PMN are critical to innate immunity and are fundamental to antibacterial defense. To localize to sites of infection, PMN possess receptors that detect chemoattractant stimuli elicited at the site, such as chemokines, complement split products, or bioactive lipids. Signaling through these receptors stimulates chemotaxis toward the site of infection but also activates a number of biochemical processes, with the result that PMN kill invading bacteria. PMN possess two receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, for the N-terminal ELR motif-containing CXC chemokines, although only two chemokine members bind both receptors and the remainder binding only CXCR2. This peculiar pattern in receptor specificity has drawn considerable interest and investigation into whether signaling through each receptor might impart unique properties on the PMN. Indeed, at first glance, CXCR1 and CXCR2 appear to be functionally redundant; however, there are differences. Considering these proinflammatory activities of activating PMN through chemokine receptors, there has been great interest in the possibility that blocking CXCR1 and CXCR2 on PMN will provide a therapeutic benefit. The literature examining CXCR1 and CXCR2 in PMN function during human and modeled diseases will be reviewed, asking whether the functional differences can be perceived based on alterations in the role PMN play in these processes.
TL;DR: A review of the potential applications of edible oil organogels can be found in this article, where the authors summarize the work that has been carried out to evaluate the functionality of organogelators in food systems.
Abstract: The unique physical, functional, and nutritional properties of edible oil organogels has caught the eye of the food and pharmaceutical industries. These organogels are formed upon self-assembly of surfactant-like small molecules into crystalline fibers, sometimes hundreds of micrometers in length, which eventually lead to gelation of oil. Of particular interest is the ability of organogelator systems to structure and immobilize liquid triacylglycerols at very low concentrations (∼2%), which could be exploited for a variety of purposes in food products, from the manufacture of spreads to the solubilization, stabilization and delivery of lipid-soluble nutraceuticals. The purpose of this review is to outline the potential applications of edible oil organogels and to summarize the work that has been carried out to evaluate the functionality of organogelators in food systems.
TL;DR: Season related decreases in the immunomodulatory molecule, vitamin D, remain an unexplored factor that might contribute to the increased occurrence of ALRI in children.
Abstract: Rationale
Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) is one of the most common reasons for hospitalization and intensive care unit admission among children. Season related decreases in the immunomodulatory molecule, vitamin D, remain an unexplored factor that might contribute to the increased occurrence of ALRI in children.
Objective
To investigate a possible association between vitamin D deficiency and respiratory infection by comparing serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in a group of young children with ALRI to an age-matched group without respiratory infection.
Patients and Methods
Participants with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis or pneumonia (n = 55 or 50, respectively), as well as control subjects without respiratory symptoms (n = 92), were recruited at the Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada from November 2007 to May 2008. 25(OH)D levels were measured in patient serum using a competitive enzyme linked immunoassay.
Results
The mean vitamin D level for the entire ALRI group was not significantly different from the control group (81 ± 40 vs. 83 ± 30 nmol/L, respectively). The mean vitamin D level for the ALRI subjects admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (49 ± 24 nmol/L) was significantly lower than that observed for both control (83 ± 30 nmol/L) and ALRI subjects admitted to the general pediatrics ward (87 ± 39 nmol/L). Vitamin D deficiency remained statistically related to pediatric intensive care unit admission in the multivariate analysis.
Conclusion
No difference was observed in vitamin D levels between the entire ALRI group and control groups; however, significantly more children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with ALRI were vitamin D deficient. These findings suggest that the immunomodulatory properties of vitamin D might influence ALRI disease severity. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:981–988. ©2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that avian TLR21 plays a similar role to that of mammalian TLR9 and enables recognition of microbial DNA as a danger signal resulting in downstream innate and adaptive immune responses.
TL;DR: In this paper, subtleties of application of the classical BET isotherm for liquid phase adsorption are presented. But, it has been shown that direct application of this equation to liquid phase adaption results in poor and erroneous estimation of the equation parameters.
Abstract: In this work subtleties of application of BET isotherm for liquid phase adsorption is presented. It has been shown that direct use of the classical BET equation (which was developed for gas phase adsorption) to liquid phase adsorption leads to ambiguous and erroneous results. Some cases of misuse of BET equation for liquid phase adsorption have been revisited. By close examination of the development of the classical equation, the causes of misunderstandings were elucidated and the suitable form of the BET equation for liquid phase adsorption was developed. As case studies, the classical form of the BET equation along with the correct form of the equation for liquid phase have been applied for modeling liquid phase adsorption of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) on perfluorooctyl alumina, phenol on activated carbon and pentachlorophenol on carbonized bark. It has been shown that direct application of the classical BET isotherm to liquid phase adsorption results in poor and erroneous estimation of the equation parameters. For example, in aqueous phase adsorption of MTBE on perfluorooctyl alumina, the monolayer adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was calculated as 9.7 mg/g instead of 3.3 mg/g or the saturation concentration of MTBE in water was calculated as 1212 mg/L instead of 42000 mg/L.
TL;DR: Pooled analyses demonstrated that pulses, alone or in low-GI or high-fibre diets, improve markers of longer term glycaemic control in humans, with the extent of the improvements subject to significant inter-study heterogeneity.
Abstract: Aims/hypothesis
Dietary non-oil-seed pulses (chickpeas, beans, peas, lentils, etc.) are a good source of slowly digestible carbohydrate, fibre and vegetable protein and a valuable means of lowering the glycaemic-index (GI) of the diet. To assess the evidence that dietary pulses may benefit glycaemic control, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled experimental trials investigating the effect of pulses, alone or as part of low-GI or high-fibre diets, on markers of glycaemic control in people with and without diabetes.
TL;DR: The three subtypes of Parkinson disease have different courses which are concordant with the differences in brain biochemical abnormalities, and the course was most favorable in TD, followed by MX and AR subgroups.
Abstract: Background: Individual variations in the course of Lewy body Parkinson disease (PD) are well known. Patients have been classified into different clinical subtypes to identify differences in the course among the subgroups. Several studies indicate that the outcome is more favorable in tremor dominant (TD) cases but others report no difference. A majority of progression studies are based on cross-sectional single point data or short-term clinical observations. The lack of longitudinally followed autopsy-confirmed PD cohort remains a major weakness in the literature. Biochemical studies of brain indicate most pronounced abnormalities in akinetic/rigid (AR) and the least in TD cases. We postulate that PD course in these subtypes is concordant with the biochemical findings. Objective: To compare the course in TD, mixed (MX), and AR subtypes of PD. Methods: Longitudinal clinical follow-up and autopsy studies were performed on 166 patients with PD over 39 years (1968–2006). Patients were classified into TD, AR, and MX based on the entire clinical course. Only the pathologically confirmed PD cases were included. Results: Sixty-six percent of cases had MX, 26% AR, and 8% TD profile. The age at onset was younger ( p p = 0.016) in the TD cases. Dementia was most common in AR ( p = 0.039) and the least common in TD. In general, the course was most favorable in TD, followed by MX and AR subgroups. Conclusion: The three subtypes of Parkinson disease have different courses which are concordant with the differences in brain biochemical abnormalities.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simulation technique that can consider wind farm and energy storage operating strategies is presented, and the system impacts of energy storage capacity and operating constraints, wind energy dispatch restrictions, wind penetration level and wind farm location on the reliability benefits from energy storage are illustrated.
Abstract: Global environmental concerns associated with conventional energy generation have led to the rapid growth of wind energy in power systems. Many jurisdictions around the world have set high wind penetration targets in their energy generation mix. Wind speed is variable in nature, and power output from a wind farm is not readily controllable. High wind penetration can lead to high-risk levels in power system reliability and stability. In order to maintain the system stability, wind energy dispatch is usually restricted and energy storage is considered to smooth out the fluctuations and improve supply continuity. The benefits from using energy storage are highly dependent on the operating strategies associated with wind and storage in the power system. A simulation technique that can consider wind farm and energy storage operating strategies is presented. Different operating strategies are compared and the resulting benefits are evaluated. The system impacts of energy storage capacity and operating constraints, wind energy dispatch restrictions, wind penetration level and wind farm location on the reliability benefits from energy storage are illustrated.
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of moisture content on four pharmaceutical powders (an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), Aspartame, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), and Respitose ML001) has been investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the specific energy required to extrude the compact was measured; this will closely emulate the specific energies required to overcome the friction between the ground straw and die, as opposed to the process that occurs in a commercial operation where compacts are formed due to back-pressure effect in the die.
TL;DR: The role of monolignol biosynthesis in CWA-mediated defence against powdery mildew penetration into cereals is demonstrated here using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing and enzyme-specific inhibitors and fluorescence emission spectra analyses revealed that genesilencing hampered host autofluorescence response at fungal contact sites.
Abstract: Cell wall apposition (CWA) formation is one of the first lines of defence used by plants to halt invading fungi such as powdery mildew. Lignin is a complex polymer of hydroxylated and methoxylated phenylpropane units (monolignols) and lignification renders the cell wall more resistant to pathogen attack. The role of monolignol biosynthesis in CWA-mediated defence against powdery mildew penetration into cereals is demonstrated here using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing and enzyme-specific inhibitors. Thirteen cDNAs representing eight genes involved in monolignol biosynthesis were cloned from an expression sequence tag (EST) library derived from the epidermis of diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum) infected with Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt). Differential expression patterns were found for these genes in susceptible and resistant plants after infection. Transcripts of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (CAOMT), ferulic acid hydroxylase (FAH), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAMT), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) were accumulated, particularly in the epidermis. RNAi-mediated transient gene silencing in the epidermis led to a higher penetration efficiency of Bgt than in the controls. Gene silencing also compromised penetration resistance to varying degrees with different genes against an inappropriate pathogen, B. graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). Co-silencing led to greater penetration of Bgt or Bgh than when the genes were silenced separately. Fluorescence emission spectra analyses revealed that gene silencing hampered host autofluorescence response at fungal contact sites. These results illustrate that monolignol biosynthesis is critically important for host defence against both appropriate and inappropriate pathogen invasion in wheat.