Showing papers by "University of South Carolina published in 1977"

The Production and Application of New Industrial Technology

Abstract: This article presents a review of the book “The Production and Application of New Industrial Technology,” by Edwin Mansfield, John Rapoport, Anthony Romeo, Edmund Villani, Samuel Wagner and Frank Husic.

A case for bacterial dormancy in aquatic systems

Abstract: A perusal of the history of science reveals that periods of rapid advancement have come in response to two important fo r ce s i n t ens ive rivalries, ei ther personal or national, and controvers ia l concepts . Progress is rapid when experiments are designed to test the accuracy of a working hypothes is ; fur thermore , work is usually much more vigorous when the supposi t ion is controvers ia l (32). The hypothesis outlined in this communica t ion is controversial . Thus, disagreement is expec ted and welcomed since in the words of Eugene Odum (32), " d i s a g r e e m e n t . . . is certain not only to generate useful knowledge but (also) to p romote the art and science of both the exper imental and analytical app roaches .

Isolation of spontaneously derived mutants of Caulobacter crescentus.

Abstract: Caulobacter crescentus has a penicillinase which precludes the use of penicillin for mutant enrichment. However, two other antibiotics, fosfomycin and D-cycloserine, can be used to enrich for C. crescentus mutants. In enrichment procedures for C. crescentus auxotrophs, spontaneously derived mutants occur at a frequency of 5–10% among the survivors of an enrichment procedure. Consequently, large numbers of mutants are readily obtained without any need for mutagenesis. These mutants are heterogeneous both with regard to the type of mutation and to the nutritional requirement. A similar procedure has been used to isolate temperature-sensitive mutants.

Nature, origin and classification of peritidal tepee structures and related breccias

Abstract: Distinctive peritidal tepee antiform structures, buckled margins of saucer-like megapolygons are common in marine vadose fenestral and pisolitic limestones and/or dolomites of carbonate platform sequences and occur in intertidal and supratidal carbonates ranging in age from Silurian to Holocene. These megapolygons commonly form and are sometimes truncated before the deposition of the next sedimentary layer. The megapolygons result from the expansion of surface sediments by as much as 15%. The expansion is caused by the following continuously repeated sequence of processes: (1) Desiccation and thermal contraction causing small fractures; (2) phases of wetting causing enlargement of fractures; (3) phases of crystallization of calcium carbonate and other minerals causing the enlargement, fill and cementation of the fractures. Precipitation is from brines and meteoric waters; (4) hydration of minerals, thermal expansion, breaking waves and faulting may add to this disruption. The development of the tepee fabric can be traced from an initially cemented subaerial fenestral crust, exhibiting expansion and compressional structures, to a completely disrupted and brecciated sediment riddled by a labyrinth of fractures and solution cavities. These spaces are filled by numerous phases of internal marine and fresh-water cement and sediment, the latter containing penecontemporaneous or younger marine faunas. Peritidal tepees are useful tools for geologic reconstruction and provide evidence of subaerial exposure; a tropical to subtropical climate; and back-beach or back-barrier deposition. Proper identification of tepees is of economic importance, because they provide good early porosity and permeability for petroleum entrapment and a site for mineralization. Aesthetically, tepee rocks are a fine kaleidoscopic decorative stone.

Electrolytes of isolated epiphyseal chondrocytes, matrix vesicles, and extracellular fluid

Abstract: Chondrocyte, matrix vesicle, and membrane fractions, as well as interstitial fluid samples from the proliferating and hypertrophic zones of chicken epiphyseal cartilage were analyzed for electrolyte content. Intracellular Ca levels were 1.4–2.1 mM, over 90% of which was nondiffusible. Isolated hypertrophic chondrocytes had higher intracellular Na and lower K than proliferating cells. Matrix vesicles contained 25 to 50 times higher concentrations of Ca than the adjacent cells. Vesicles from the zone of hypertrophy contained twice as much Ca as did those from the proliferating area. Ca/P1 molar ratios of matrix vesicles were much higher than those of cells or of later mineral deposits. These findings indicate that Ca is concentrated in matrix vesicles during formation, but acuumulation of Ca and P1 must continue in the matrix. X-ray diffraction of freeze-dried vesicle and membrane fractions failed to detect crystalline apatite, suggesting that crystals seen in electron micrographs of matrix vesicles may be artifacts. Interstitial fluid expressed from epiphyseal cartilage was higher in K, Pi, Mg and nucleotides, and lower in Na and Cl, than blood plasma. Fluid from the hypertrophic zone was higher in K and nucleotides, but not Pi or Mg, than that from the proliferating layer. These data suggest that selective leakage or extrusion of these constituents, which are normally intracellular, must occur, especially in the hypertrophic zone. More of the Ca and Mg, and less of the Pi, was protein-bound in cartilage fluid than in blood plasma. There was more binding of the divalent cations in fluid from proliferating than from hypertrophic cartilage. The presence of greater amounts of ultrafilterable peptides in fluid from hypertrophic than from proliferating cartilage or blood plasma, suggests that proteolytic activity may release bound divalent cations during mineralization.

Partition of inorganic ions and phospholipids in isolated cell, membrane and matrix vesicle fractions: evidence for Ca-Pi-acidic phospholipid complexes.

Abstract: Electrolytes and phospholipids of cartilage fractions were partitioned by extraction with organic and aqueous solvents into six solubility groups: Electrolytes I, II and III, and Lipids I, II and III. Of the total Ca, only 4% was water soluble (Electrolytes I); 4-12% was complexed with lipids (Electrolytes II); while the majority (84-92%) was insoluble (Electrolytes III). In contrast, nearly half of the Mg and Pi were water soluble. Of the neutral phospholipid, 95% was not complexed with mineral ions (Lipids I), but 30-45% of the acidic phospholipid was (Lipids II). Ca/Pi ratios were extremely low in the water-soluble phase, but were in the range of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) in the insoluble. Molar ratios of the lipid-mineral complex were: Ca:Mg:Pi:acidic phospholipid, 4:3:2:2. Mg/Ca ratios in the soluble fraction were high (5.5-8.9), sufficient to stabilize ACP. Kinetic studies revealed rapid turnover of soluble Ca, insoluble turning over much more slowly. Labeling of lipid-complexed Ca was rapid in cells, but occurred later in matrix vesicles, suggesting transfer. While lipid-Ca-Pi complexes can nucleate apatite in vitro, those present in vivo inside matrix vesicles apparently do not because of the excess Mg. We conclude therefore, that in vesicle-mediated calcification, lysis of the membrane may be essential to allow release of internal Mg.

A Class of Designs for Sequential Clinical Trials

Abstract: In a situation comparing the effectiveness of two clinical treatments, eligible subjects come to an experimental site sequentially and must be treated at once. In order to reduce different kinds of experimental bias and also increase the precision of inferences about treatment effects, a class of designs which offers a compromise between perfect balance and complete randomization is proposed and analyzed in this article. These new designs have the desirable property of forcing a small-sized experiment to be balanced while tending toward a complete randomization scheme as the size of the experiment increases.

Generalized Transduction in CAULOBACTER CRESCENTUS

Abstract: Two closely related bacteriophage, varphiCr30 and varphiCr35, are the first bacteriophage shown to mediate generalized transduction in Caulobacter crescentus. Unlike most other transducing phage, they are virulent and do not form any sort of lysogenic relationship with their host. However, they are rather inefficient at adsorption, so that transductants have a good chance of survival. The phage particles have a head 80 nm in diameter and a contractile tail 140 nm in length. Procedures for growth and transduction with varphiCr30 are relatively simple; thus, it will be of great value for the genetic analysis of C. crescentus.

Network Characteristics in Suburbanizing Streams

Abstract: Analysis of hydrologic, geomorphic, and suburbanization data from a small instrumented drainage basin near Iowa City, Iowa, indicates that channel networks are radically altered when suburban development overtakes a drainage basin. Changes in channel networks are such that the network becomes much more efficient in collecting water quickly, so that lag time and kurtosis of storm hydrographs are altered to produce the familiar flash floods of urban areas. The data show that network changes are closely associated with lag time and kurtosis of storm hydrographs and suggest that corrective measures should be concentrated on the internal links of the network. Changes in characteristics of channel networks should be considered in addition to changes in areas of impervious surfaces when the hydrologic impact of suburbanization is assessed.

Analysis of torsional spectra of molecules with two internal C3v rotors. II - Far infrared and low frequency Raman spectra of dimethylether isotopes

Abstract: The torsional far infrared and Raman spectra of gaseous CH3OCH3, CD3OCH3, and CD3OCD3 are presented. They are analyzed using a computer program which is based on the results of an extensive investigation of the isometric groups and of the symmetry groups of the rotation–internal rotation Hamiltonians of a series of semirigid two‐top models. Four or more Fourier coefficients of the potential functions in two variables could be determined for each isotope. Strong evidence was found for Fermi‐resonance‐type interactions with the COC bending mode.

Quantitative estimates of the meiofauna from the deep sea off North Carolina, USA

Abstract: In 1974 the authors collected, sorted and enumerated meiofauna from 400, 800 and 4000 m off North Carolina, USA. Samples were replicated respectively with 4 boxcores and 21 subsamples, 2 boxcores and 7 subsamples and 2 boxcores and 8 subsamples. Total meiofaunal numbers were highest in fine silt sediment at 800 m (\(\bar x\)=891.9 10 cm−2) and lowest in very fine silt at 4000 m (\(\bar x\)=73.5 10 cm−2). Fine sand at 400 m yielded a mean of 442.4 10 cm−2. At all depths, most fauna were located in the upper 3 cm of sediment (\(\bar x\) depth distribution=2.2 cm), and typically only nematodes and foraminiferans were found below 4 cm. Total community abundances significantly differed with depth; however, there were no differences among replicate boxcores at particular depths. Since most (85.7%) of the variance was associated with subsamples from a boxcore, it appears that meiofauna densities are homomeneous within large areas at particular depths, and that patchiness is a smallscale phenomenon at the level of the 10 cm2 subsampler. Comparisons of sorting efficiencies of live and preserved samples indicated that to accurately enumerate formainiferans, samples must first be fixed and stained, while turbellarians and oligochaetes must be sorted live.

The determination of the potential function governing the low frequency bending mode of disiloxane

Abstract: The Raman spectra (10–3500 cm−1) of gaseous and solid disiloxane and disiloxane‐d6 have been recorded. The infrared spectra of the gas from 4000 to 30 cm−1 and of the solid from 4000 to 450 cm−1 have been investigated. An examination of the low frequency Raman spectrum of the gas under moderately high resolution conditions (1.0 cm−1) revealed a Q‐branch series for each molecule attributable to the double jumps of the anharmonic, low‐frequency skeletal bending mode. The observed Q‐branches were assigned with the help of a potential function of the form V (cm−1) =1.07±0.02 q4−21.9±0.3 q2 for the ’light’ compound and V (cm−1) =0.973±0.015 q2−19.2±0.4 q4 for the deuterated compound, where q is one of the reduced polar coordinates q and φ. These functions lead to barriers to linearity of 112±5 and 95±5 cm−1, with the ground state energy levels at 42.6 and 37.8 cm−1, respectively. Transformation of the potential functions to dimensioned form by using the reduced masses for the bending vibration gives an average...

New geochronologic and palaeomagnetic data for the hominid-bearing Hadar Formation of Ethiopia

Abstract: A 26 Myr K/Ar age has been derived for a primary unreworked tuff high in the hominid-bearing Hadar Formation (Kada Hadar Member), stratigraphically above all the important fossil finds A 26 Myr fission track age has been derived on zircons from this tuff New K/Ar results on the Kadada Moumou basalt (Sidi Hakoma Member) suggest a 30 Myr age Preliminary interpretation of a detailed continuous palaeomagnetic section through the formation indicates the existence of persistent normal and reversed sequences With the radiometric age control this magnetic sequence appears to correlate with the Gauss Epoch These initial results imply the fossil-rich Hadar Formation spans from somewhat older than 31 Myr to somewhat younger than 26 Myr

A Multistage Decision Model for Salesforce Management

Abstract: Salesforce decisions consist of a series of interrelated processes including (1) determining the role of personal selling in the organization, (2) allocating selling effort to customers, geographic...

Compliance with an Interview Request: A Foot-in-the-Door, Self-Perception Interpretation:

Abstract: The foot-in-the-door technique, derived from a social-psychological concept which suggests that compliance with a relatively large request is significantly more likely to occur if preceded by compl...

Thiohemiacetal formation by inhibitory aldehydes at the active site of papain.

Abstract: Papain is strongly inhibited by aldehydes resembling carboxylic acids, released by hydrolysis of specific substrates (Westerik, J. O'C., and Wolfenden, R. (1972), J. Biol. Chem. 247, 8195-8197). Inhibitory complexes might involve binding of the aldehyde intact or as a covalent hydrate, or the aldehyde might undergo covalent addition of an active site sulfhydryl group to form a thiohemiacetal derivative. In an attempt to distinguish between these possibilities, benzamidoacetaldehyde-1-d has been synthesized, and its properties compared with those of the undeuterated inhibitor. After correction for differences in hydration, the observed effect on inhibition is found to be compatible with formation of a thiohemiacetal. In keeping with this conclusion, benzamidoethanol (a partial analogue of the covalent hydrate) and benzamide, N-methylbenzamide and N-ethylbenzamide (somewhat similar to the free aldehyde in size and hydrophobic character) are found to exhibit negligible affinity for the active site.

The Biology of the Stout Razor Clam Tagelus plebeius: I. Animal-Sediment Relationships, Feeding Mechanism, and Community Biology'

Abstract: Six intertidal populations ofTagelus plebeius, the stout razor clam, and associated macroinvertebrates were sampled in the North Inlet estuary, near Georgetown, South Carolina.T. plebeius inhabited only stable sediments composed of greater than 2.0 % silts and clays and which were covered by a visible surface film of benthic microalgae. Gut contents, gill morphology, and behavior all indicated that this clam functioned as a suspension feeder obtaining its nutrition by filtering suspended particles from the water column. Maintenance of the siphon tubes and burrows was important to the survival of this organism.T. plebeius was quantitatively an important member of the infuana within its habitat, composing 93.0% of the biomass, but only 3.2% of the total number of individuals. Sediment stability, in addition to affecting the distribution ofT. plebeius, also had a significant role in determining the structure of invertebrate communities inhabiting the intertidal sandbars sampled. The stable muddy-sand sediments of lagoon areas supported a more diverse faunal assemblage than did the less stable sandy sediments of fringe areas of the same sandbar.

A comparison of next-fit, first-fit, and best-fit

Abstract: “Next-fit” allocation differs from first-fit in that a first-fit allocator commences its search for free space at a fixed end of memory, whereas a next-fit allocator commences its search wherever it previously stopped searching. This strategy is called “modified first-fit” by Shore [2] and is significantly faster than the first-fit allocator. To evaluate the relative efficiency of next-fit (as well as to confirm Shore's results) a simulation was written in Basic Plus on the PDP-11, using doubly linked lists to emulate the memory structure of the simulated computer. The simulation was designed to perform essentially in the manner described in [2]. The results of the simulation of the three methods show that the efficiency of next-fit is decidedly inferior to first-fit and best-fit when the mean size of the block requested is less than about 1/16 the total memory available. Beyond this point all three allocation schemes have similar efficiencies.

Frontalis EMG response to stress in subjects with frequent muscle-contraction headaches.

Abstract: SYNOPSIS Frontalis electromyogram (EMG) activity was monitored in ten subjects with a high frequency of muscle contraction headaches, and ten subjects with low frequency of muscle contraction headaches at rest, during stressful mental artithmetic and after stress. The frontalis EMG activity of the high-frequency headache group was significantly greater than that of the low-frequency headache group in the pre-stress condition. Significant increases in EMG activity from pre-stress to stress were found in the low-frequency headache group but not the high-frequency headache group. Significant correlations were found between perceived level of relaxation and EMG in the low-frequency headache group, but not for the high frequency headache group.

Antiproteolytic aldehydes and ketones: Substituent and secondary deuterium isotope effects on equilibrium addition of water and other nucleophiles

Abstract: Equilibrium constants for hydration of ketones, in dilute D2O solution at 34 degrees C, observed by proton magnetic resonance under conditions of slow exchange, were acetone 0.002, chloroacetone 0.08, 1,3-dichloroacetone 4.17, bromoacetone 0.07, and 1,3-dibromoacetone (an inhibitor of papain) 1.85. Neither acetamidoacetone nor N,N-diacetylaminoacetone showed evidence of appreciable hydration in dilute aqueous solution, nor was any hydrate detectable in solutions of tosylglycine chloromethyl ketone. Substitution of acetaldehyde with acylamido substituents, as in several potent reversible inhibitors of papain, was found to enhance its equilibrium constant for covalent hydration by an order of magnitude; these inhibitors are about 90% hydrated in dilute aqueous solution, and their affinity for proteases may have been underestimated accordingly. The effects of deuterium substitution at C-1 of acetaldehyde, on equilibrium addition of oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles, are substantial and vary with the nature of the nucleophile. These isotope effects may be useful as a mean of distinguishing between alternative structures of complexes formed between enzymes and aldehydes.

Significance of ATP, carbon, and caloric content of meiobenthic nematodes in partitioning benthic biomass

Abstract: Benthic, free-living marine nematodes from two stations, one subtidal, one intertidal, in the North Inlet Estuary, South Carolina, USA, have been characterized by measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), carbon, caloric content, and ash-free dry weight Two methods of extracting the organisms from the sediment were used Resulting carbon to ATP ratios and population density data from ongoing North Inlet meiofauna studies show that the nematodes account for 011 to 633 μg ATP per g dry weight of sediment, varying seasonally The percentage of nematode ATP/g sediment is higher in the winter and lowest in the summer, and accounts for 68% to over 90% of the total sediment ATP The findings of this study indicate that meiofauna, particularly nematodes, can no longer be overlooked as a separate entity in attempts to partition benthic systems

A thrust plate of ophiolitic rocks in the Preston Peak area, Klamath Mountains, California

Abstract: In the Preston Peak area, Klamath Mountains, California, a regional thrust fault separates metasedimentary rocks of the Late Jurassic Galice Formation from an overlying plate of older ophiolitic rocks. The ophiolite consists of a basal sheet of ultramafic tectonite overlain and intruded by a heterogeneous mafic complex that in turn is overlain by metabasaltic and metasedimentary rocks. Field relations indicate that the ophiolite is polygenetic, with a major temporal hiatus separating the tectonitic ultramafic rocks and the associated mafic rocks. Mineral assemblages and textures in the ultramafic rocks suggest high-temperature recrystallization and penetrative deformation. In contrast, diabase and diabase breccia, the most abundant constituents of the mafic complex, are nonschistose rocks metamorphosed to lower greenschist facies. Contacts between ultramafic rocks and rocks of the mafic complex are fault contacts, intrusive contacts, or both. Mafic rocks occur in the ultramafic rocks as diabase dikes with chilled margins and as tectonic inclusions. Piecemeal growth of the ophiolite is also indicated by minor features: scarce jackstraw-textured talc-olivine rocks in tectonitic peridotite, cognate xenoliths of gabbro and olivine clinopyroxenite in diabase, and scattered dikes of intermediate composition in both ultramafic and mafic rocks. Field aspects of the ophiolite appear more compatible with a primitive island-arc setting than with a spreading oceanic ridge or marginal-basin model. The temporal relations between the ultramafic and mafic rocks, the presence of pyroclastic breccias, and the character of associated epiclastic rocks support this hypothesis. On the basis of this interpretation, the tectonic history of this segment of the Klamath Mountains during late Paleozoic to Jurassic time was dominated by island-arc genesis and westward extensional rifting. The ultimate collapse of this system occurred during the Late Jurassic (Nevadan orogeny) when the Galice Formation (Jurassic island arc and associated sedimentary basin) was thrust beneath the Preston Peak ophiolite, a Permian-Triassic remnant arc.

Eastern Piedmont fault system: Speculations on its extent

Abstract: Geologic mapping, interpretation, and field checking of recent aeromagnetic data suggest the existence of a closely associated series of faults and splays extending from Alabama to Virginia, herein termed the Eastern Piedmont fault system. Characteristic magnetic anomalies were found to be associated with known faults and were used to trace them through covered intervals. The fault system extends northeastward from the Goat Rock fault of Alabama and west-central Georgia, crossing the lower Piedmont of South Carolina, passes beneath a segment of the Coastal Plains in the Carolinas, and then flanks the Raleigh belt in North Carolina and continues into Virginia. From east-central Georgia to Virginia, cataclastic rocks along the faults of the system are bounded to the northwest and southeast by rocks of the Carolina slate belt, forming perhaps the most extensive fault system in eastern North America. Its movement history is similar to that of the Brevard fault: an early ductile mylonitic phase, followed by periods of brittle deformation. We interpret the fault system to have been initiated during collapse of the late Precambrian–early Paleozoic Carolina slate belt island arc. The Paleozoic continental suture probably lies farther east, buried beneath the Coastal Plain.

The effects of parasitism on energy flow through laboratory shrimp populations

Abstract: I quantified the effects of parasitism by the isopod Probopyrus pandalicola on energy flow through the host Palaemonetes pugio by comparing secondary production, metabolism, ingestion, and egestion by unparasitized laboratory shrimp populations to the same parameters for parasitized groups during 10 months. The effects of parasitism on host growth and metabolism vary from month to month. Temperature, season, host age, sex, and reproductive condition affect energetics for host-parasite systems. Probopyrus pandalicola has little effect on host assimilation efficiency. However, tissue growth efficiences during most study months were higher for control shrimp than parasitized shrimp. These differences between groups were of lesser magnitude when parasite production was considered in the calculations. Trophic level energy intake efficiency for parasites was of the order of 6 to 10% throughout much of the study—the highest values were calculated during the parasites' reproductive months. Through parasitic castration, P. pandalicola significantly affects host energetics. Significantly, parasite reproduction was often of the same magnitude as reproduction by unparasitized hosts, although parasite biomass accounts for only about 4% of the total host-parasite system biomass.