Showing papers by "University of South Carolina published in 1996"
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2,160 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors conceptualized the emotional labor construct in terms of four dimensions: frequency of appropriate emotional display, attentiveness to required display rules, variety of emotions to be displayed, and emotional dissonance generated by having to express organizationally desired emotions not genuinely felt.
Abstract: This article conceptualizes the emotional labor construct in terms of four dimensions: frequency of appropriate emotional display, attentiveness to required display rules, variety of emotions to be displayed, and emotional dissonance generated by having to express organizationally desired emotions not genuinely felt. Through this framework, the article then presents a series of propositions about the organizational-, job-, and individual-level characteristics that are antecedents of each of these four dimensions. Frequency of emotional display, attentiveness to display rules, variety of emotions to be displayed, and emotional dissonance are hypothesized to lead to greater emotional exhaustion, but only emotional dissonance is hypothesized to lead to lower job satisfaction. Implications for future theory development and empirical research on emotional labor are discussed as well.
2,139 citations
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TL;DR: For over 50 years, hazards researchers have focused on a series of fundamental questions: What is the human occupancy of hazard zones? How do people and societies respond to environmental hazards and whatfactors influence their choice of adjustments?.
Abstract: For over 50 years, hazards researchers have focused on a series of fundamental
questions:• What is the human occupancy of hazard zones?
• How do people and societies respond to environmental hazards and whatfactors influence their choice of adjustments?
• How do you mitigate the risk and impact of environmental hazards?
1,967 citations
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TL;DR: Low fitness is an important precursor of mortality and the protective effect of fitness held for smokers and nonsmokers, those with and without elevated cholesterol levels or elevated blood pressure, and unhealthy and healthy persons.
Abstract: Objective. —To quantify the relation of cardiorespiratory fitness to cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and to all-cause mortality within strata of other personal characteristics that predispose to early mortality. Design. —Observational cohort study. We calculated CVD and all-cause death rates for low (least fit 20%), moderate (next 40%), and high (most fit 40%) fitness categories by strata of smoking habit, cholesterol level, blood pressure, and health status. Setting. —Preventive medicine clinic. Study Participants. —Participants were 25 341 men and 7080 women who completed preventive medical examinations, including a maximal exercise test. Main Outcome Measures. —Cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Results. —There were 601 deaths during 211 996 man-years of follow-up, and 89 deaths during 52 982 woman-years of follow-up. Independent predictors of mortality among men, with adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls), were low fitness (RR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.28-1.82), smoking (RR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.39-1.97), abnormal electrocardiogram (RR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.34-2.01), chronic illness (RR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.37-1.95), increased cholesterol level (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.13-1.59), and elevated systolic blood pressure (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.13-1.59). The only statistically significant independent predictors of mortality in women were low fitness (RR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.36-3.21) and smoking (RR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.25-3.17). Inverse gradients were seen for mortality across fitness categories within strata of other mortality predictors for both sexes. Fit persons with any combination of smoking, elevated blood pressure, or elevated cholesterol level had lower adjusted death rates than low-fit persons with none of these characteristics. Conclusions. —Low fitness is an important precursor of mortality. The protective effect of fitness held for smokers and nonsmokers, those with and without elevated cholesterol levels or elevated blood pressure, and unhealthy and healthy persons. Moderate fitness seems to protect against the influence of these other predictors on mortality. Physicians should encourage sedentary patients to become physically active and thereby reduce the risk of premature mortality.
1,751 citations
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TL;DR: The progress made in understanding the insula in the decade following an earlier review is examined and confirmation has been given to theinsula as a visceral sensory area, visceral motor area, motor association area, vestibular area, and language area.
1,685 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors inserted conjugated molecules, which were 4,4′-di(phenylene-ethynylene)benzenethiolate derivatives, formed single molecular wires that extended from the Au{111} substrate to about 7 angstroms above.
Abstract: Molecular wire candidates inserted into “nonconducting” n -dodecanethiol self-assembled monolayers on Au{111} were probed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and microwave frequency alternating current STM at high tunnel junction impedance (100 gigohms) to assess their electrical properties. The inserted conjugated molecules, which were 4,4′-di(phenylene-ethynylene)benzenethiolate derivatives, formed single molecular wires that extended from the Au{111} substrate to about 7 angstroms above and had very high conductivity as compared with that of the alkanethiolate.
1,094 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report large enrichments of 226Ra in coastal waters of the South Atlantic Bight and demonstrate that groundwater discharge is the main source of the 226Ra surplus, and conclude that the groundwater flux to these coastal waters must be about 40% of the river-water flux during the study period.
Abstract: THE flow of ground water directly into the coastal ocean has been studied previously by in situ measurements, seep meters and diffusion gradient models1. Although these techniques provide ample evidence that such flows occur, they do not provide a means of quantifying the groundwater flux on a regional scale. Here I report large enrichments of 226Ra in coastal waters of the South Atlantic Bight, and demonstrate that groundwater discharge is the main source of the 226Ra surplus. Using 226Ra data for brackish ground waters with estimates of residence times of nearshore waters, I conclude that the groundwater flux to these coastal waters must be about 40% of the river-water flux during the study period. Besides Ra, other metals, nutrients and organic compounds are expected to be enriched in brackish ground waters, so these findings require an upward revision of terrestrial fluxes of dissolved materials to these coastal waters, and perhaps a re-evaluation of such fluxes to the global ocean. These fluxes may be sensitive to hydrological factors, groundwater usage, dredging and sea-level change.
1,007 citations
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919 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the determinants of interaction between VCs and CEOs, the roles VCs assume, and VCs' perceptions of how much value they add through these roles.
880 citations
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TL;DR: This article examined the antecedents and outcomes of the internationalization of 61 new high-potential ventures in the U.S. and found that internationalization is directly related to the...
Abstract: This study examined the antecedents and outcomes of the internationalization of 61 new high-potential ventures in the U.S. The results indicate that internationalization is directly related to the ...
843 citations
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TL;DR: The results suggest that lipid peroxidation, as well as glycoxidation, may be an important source of CML in tissue proteins in vivo and that CML may be a general marker of oxidative stress and long term damage to protein in aging, atherosclerosis, and diabetes.
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TL;DR: The present study indicates that each portion of the prefrontal cortex has a distinctive projection to the amygdala, suggesting that they modulate separate prefrontal cortico-striatal-pallid circuits.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis and photophysical characterization of nanometer-size ZnS with and without Mn2+ is reported, and the results show that the presence of surface-bound Mn 2+ determines the optical properties of these nanoclusters.
Abstract: The synthesis and photophysical characterization of nanometer-size ZnS with and without Mn2+ are reported. Without Mn2+, the ZnS nanoclusters emit in the blue upon ultraviolet excitation. ZnS doped with 1−5% Mn2+ (presumably in Zn2+ sites) yields the orange emission observed for bulk Zn:Mn phosphors but with greatly reduced emissive lifetimes. ZnS with surface-bound Mn2+, in contrast, emits in the ultraviolet with even shorter lifetimes. Thus, the physical location of Mn2+ in the ZnS nanocluster determines its optical properties.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend agency theory to explain the design of compensation strategy in foreign subsidiaries competing within global industries and find that 100 subsidiaries in five countries in five continents were evaluated.
Abstract: This study extends agency theory to explain the design of compensation strategy in foreign subsidiaries competing within global industries. Results from 100 subsidiaries in five countries indicate ...
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TL;DR: Three greedy algorithms are discussed: the Pure GreedyAlgorithm, an Orthogonal Greedy Algorithm, and a Relaxed Gre greedy Algorithm.
Abstract: Estimates are given for the rate of approximation of a function by means of greedy algorithms. The estimates apply to approximation from an arbitrary dictionary of functions. Three greedy algorithms are discussed: the Pure Greedy Algorithm, an Orthogonal Greedy Algorithm, and a Relaxed Greedy Algorithm.
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TL;DR: Low physical activity was associated with cigarette smoking, marijuana use, lower fruit and vegetable consumption, greater television watching, failure to wear a seat belt, and low perception of academic performance in teenagers.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study examined the associations between physical activity and other health behaviors in a representative sample of US adolescents. METHODS: In the 1990 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 11631 high school students provided information on physical activity; diet; substance use; and other negative health behaviors. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between physical activity and other health behaviors in a subset of 2652 high-active and 1641 low-active students. RESULTS: Low activity was associated with cigarette smoking, marijuana use, lower fruit and vegetable consumption, greater television watching, failure to wear a seat belt, and low perception of academic performance. For consumption of fruit, television watching, and alcohol consumption, significant interactions were found with race/ethnicity or sex, suggesting that sociocultural factors may affect the relationships between physical activity and some health behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Low physical activity was associated with s...
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01 Dec 1996TL;DR: A brief introduction to wavelets can be found in this article, where basic smoothing techniques elementary statistical applications wavelet features and examples wavelet-based diagnostics some practical issues other applications data adaptive wavelet thresholding generalizations and extensions.
Abstract: Why wavelets? wavelets - a brief introduction basic smoothing techniques elementary statistical applications wavelet features and examples wavelet-based diagnostics some practical issues other applications data adaptive wavelet thresholding generalizations and extensions.
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01 Jan 1996TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present their research into the foundations of the theory of Polish groups and the associated orbit equivalence relations, which is a special case of locally compact groups and has been studied in many areas of mathematics.
Abstract: In this book the authors present their research into the foundations of the theory of Polish groups and the associated orbit equivalence relations. The particular case of locally compact groups has long been studied in many areas of mathematics. Non-locally compact Polish groups occur naturally as groups of symmetries in such areas as logic (especially model theory), ergodic theory, group representations, and operator algebras. Some of the topics covered here are: topological realizations of Borel measurable actions; universal actions; applications to invariant measures; actions of the infinite symmetric group in connection with model theory (logic actions); dichotomies for orbit spaces (including Silver, Glimm-Effros type dichotomies and the topological Vaught conjecture); descriptive complexity of orbit equivalence relations; definable cardinality of orbit spaces.
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TL;DR: This paper examined the impact of entrepreneurs' management of information flows in the form of feedback and influence on entrepreneur-investor relations, and used a procedural justice perspective to examine the impact.
Abstract: This research used a procedural justice perspective to examine the impact of entrepreneurs' management of information flows in the form of feedback and influence on entrepreneur-investor relations....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a model of firm risk-return relations in which risk was conceptualized in terms of downside outcomes was tested, drawing on the behavioral theory of the firm, and a set of hypothese...
Abstract: This study tested a model of firm risk-return relations in which risk was conceptualized in terms of downside outcomes. Drawing on the behavioral theory of the firm, we developed a set of hypothese...
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TL;DR: It is suggested that high working memory span subjects have more limited-capacity attentional resources available to them than low span subjects and that individual differences in working memory capacity will have implications for any task that requires controlled effortful processing.
Abstract: The causes of the positive relationship between comprehension and measures of working memory capacity remain unclear. This study tests three hypotheses for the relationship by equating the difficulty, for 48 individual subjects, of processing demands in complex working memory tasks. Even with difficulty of processing equated, the relationship between number of words recalled in the working memory measure and comprehension remained high and significant. The results favour a general capacity view. We suggest that high working memory span subjects have more limited-capacity attentional resources available to them than low span subjects and that individual differences in working memory capacity will have implications for any task that requires controlled effortful processing.
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TL;DR: It was concluded that physical activity behavior tends to track during early childhood.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether physical activity behavior tracks during early childhood. Forty-seven children (22 males, 25 females) aged 3-4 yr at the beginning of the study were followed over a 3-yr period. Heart rates were measured at least 2 and up to 4 d.yr-1 with a Quantum XL Telemetry heart rate monitor. Physical activity was quantified as the percentage of observed minutes between 3:00 and 6:00 p.m. during which heart rate was 50% or more above individual resting heart rate (PAHR-50 Index). Tracking of physical activity was analyzed using Pearson and Spearman correlations. Yearly PAHR-50 index tertiles were created and examined for percent agreement and Cohen's kappa. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to calculate the intraclass correlation coefficient across the 3 yr of the study. Spearman rank order correlations ranged from 0.57 to 0.66 (P < 0.0001). Percent agreement ranged from 49% to 62%. The intraclass R for the 3 yr was 0.81. It was concluded that physical activity behavior tends to track during early childhood.
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TL;DR: In this article, the ability of the computer-vision technique of digital-image correlation to measure full-field in-plane surface deformations at elevated temperatures was evaluated by a series of experiments.
Abstract: The ability of the computer-vision technique of digital-image correlation to measure full-field in-plane surface deformations at elevated temperatures was evaluated by a series of experiments. Samples were subjected to pure translation, free thermal expansion and uniform tensile loads. Results are presented which show that the digital-image-correlation technique remains fully capable of accurate measurement of the displacements and strains on the surface of a planar object at temperatures up to 650°C.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of different base and noble metal exchanged zeolites, as well as supported noble metals appear to be the most active catalysts for this family of reactions.
Abstract: There are several problems related to the application of currently available NO x control technologies (i.e. three-way catalysts and the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH 3 ) to lean burn diesel engines, and thus a very significant market potential exists for an improved technology in this area. As a result, the selective catalytic reduction of NO by hydrocarbons derived from on board fuel has received a lot of attention in the past five years. Different forms of base and noble metal exchanged zeolites, as well as supported noble metals appear to be the most active catalysts for this family of reactions. The available literature in this area is summarized in this review, with emphasis placed on the performance of different zeolite and supported noble metal catalysts, the effect of the various exhaust gas components and the mechanistic implications.
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TL;DR: In this article, a multidimensional conceptualization of underemployment in terms of education, work duties, field of employment, wages, and permanence of the job is presented.
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TL;DR: Pharmacological inhibition of the Maillard reaction should improve the prognosis for a broad range of age-related diseases, and the role of oxidative stress as a catalyst and the consequences of Maillard Reaction damage in tissues suggests that antioxidant therapy may also retard the progression ofAge-related pathology.
Abstract: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are formed by spontaneous chemical reactions between carbohydrates and tissue proteins. The accumulation of AGEs in long-lived proteins contributes to the age-related increase in brown colour, fluorescence and insolubilisation of lens crystallins and to the gradual crosslinking and decrease in elasticity of connective tissue collagens with age. These nonenzymatic reactions, known collectively as Maillard or browning reactions, are also implicated in the development of pathophysiology in age-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and in dialysis-related amyloidosis. Oxygen and oxidation reactions accelerates Maillard reactions in vitro, and the structurally characterised AGEs that accumulate in long-lived tissue proteins are in fact glycoxidation products, formed by sequential glycation and oxidation reactions. In addition to their immediate effects on protein structure and function, AGEs also induce oxidative stress, leading to inflammation and propagation of tissue damage. Thus, glycation of protein, formation of AGEs and resultant oxidative stress, which accelerate Maillard reactions, can initiate an autocatalytic cycle of deleterious reactions in tissues. Pharmacological inhibition of the Maillard reaction should improve the prognosis for a broad range of age-related diseases. The role of oxidative stress as a catalyst and the consequences of Maillard reaction damage in tissues suggests that antioxidant therapy may also retard the progression of age-related pathology.
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TL;DR: A PC-based, 3-D surface profile and displacement measure- ment system capable of micron-level accuracy using moderately priced off-the-shelf equipment has been developed and an improved image correlation process is developed which corrects for perspective distortions due to viewpoint dif- ferences between the two cameras.
Abstract: A PC-based, 3-D surface profile and displacement measure- ment system capable of micron-level accuracy using moderately priced off-the-shelf equipment has been developed. For use in field applica- tions, a simplified calibration process using precision grids and camera translations is developed. An improved image correlation process is de- veloped which corrects for perspective distortions due to viewpoint dif- ferences between the two cameras. The accuracy of the system was assessed experimentally and results expressed using several different error measures, including a new error measure proposed by the authors. The accuracy for both the profile and displacement measurement sys- tems was established through a series of profile and translation tests. The baseline tests confirmed that the measurement system is capable of highly accurate full-field measurements. The system was also used suc- cessfully to measure both the bending of a clamped circular plate under pressure loading and the local buckling which occurs during tension loading of a cracked plate. © 1996 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumen- tation Engineers. Subject terms: computer vision; stereo vision; digital image correlation with per- spective effects; three-dimensional displacement measurement.
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TL;DR: The construct space andevaluative context developed in this study provide a new way of conceptualizing and applying the many evaluative criteria associated with IS.
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TL;DR: This paper describes the synthetic organic phase of a project directed toward the construction of molecular scale electronic devices with a convergent synthetic route to orthogonally fused conjugated organic oligomers.
Abstract: This paper describes the synthetic organic phase of a project directed toward the construction of molecular scale electronic devices. Outlined is a convergent synthetic route to orthogonally fused conjugated organic oligomers. The final systems are to have a potentially conducting chain fused perpendicularly to a second potentially conducting chain via a σ bonded network. One of the core segments synthesized is based on a spirobithiophene moiety with a central silicon atom. It is formed by a zirconium-promoted bis(bicyclization) of a tetrapropargylsilane. The second core is a 9,9‘-spirobifluorene system. Terminal halide groups provide the linkage points for further extension of the chains via Pd-catalyzed or Pd/Cu-catalyzed cross coupling methods. All four branching arms are affixed to the core in a single operation, thus making the syntheses highly convergent. In the cases of the larger functionalized systems, alkyl substituents on the thiophenes afford soluble materials. In order to prepare the molecule...