Showing papers by "University of South Carolina published in 1998"
TL;DR: This article examined the antecedents of managerial trustworthy behavior and the challenge of initiating trust, and presented an exchange relationship framework that identifies organizational, relational, and individual factors that encourage or constrain managerial trustworthy behaviour.
Abstract: In many approaches to interpersonal and organizational trust, researchers focus on employees' perceptions that their managers are trustworthy. We turn the tables, however, and examine the antecedents of managerial trustworthy behavior and the challenge of initiating trust. Drawing on agency and social exchange theories, we present an exchange relationship framework that identifies organizational, relational, and individual factors that encourage or constrain managerial trustworthy behavior.
1,865 citations
TL;DR: It has become evident that many maternal effects have been shaped by the action of natural selection to act as a mechanism for adaptive phenotypic response to environmental heterogeneity, and maternal experience is translated into variation in offspring fitness.
Abstract: Recently, the adaptive significance of maternal effects has been increasingly recognized. No longer are maternal effects relegated as simple `troublesome sources of environmental resemblance' that confound our ability to estimate accurately the genetic basis of traits of interest. Rather, it has become evident that many maternal effects have been shaped by the action of natural selection to act as a mechanism for adaptive phenotypic response to environmental heterogeneity. Consequently, maternal experience is translated into variation in offspring fitness.
1,830 citations
TL;DR: There is anatomical evidence which suggests that there are important differences in the extent of convergence of cortical projections in the primate versus the nonprimate amygdala.
1,201 citations
TL;DR: The use of field-based empirical methodologies in the production and operations management (POM) area has been steadily increasing over the past several years as discussed by the authors, and one of the most prominent among these is the survey research methodology which has often been used to capture data from business organizations.
1,199 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss how values have been defined and conceptualized, and describe how they affect individuals in organizations and discuss some of the salient controversies that characterize contemporary research on values.
972 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that a viral sequence, initially identified as a mediator of synergistic viral disease, acts to suppress the establishment of both transgene-induced and virus-induced posttranscriptional gene silencing.
Abstract: Gene silencing is an important but little understood regulatory mechanism in plants. Here we report that a viral sequence, initially identified as a mediator of synergistic viral disease, acts to suppress the establishment of both transgene-induced and virus-induced posttranscriptional gene silencing. The viral suppressor of silencing comprises the 5′-proximal region of the tobacco etch potyviral genomic RNA encoding P1, helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) and a small part of P3, and is termed the P1/HC-Pro sequence. A reversal of silencing assay was used to assess the effect of the P1/HC-Pro sequence on transgenic tobacco plants (line T4) that are posttranscriptionally silenced for the uidA reporter gene. Silencing was lifted in offspring of T4 crosses with four independent transgenic lines expressing P1/HC-Pro, but not in offspring of control crosses. Viral vectors were used to assess the effect of P1/HC-Pro expression on virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). The ability of a potato virus X vector expressing green fluorescent protein to induce silencing of a green fluorescent protein transgene was eliminated or greatly reduced when P1/HC-Pro was expressed from the same vector or from coinfecting potato virus X vectors. Expression of the HC-Pro coding sequence alone was sufficient to suppress virus-induced gene silencing, and the HC-Pro protein product was required for the suppression. This discovery points to the role of gene silencing as a natural antiviral defense system in plants and offers different approaches to elucidate the molecular basis of gene silencing.
887 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the validity of the CSA activity monitor as a measure of children's physical activity using energy expenditure (EE) as a criterion measure was evaluated using three 5-min treadmill bouts at 3, 4, and 6 mph.
Abstract: Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of the CSA activity monitor as a measure of children's physical activity using energy expenditure(EE) as a criterion measure.Methods:Thirty subjects aged 10 to 14 performed three 5-min treadmill bouts at 3, 4, and 6 mph, respecti
821 citations
Book•
24 Apr 1998TL;DR: This chapter discusses the clinical Foundations of MST, nine treatment principles, Home-Based Model of Service Delivery, and Guidelines for Clinical Supervision, and the role of peer support in promoting academic and social Competence in school settings.
Abstract: Part I: Introduction. Empirical, Conceptual, and Philosophical Bases of MST. Clinical Foundations of MST: Nine Treatment Principles, Home-Based Model of Service Delivery, and Guidelines for Clinical Supervision Part II: Clinical Procedures Assessment of Family Functioning. Family Interventions. Changing Relations with Peers. Promoting Academic and Social Competence in School Settings. When and How to Conduct Individually Oriented Interventions. Family Linkages with Community Supports Part III: Outcomes and Policy. Outcomes of MST: Findings from Controlled Evaluations Epilogue: Policy Implications of the Effectiveness of MST.
797 citations
TL;DR: Although selenium shows no protective effects against the primary endpoint of squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the skin, the selenum-treated group had substantial reductions in the incidence of prostate cancer, and total cancer incidence and mortality that demand further evaluation in well-controlled prevention trials.
Abstract: Objective
To test if supplemental dietary selenium is associated with changes in the incidence of prostate cancer.
Patients and method
A total of 974 men with a history of either a basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma were randomized to either a daily supplement of 200 μg of selenium or a placebo. Patients were treated for a mean of 4.5 years and followed for a mean of 6.5 years.
Results
Selenium treatment was associated with a significant (63%) reduction in the secondary endpoint of prostate cancer incidence during 1983–93. There were 13 prostate cancer cases in the selenium-treated group and 35 cases in the placebo group (relative risk, RR=0.37, P=0.002). Restricting the analysis to the 843 patients with initially normal levels of prostate-specific antigen (≤4 ng/mL), only four cases were diagnosed in the selenium-treated group and 16 cases were diagnosed in the placebo group after a 2 year treatment lag, (RR=0.26 P=0.009). There were significant health benefits also for the other secondary endpoints of total cancer mortality, and the incidence of total, lung and colorectal cancer. There was no significant change in incidence for the primary endpoints of basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. In light of these results, the ‘blinded’ phase of this trial was stopped early.
Conclusions
Although selenium shows no protective effects against the primary endpoint of squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the skin, the selenium-treated group had substantial reductions in the incidence of prostate cancer, and total cancer incidence and mortality that demand further evaluation in well-controlled prevention trials.
657 citations
TL;DR: Increased participation in nonvigorous as well as overall and vigorous physical activity was associated with significantly higher insulin sensitivity, and these findings lend further support to current public health recommendations for increased moderate-intensity physical activity on most days.
Abstract: Context.—Exercise training is associated with improved insulin sensitivity (SI), but the potential impact of habitual, nonvigorous activity is uncertain.Objective.—To determine whether habitual, nonvigorous physical activity, as well
as vigorous and overall activity, is associated with better SI.Design.—A multicultural epidemiologic study.Setting.—The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study, conducted in Oakland,
Calif; Los Angeles, Calif; the San Luis Valley, Colo; and San Antonio, Tex.Participants.—A total of 1467 men and women of African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic
white ethnicity, aged 40 to 69 years, with glucose tolerance ranging from
normal to mild non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Main Outcome Measure.—Insulin sensitivity as measured by an intravenous glucose tolerance
test.Results.—The mean SI for individuals who participated in vigorous
activity 5 or more times per week was 1.59 min−1·µU−1·mL−1·10−4 (95%
confidence interval [CI], 1.39-1.79) compared with 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83-0.97)
for those who rarely or never participated in vigorous activity, after adjusting
for potential confounders (P<.001). When habitual
physical activity (estimated energy expenditure [EEE]) was assessed by 1-year
recall of activities, the correlation coefficient between SI and
total EEE was 0.14 (P<.001). After adjustment
for confounders, vigorous and nonvigorous levels of EEE (metabolic equivalent
levels ≥6.0 and <6.0, respectively) were each positively and independently
associated with SI (P≤.01 for each).
The association was attenuated after adjustment for the potential mediators,
body mass index (a measure of weight in kilograms divided by the square of
the height in meters), and waist-to-hip ratio. Results were similar for subgroups
of sex, ethnicity, and diabetes.Conclusions.—Increased participation in nonvigorous as well as overall and vigorous
physical activity was associated with significantly higher SI.
These findings lend further support to current public health recommendations
for increased moderate-intensity physical activity on most days.
647 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report three studies examining how negative information about a celebrity can affect the brand the celebrity endorses using an associative network model of memory as a theoretical framework, and they considered four moderating variables: the size of the association set for the brand, the size for the celebrity, the timing of the negative celebrity information, and the strength of the associative link between the brand and the celebrity.
Abstract: The use of celebrity endorsers is a popular executional device, but it is not without risk. The authors report three studies examining how negative information about a celebrity can affect the brand the celebrity endorses. Using an associative network model of memory as a theoretical framework, they considered four moderating variables: the size of the association set for the brand, the size of the association set for the celebrity, the timing of the negative celebrity information, and the strength of the associative link between the brand and the celebrity. In the first two studies, they used a fictitious but realistic celebrity endorser and in the third they used an actual celebrity. Negative information about a celebrity resulted in a decline in attitude toward the endorsed brand only for the fictitious celebrity. That general relationship was moderated in varying degrees by association set size, timing of the negative information, and the strength of the link between brand and celebrity.
University of Washington1, Michigan State University2, University of Wisconsin-Madison3, University of Paris-Sud4, TRIUMF5, Colorado School of Mines6, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill7, Duke University8, University of California, Berkeley9, University of Connecticut10, Weizmann Institute of Science11, North Carolina State University12, Louisiana State University13, Columbia University14, California Institute of Technology15, University of South Carolina16, Aarhus University17, Rikkyo University18, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign19, Yale University20, Ruhr University Bochum21, University of California, Santa Barbara22, Texas A&M University23
TL;DR: In this paper, the available information on the nuclear-fusion cross sections that are most important for solar energy generation and solar neutrino production is reviewed and analyzed, and best values for the low-energy cross-section factors and, wherever possible, estimates of the uncertainties are provided.
Abstract: We review and analyze the available information on the nuclear-fusion cross sections that are most important for solar energy generation and solar neutrino production. We provide best values for the low-energy cross-section factors and, wherever possible, estimates of the uncertainties. We also describe the most important experiments and calculations that are required in order to improve our knowledge of solar fusion rates.
TL;DR: Overexpression of glyoxalase-I completely prevented both hyperglycemia-induced AGE formation and increased macromolecular endocytosis.
Abstract: Methylglyoxal (MG), a dicarbonyl compound produced by the fragmentation of triose phosphates, forms advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in vitro. Glyoxalase-I catalyzes the conversion of MG to S-D-lactoylglutathione, which in turn is converted to D-lactate by glyoxalase-II. To evaluate directly the effect of glyoxalase-I activity on intracellular AGE formation, GM7373 endothelial cells that stably express human glyoxalase-I were generated. Glyoxalase-I activity in these cells was increased 28-fold compared to neo-transfected control cells (21.80+/-0.1 vs. 0. 76+/-0.02 micromol/min/mg protein, n = 3, P 10-fold (18.9+/-3.2 vs. 18.4+/- 5.8, n = 3, P = NS, and 107.1+/-9.0 vs. 9.4+/-0 pmol/10(6) cells, n = 3, P < 0.001, respectively). After exposure to 30 mM glucose, intracellular AGE formation in neo cells was increased 13.6-fold (2.58+/-0.15 vs. 0.19+/-0.03 total absorbance units, n = 3, P < 0.001). Concomitant with increased intracellular AGEs, macromolecular endocytosis by these cells was increased 2.2-fold. Overexpression of glyoxalase-I completely prevented both hyperglycemia-induced AGE formation and increased macromolecular endocytosis.
TL;DR: Very fine cobalt oxide xerogel powders were prepared using a unique solution chemistry associated with the sol-gel process as mentioned in this paper, and the effect of thermal treatment on the surrace area, pore volume, crystallinity, particle structure, and corresponding electrochemical properties was investigated and found to have significant effects on all of these properties.
Abstract: Very fine cobalt oxide xerogel powders were prepared using a unique solution chemistry associated with the sol-gel process The effect of thermal treatment on the surrace area, pore volume, crystallinity, particle structure, and corresponding electrochemical properties of the resulting xerogels was investigated and found to have significant effects on all of these properties The xerogel remained amorphous as Co(OH) 2 up to 160°C, and exhibited maxima in both the surface area and pore volume at this temperature With an increase in the temperature above 200°C, both the surface area and pore volume decreased sharply, because the amorphous Co(OH) 2 decomposed to form CoO that was subsequently oxidized to form crystalline Co 3 O 4 In addition, the changes in the surface area, pore volume, crystallinity, and particle structure all had significant but coupled effects on the electrochemical properties of the xerogels A maximum capacitance of 291 F/g was obtained for an electrode prepared with the CoO x xerogel calcined at 150°C, which was consistent with the maxima exhibited in both the surface area and pore volume; this capacitance was attributed solely to a surface redox mechanism The cycle life of this electrode was also very stable for many thousands of cycles
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that new venture formation is a special case of strategic management theory, and that Sandberg & Hofer's model of new venture performance is not a good fit for strategic management.
Abstract: This article argues that new venture formation is a special case of strategic management theory. Thus, Sandberg & Hofer's (1987) model of new venture performance, which states that new venture perf...
TL;DR: In this article, molecular and isotopic analyses of surface sediments from two onshore-offshore transects in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico were characterized by a variety of techniques, including elemental, stable carbon, radiocarbon, and molecular-level analyses.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how national culture affects referral behavior for industrial services such as advertising, banking, and accounting, and found that Japanese companies use more than comparable American companies do.
Abstract: In this study, the authors examine how national culture affects referral behavior for industrial services such as advertising, banking, and accounting. The authors collected data using interviews with managers of small- and medium-sized companies in the United States and Japan. The results show that national culture has a strong effect on the number of referral sources consulted and that Japanese companies use more than comparable American companies do. Don't laugh, but all the really important [business] services I have, I found in the Yellow Pages (American manager of a small manufacturing company in the United States). When starting a new business, your bank means everything. Just about all my service vendors came from talking with my bank (Japanese owner of a cosmetics manufacturer in Tokyo).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used Census data, factor analysis, data envelopment analysis, and floodplain maps to understand the compound social and physical vulnerability of coastal residents in the city of Revere, MA, USA.
Abstract: Climate change may affect the frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution of severe coastal storms. Concurrent sea-level rise would raise the baseline of flooding during such events. Meanwhile, social vulnerability factors such as poverty and disability hinder the ability to cope with storms and storm damage. While physical changes are likely to remain scientifically uncertain into the foreseeable future, the ability to mitigate potential impacts from coastal flooding may be fostered by better understanding the interplay of social and physical factors that produce human vulnerability. This study does so by integrating the classic causal model of hazards with social, environmental, and spatial dynamics that lead to the differential ability of people to cope with hazards. It uses Census data, factor analysis, data envelopment analysis, and floodplain maps to understand the compound social and physical vulnerability of coastal residents in the city of Revere, MA, USA.
TL;DR: These guidelines are developed under the auspices of the American College of Gastroenterology and its practice parameters committee and may be updated with pertinent scientific developments at a later time.
TL;DR: This article examined the evacuation behavior of residents in two South Carolina communities, Hilton Head and Myrtle Beach, during the 1996 hurricane season and found that the role of official advisories was more limited than reported in previous research.
Abstract: This article examines the evacuation behavior of residents in two South Carolina communities, Hilton Head and Myrtle Beach, during the 1996 hurricane season. Two hurricanes that approached South Carolina but hit in North Carolina allowed us to study the impact of repeated “false alarms”; (evacuations ordered based on expectations of a hurricane landfall that proved to be wrong). Differences in evacuation behavior, specific information and concerns prompting evacuation, and the reliability of information sources between hurricane events are examined to determine the impact of false alarms on the credibility of warning systems. Data were derived from a face‐to‐face survey of residents 2 weeks after Hurricane Fran in September 1996. We found that the role of official advisories was more limited than reported in previous research as people sought information on more diverse sets of concerns in their decision making. Reliance on the media and the Weather Channel, in particular, for storm characteristics and ad...
TL;DR: A theory of identification in the workplace based on three key aspects of Structurational theory, which treats the identification process is treated as a duality involving identities that create and are created by identifications, which are themselves observed in social interactions with others.
Abstract: In response to the growing interest in issues related to attachment in organizations, this paper develops a theory of identification in the workplace based on three key aspects of Structurational theory. In this model, the identification process is treated as a duality involving identities that create and are created by identifications, which are themselves observed in social interactions with others. The structural component of this model is composed of several possible identities conceptualized primarily in terms of regions varying in size or position and tenure, possessing front and back regions, and displaying both unique and overlapping regions with one another. The existence of multiple identities implicates multiple corresponding “targets” of attachment and expressions of connection. Activity and activity foci are included in the model to help define the situation and thus account for identification with one target as opposed to or along with others at various times. In this situation-sensitive view, activity is presumed to “link” to a certain identity region (or set of overlapping regions) more so than to others. The essay closes by discussing some of the advantages of a Structurational view of identification.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that multinational firms may increase their systematic risk owing to an increase in the standard deviation of cash flows from internationalization, which offsets the lower correlation associated with diversification.
Abstract: Previous literature suggests that multinational firms decrease their systematic risk owing to the diversification benefit of having cash flows in different countries. It is posited in this article that multinational firms may increase their systematic risk owing to an increase in the standard deviation of cash flows from internationalization, which offsets the lower correlation associated with diversification. Evidence of a significant positive relationship between the level of systematic risk in a firm and the degree of that firm's internationalization is presented. This analysis is consistent with observed practitioner usage of higher discount rates in evaluating international projects.
TL;DR: The presence of GOLD and MOLD in tissue proteins implicates methylglyoxal and glyoxal, either free or protein-bound, as important precursors of protein cross-links formed during Maillard reactions in vivo during aging and in disease.
TL;DR: The psychological consequences of living in urban neighborhoods are described by using examples related to 3 models of neighborhood characteristics, which highlight the impact of physical, structural, and social characteristics on various types of mental health outcomes.
Abstract: The psychological consequences of living in urban neighborhoods are described by using examples related to 3 models of neighborhood characteristics. These models highlight the impact of physical structural and social characteristics on various types of mental health outcomes. In addition, the characteristics of individuals and neighborhoods that encourage resilience to negative outcomes are discussed. Finally, examples of how psychology can contribute to neighborhood interventions that ameliorate or prevent residents' distress and improve neighborhood conditions are described. ere is some truth to the stereotype that cities are ssociated with social and psychological problems. r example, in a classic study of a section of Manhattan, New York, Srole and Fischer (1978) found that almost one quarter of the respondents were psychologically impaired. Shaw and McKay (1942) found that the rates of juvenile delinquency were highest in neighborhoods adjacent to the central business district of Chicago. Alternatively, recent psychological studies have illustrated resilience and other positive outcomes in urban settings (Markowitz, 1997; Saegert, 1996). Cities have many affluent and middle-class neighborhoods and provide easy access to diverse cultures, entertainment venues, and educational opportunities. As the United States and other countries continue to become more urbanized, these contrasting portrayals of urban life highlight the importance of understanding the impact of urban neighborhoods and mental health. What is the relationship between urban neighborhoods and mental health? Neighborhoods are the building blocks of cities. Because neighborhoods exert an important influence on the children and adults who live in them, the majority of ecological effects are likely to be found at the neighborhood level (Furstenburg, 1993; Huckfeldt, 1983; Hunter, 1974). Consequently, we believe it is important for psychologists to understand the influence of neighborhood characteristics on mental health and how psychologists can help develop (a) more accurate assessments of urban neighborhoods and of the influence of neighborhoods on mental health and (b) interventions that promote the mental health of people living in cities. Our major goals in this article are to describe * the psychological consequences of living in urban neighborhoods by using three models of neighborhood characteristics, • the characteristics of individuals and neighborhoods that encourage resilience to negative outcomes, and • the contributions of psychological interventions to improve neighborhood conditions.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Computerized reading with full glossing may promote a deeper level of text comprehension, and pedagogical suggestions for second language (L2) teaching and research will be discussed.
Abstract: This pilot study investigated the effects of multimedia reading software on reading comprehension. Specifically, the study aimed to explore how multimedia annotations influence the level of comprehension. Twelve college students enrolled in a second semester French course were instructed to think aloud during the reading of text on the computer screen. Participants read the text under one of three conditions: full glossing, limited glossing, or no glossing. In addition, a tracker was set up in the software to record the amount and type of glosses, and length of time that each was consulted. The raw data clearly indicate an increase in the number of causal inferences generated for students who had access to full glossing. Computerized reading with full glossing may promote a deeper level of text comprehension. Pedagogical suggestions for second language (L2) teaching and research will be discussed.
TL;DR: Alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers on Au{111} are used for the two-dimensional matrix isolation of conjugated organic thiolates, studied for their potential to act as molecular wires.
Abstract: Alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers on Au{111} are used for the two-dimensional matrix isolation of conjugated organic thiolates, studied for their potential to act as molecular wires. The conjugated organic molecules are inserted from dilute solution into boundaries between structural domains and at substrate step edges of preassembled n-alkanethiolate monolayers so as to preserve the order of the initial alkanethiolate lattice. In contrast, when both molecules are codeposited from a single solution, the structure of the assembled monolayer shows no ordered molecular lattice of the alkanethiol component. Scanning tunneling microscopy measurements on the isolated conjugated component molecules show them to have enhanced conductivity compared to neighboring alkanethiolates.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the catalytic cracking of methane as an alternative route for the production of hydrogen from natural gas, and found that nickel supported on silica was active for this reaction producing stoichiometric amounts of hydrogen and carbon.
Abstract: We have investigated the catalytic cracking of methane as an alternative route for the production of hydrogen from natural gas. Nickel supported on silica was found to be active for this reaction producing stoichiometric amounts of hydrogen and carbon. SEM and TEM characterization of the spent catalyst indicated that carbon deposits on the catalyst in the form of hollow cylindrical filaments, with a nickel particle located on the tip of each filament. As a result, deactivation due to carbon deposition does not occur until the carbon filaments begin to interfere with each other and the silica surface, due to the spatial limitations of the pore structure of the catalyst. The deactivated catalyst can be fully regenerated by either oxidation in air or steam gasification of the deposited carbon. Additional hydrogen is produced during the steam regeneration process.
TL;DR: The complex [Ru(NH3)4dppz]2+ showed a metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition at ∼544 nm but does not show any photoluminescence.
Abstract: The complex [Ru(NH3)4dppz]2+ shows a metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition at ∼544 nm but does not show any photoluminescence. The complex does not exhibit any solvent-dependent MLCT changes, unlike its bpy and phen counterparts. The complex showed intercalative binding to calf thymus DNA that was weaker than [Ru(phen)2dppz]2+.
TL;DR: In this paper, the physical design, rate, cycle-lifetime, and self-discharge performance of cells from Sony, Matsushita, A&T, Moli, and Sanyo lithium-ion batteries are described.
TL;DR: In this article, a method to limit the band gap widening that occurs in fully substituted conjugated polymers is described, which is done by constructing step growth polymers where the A-unit are electron rich and the B-unit is electron deficient.
Abstract: This paper describes a method to limit the band gap widening that occurs in fully substituted conjugated polymers. This is done by constructing step growth [AB] polymers where the A-units are electron rich and the B-units are electron deficient. The thiophene-based polymers were prepared by modified Stille polymerizations using Pd(0)/CuI catalyst systems in which aryldibromides were coupled with aryldistannanes. The donor units were N,N‘-(bis-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-diaminothiophene, N,N‘-(bis-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N,N‘-(dimethyl)-3,4-diaminothiophene, 3,4-diaminothiophene, or 3,4-dialkoxythiophenes while the acceptor units were 3,4-dinitrothiophene, 3,4-(N-n-butylimido)thiophene, or 3,4-diketone-containing thiophenes. The optical spectra showed λmax values ranging from 400 to 676 nm (solution) and 400−768 (film) for these fully substituted polythiophenes, consistent with significant decreases in the band gaps. Intramolecular charge transfer character between the consecutive units explained the lowering o...