Showing papers by "University of South Carolina published in 2021"
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Daniel J. Klionsky1, Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz2, Sara Abdelfatah3, Mahmoud Abdellatif4 +2980 more•Institutions (777)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes.
Abstract: In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.
1,129 citations
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Evgeny Epifanovsky, Andrew T.B. Gilbert1, Andrew T.B. Gilbert2, Xintian Feng3 +235 more•Institutions (54)
TL;DR: The Q-Chem quantum chemistry program package as discussed by the authors provides a suite of tools for modeling core-level spectroscopy, methods for describing metastable resonances, and methods for computing vibronic spectra, the nuclear-electronic orbital method, and several different energy decomposition analysis techniques.
Abstract: This article summarizes technical advances contained in the fifth major release of the Q-Chem quantum chemistry program package, covering developments since 2015. A comprehensive library of exchange-correlation functionals, along with a suite of correlated many-body methods, continues to be a hallmark of the Q-Chem software. The many-body methods include novel variants of both coupled-cluster and configuration-interaction approaches along with methods based on the algebraic diagrammatic construction and variational reduced density-matrix methods. Methods highlighted in Q-Chem 5 include a suite of tools for modeling core-level spectroscopy, methods for describing metastable resonances, methods for computing vibronic spectra, the nuclear-electronic orbital method, and several different energy decomposition analysis techniques. High-performance capabilities including multithreaded parallelism and support for calculations on graphics processing units are described. Q-Chem boasts a community of well over 100 active academic developers, and the continuing evolution of the software is supported by an "open teamware" model and an increasingly modular design.
360 citations
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TL;DR: The authors found that literacy interventions help audiences to be “inoculated” against any fake news, which is not the case in many forms of media literacy interventions, such as education.
Abstract: Concerns over fake news have triggered a renewed interest in various forms of media literacy. Prevailing expectations posit that literacy interventions help audiences to be “inoculated” against any...
226 citations
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TL;DR: This paper examined the relation between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and stock market returns during the COVID-19 pandemic-induced market crash and the post-crash recovery.
181 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a commercial Fe-N-C-based catalysts for anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) were developed for operation in alkaline media.
Abstract: To reduce the cost of fuel cell stacks and systems, it is important to create commercial catalysts that are free of platinum group metals (PGMs). To do this, such catalysts must have very high activity, but also have the correct microstructure to facilitate the transport of reactants and products. Here, we show a high-performing commercial oxygen reduction catalyst that was specifically developed for operation in alkaline media and is demonstrated in the cathode of operating anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). With H2/O2 reacting gases, AEMFCs made with Fe–N–C cathodes achieved a peak power density exceeding 2 W cm−2 (>1 W cm−2 with H2/air) and operated with very good voltage durability for more than 150 h. These AEMFCs also realized an iR-corrected current density at 0.9 V of 100 mA cm−2. Finally, in a second configuration, Fe–N–C cathodes paired with low-loading PtRu/C anodes (0.125 mg PtRu per cm2, 0.08 mg Pt per cm2) demonstrated a specific power of 10.4 W per mg PGM (16.25 W per mg Pt). Highly active oxygen reduction catalysts that are free of platinum group metals would decrease the cost of fuel cells. Here, the authors report on a commercial Fe–N–C-based catalyst that can replace platinum group metal-based catalysts in the cathodes of anion-exchange membrane fuel cells without a severe loss of performance.
158 citations
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National Institutes of Health1, Kaiser Permanente2, New York University3, Wake Forest University4, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention5, University of Washington6, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill7, Colorado School of Public Health8, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center9, University of Colorado Denver10, University of Colorado Boulder11, University of South Carolina12
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-sectional observational study, individuals younger than 20 years with physician-diagnosed diabetes were enumerated from 6 areas in the US (4 geographic areas, 1 health plan, and select American Indian reservations) for 2001, 2009, and 2017.
Abstract: Importance Changes in the prevalence of youth-onset diabetes have previously been observed. Objective To estimate changes in prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in youths in the US from 2001 to 2017. Design, setting, and participants In this cross-sectional observational study, individuals younger than 20 years with physician-diagnosed diabetes were enumerated from 6 areas in the US (4 geographic areas, 1 health plan, and select American Indian reservations) for 2001, 2009, and 2017. Exposures Calendar year. Main outcomes and measures Estimated prevalence of physician-diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes overall and by race and ethnicity, age, and sex. Results Among youths 19 years or younger, 4958 of 3.35 million had type 1 diabetes in 2001, 6672 of 3.46 million had type 1 diabetes in 2009, and 7759 of 3.61 million had type 1 diabetes in 2017; among those aged 10 to 19 years, 588 of 1.73 million had type 2 diabetes in 2001, 814 of 1.85 million had type 2 diabetes in 2009, and 1230 of 1.85 million had type 2 diabetes in 2017. The estimated type 1 diabetes prevalence per 1000 youths for those 19 years or younger increased significantly from 1.48 (95% CI, 1.44-1.52) in 2001 to 1.93 (95% CI, 1.88-1.98) in 2009 to 2.15 (95% CI, 2.10-2.20) in 2017, an absolute increase of 0.67 per 1000 youths (95%, CI, 0.64-0.70) and a 45.1% (95% CI, 40.0%-50.4%) relative increase over 16 years. The greatest absolute increases were observed among non-Hispanic White (0.93 per 1000 youths [95% CI, 0.88-0.98]) and non-Hispanic Black (0.89 per 1000 youths [95% CI, 0.88-0.98]) youths. The estimated type 2 diabetes prevalence per 1000 youths aged 10 to 19 years increased significantly from 0.34 (95% CI, 0.31-0.37) in 2001 to 0.46 (95% CI, 0.43-0.49) in 2009 to 0.67 (95% CI, 0.63-0.70) in 2017, an absolute increase of 0.32 per 1000 youths (95% CI, 0.30-0.35) and a 95.3% (95% CI, 77.0%-115.4%) relative increase over 16 years. The greatest absolute increases were observed among non-Hispanic Black (0.85 per 1000 youths [95% CI, 0.74-0.97]) and Hispanic (0.57 per 1000 youths [95% CI, 0.51-0.64]) youths. Conclusions and relevance In 6 areas of the US from 2001 to 2017, the estimated prevalence of diabetes among children and adolescents increased for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
156 citations
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Mayo Clinic1, Kaiser Permanente2, University of Minnesota3, Thomas Jefferson University4, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center5, Johns Hopkins University6, University of Michigan7, Baylor College of Medicine8, University of South Carolina9, University of South Florida10, University of Florida11, New York University12, University of Southern California13, University of Wisconsin-Madison14, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio15, Michigan State University16, University of Pennsylvania17, State University of New York Upstate Medical University18, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill19, Ochsner Health System20, West Virginia University21, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center22, University of Virginia23, Duke University24, University of Oklahoma25, Vanderbilt University26, Washington University in St. Louis27, Yeshiva University28, University of Iowa29, University of Eastern Finland30
TL;DR: Intravesical nadofaragene firadenovec was efficacious, with a favourable benefit:risk ratio, in patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and represents a novel treatment option in a therapeutically challenging disease state.
Abstract: Summary Background BCG is the most effective therapy for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Nadofaragene firadenovec (also known as rAd-IFNa/Syn3) is a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus that delivers human interferon alfa-2b cDNA into the bladder epithelium, and a novel intravesical therapy for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We aimed to evaluate its efficacy in patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Methods In this phase 3, multicentre, open-label, repeat-dose study done in 33 centres (hospitals and clinics) in the USA, we recruited patients aged 18 years or older, with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status of 2 or less. Patients were excluded if they had upper urinary tract disease, urothelial carcinoma within the prostatic urethra, lymphovascular invasion, micropapillary disease, or hydronephrosis. Eligible patients received a single intravesical 75 mL dose of nadofaragene firadenovec (3 × 1011 viral particles per mL). Repeat dosing at months 3, 6, and 9 was done in the absence of high-grade recurrence. The primary endpoint was complete response at any time in patients with carcinoma in situ (with or without a high-grade Ta or T1 tumour). The null hypothesis specified a complete response rate of less than 27% in this cohort. Efficacy analyses were done on the per-protocol population, to include only patients strictly meeting the BCG-unresponsive definition. Safety analyses were done in all patients who received at least one dose of treatment. The study is ongoing, with a planned 4-year treatment and monitoring phase. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT02773849 . Findings Between Sept 19, 2016, and May 24, 2019, 198 patients were assessed for eligibility. 41 patients were excluded, and 157 were enrolled and received at least one dose of the study drug. Six patients did not meet the definition of BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and were therefore excluded from efficacy analyses; the remaining 151 patients were included in the per-protocol efficacy analyses. 55 (53·4%) of 103 patients with carcinoma in situ (with or without a high-grade Ta or T1 tumour) had a complete response within 3 months of the first dose and this response was maintained in 25 (45·5%) of 55 patients at 12 months. Micturition urgency was the most common grade 3–4 study drug-related adverse event (two [1%] of 157 patients, both grade 3), and there were no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Intravesical nadofaragene firadenovec was efficacious, with a favourable benefit:risk ratio, in patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. This represents a novel treatment option in a therapeutically challenging disease state. Funding FKD Therapies Oy.
144 citations
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TL;DR: The authors show that integrating a smart agent into the industrial platforms further expands the usage of the system-level digital twin, where intelligent control algorithms are trained and verified upfront before deployed to the physical world for implementation.
128 citations
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TL;DR: Whether image classification performance drops with each kind of degradation, whether this drop can be avoided by including degraded images into training, and whether existing computer vision algorithms that attempt to remove such degradations can help improve the image classificationperformance are studied.
Abstract: Just like many other topics in computer vision, image classification has achieved significant progress recently by using deep learning neural networks, especially the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Most of the existing works focused on classifying very clear natural images, evidenced by the widely used image databases, such as Caltech-256, PASCAL VOCs, and ImageNet. However, in many real applications, the acquired images may contain certain degradations that lead to various kinds of blurring, noise, and distortions. One important and interesting problem is the effect of such degradations to the performance of CNN-based image classification and whether degradation removal helps CNN-based image classification. More specifically, we wonder whether image classification performance drops with each kind of degradation, whether this drop can be avoided by including degraded images into training, and whether existing computer vision algorithms that attempt to remove such degradations can help improve the image classification performance. In this article, we empirically study those problems for nine kinds of degraded images—hazy images, motion-blurred images, fish-eye images, underwater images, low resolution images, salt-and-peppered images, images with white Gaussian noise, Gaussian-blurred images, and out-of-focus images. We expect this article can draw more interests from the community to study the classification of degraded images.
123 citations
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TL;DR: The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data.
Abstract: On the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, the remote determination of the texture, mineralogy and chemistry of rocks is essential to quickly and thoroughly characterize an area and to optimize the selection of samples for return to Earth. As part of the Perseverance payload, SuperCam is a suite of five techniques that provide critical and complementary observations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VISIR), high-resolution color imaging (RMI), and acoustic recording (MIC). SuperCam operates at remote distances, primarily 2–7 m, while providing data at sub-mm to mm scales. We report on SuperCam’s science objectives in the context of the Mars 2020 mission goals and ways the different techniques can address these questions. The instrument is made up of three separate subsystems: the Mast Unit is designed and built in France; the Body Unit is provided by the United States; the calibration target holder is contributed by Spain, and the targets themselves by the entire science team. This publication focuses on the design, development, and tests of the Mast Unit; companion papers describe the other units. The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data.
121 citations
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Los Alamos National Laboratory1, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales2, University of South Carolina3, University of the Basque Country4, Jet Propulsion Laboratory5, Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace6, University of Winnipeg7, École normale supérieure de Lyon8, California Institute of Technology9, University of Copenhagen10, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory11, University of Málaga12, McGill University13, University of Valladolid14, University of Maryland, College Park15, State University of New York System16, University of Massachusetts Lowell17, University of New Mexico18, Search for extraterrestrial intelligence19
TL;DR: The SuperCam body unit (BU) of the Mars 2020 rover as mentioned in this paper was designed to receive light from the mast unit via a 5.8 m opti-cal fiber and the light is split into three wavelength bands by a demultiplexer, and routed via fiber bundles to three optical spectrometers, two of which (UV and violet; 245-340 and 385-465 nm) are crossed Czerny-Turner reflection spectrometer, nearly identical to their counterparts on ChemCam.
Abstract: TheSuperCaminstrumentsuiteprovidestheMars2020rover,Perseverance,with a number of versatile remote-sensing techniques that can be used at long distance as well as within the robotic-arm workspace. These include laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), remote time-resolved Raman and luminescence spectroscopies, and visible and in- frared (VISIR; separately referred to as VIS and IR) reflectance spectroscopy. A remote micro-imager (RMI) provides high-resolution color context imaging, and a microphone can be used as a stand-alone tool for environmental studies or to determine physical properties of rocks and soils from shock waves of laser-produced plasmas. SuperCam is built in three parts: The mast unit (MU), consisting of the laser, telescope, RMI, IR spectrometer, and associated electronics, is described in a companion paper. The on-board calibration targets are described in another companion paper. Here we describe SuperCam’s body unit (BU) and testing of the integrated instrument.
The BU, mounted inside the rover body, receives light from the MU via a 5.8 m opti- cal fiber. The light is split into three wavelength bands by a demultiplexer, and is routed via fiber bundles to three optical spectrometers, two of which (UV and violet; 245–340 and 385–465 nm) are crossed Czerny-Turner reflection spectrometers, nearly identical to their counterparts on ChemCam. The third is a high-efficiency transmission spectrometer contain- ing an optical intensifier capable of gating exposures to 100 ns or longer, with variable delay times relative to the laser pulse. This spectrometer covers 535–853 nm (105–7070 cm−1 Ra- man shift relative to the 532 nm green laser beam) with 12 cm−1 full-width at half-maximum peak resolution in the Raman fingerprint region. The BU electronics boards interface with the rover and control the instrument, returning data to the rover. Thermal systems maintain a warm temperature during cruise to Mars to avoid contamination on the optics, and cool the detectors during operations on Mars.
Results obtained with the integrated instrument demonstrate its capabilities for LIBS, for which a library of 332 standards was developed. Examples of Raman and VISIR spec- troscopy are shown, demonstrating clear mineral identification with both techniques. Lumi- nescence spectra demonstrate the utility of having both spectral and temporal dimensions. Finally, RMI and microphone tests on the rover demonstrate the capabilities of these sub- systems as well.
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TL;DR: In this paper, an effective strategy to boost PGM catalysts through integrating PGM-free atomically-dispersed single metal active sites in the carbon support toward the cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was reported.
Abstract: Significantly reducing platinum group metal (PGM) loading while improving catalytic performance and durability is critical to accelerating proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for transportation. Here we report an effective strategy to boost PGM catalysts through integrating PGM-free atomically-dispersed single metal active sites in the carbon support toward the cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). We achieved uniform and fine Pt nanoparticle (NP) (∼2 nm) dispersion on an already highly ORR-active FeN4 site-rich carbon (FeN4–C). Furthermore, we developed an effective approach to preparing a well-dispersed and highly ordered L12 Pt3Co intermetallic nanoparticle catalyst on the FeN4–C support. DFT calculations predicted a synergistic interaction between Pt clusters and surrounding FeN4 sites through weakening O2 adsorption by 0.15 eV on Pt sites and reducing activation energy to break O–O bonds, thereby enhancing the intrinsic activity of Pt. Experimentally, we verified the synergistic effect between Pt or Pt3Co NPs and FeN4 sites, leading to significantly enhanced ORR activity and stability. Especially in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with a low cathode Pt loading (0.1 mgPt cm−2), the Pt/FeN4–C catalyst achieved a mass activity of 0.451 A mgPt−1 and retained 80% of the initial values after 30 000 voltage cycles (0.60 to 0.95 V), exceeding DOE 2020 targets. Furthermore, the Pt3Co/FeN4 catalyst achieved significantly enhanced performance and durability concerning initial mass activity (0.72 A mgPt−1), power density (824 mW cm−2 at 0.67 V), and stability (23 mV loss at 1.0 A cm−2). The approach to exploring the synergy between PGM and PGM-free Fe–N–C catalysts provides a new direction to design advanced catalysts for hydrogen fuel cells and various electrocatalysis processes.
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TL;DR: A novel meta-learning fault diagnosis method (MLFD) based on model-agnostic meta- learning that achieves fast and accurate few-shot bearing fault diagnosis under unseen working conditions by leveraging the learned knowledge.
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TL;DR: Of the many potential beyond the Standard Model (BSM) topics DUNE will probe, this paper presents a selection of studies quantifying DUNE’s sensitivities to sterile neutrino mixing, heavy neutral leptons, non-standard interactions, CPT symmetry violation, Lorentz invariance violation, and other new physics topics that complement those at high-energy colliders and significantly extend the present reach.
Abstract: The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will be a powerful tool for a variety of physics topics. The high-intensity proton beams provide a large neutrino flux, sampled by a near detector system consisting of a combination of capable precision detectors, and by the massive far detector system located deep underground. This configuration sets up DUNE as a machine for discovery, as it enables opportunities not only to perform precision neutrino measurements that may uncover deviations from the present three-flavor mixing paradigm, but also to discover new particles and unveil new interactions and symmetries beyond those predicted in the Standard Model (SM). Of the many potential beyond the Standard Model (BSM) topics DUNE will probe, this paper presents a selection of studies quantifying DUNE’s sensitivities to sterile neutrino mixing, heavy neutral leptons, non-standard interactions, CPT symmetry violation, Lorentz invariance violation, neutrino trident production, dark matter from both beam induced and cosmogenic sources, baryon number violation, and other new physics topics that complement those at high-energy colliders and significantly extend the present reach.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of human mobility open data is provided to guide researchers and policymakers in conducting data-driven evaluations and decision-making for the COVID-19 pandemic and other infectious disease outbreaks.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic poses unprecedented challenges around the world. Many studies have applied mobility data to explore spatiotemporal trends over time, investigate associations with other variables, and predict or simulate the spread of COVID-19. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive overview of human mobility open data to guide researchers and policymakers in conducting data-driven evaluations and decision-making for the COVID-19 pandemic and other infectious disease outbreaks. We summarized the mobility data usage in COVID-19 studies by reviewing recent publications on COVID-19 and human mobility from a data-oriented perspective. We identified three major sources of mobility data: public transit systems, mobile operators, and mobile phone applications. Four approaches have been commonly used to estimate human mobility: public transit-based flow, social activity patterns, index-based mobility data, and social media-derived mobility data. We compared mobility datasets' characteristics by assessing data privacy, quality, space-time coverage, high-performance data storage and processing, and accessibility. We also present challenges and future directions of using mobility data. This review makes a pivotal contribution to understanding the use of and access to human mobility data in the COVID-19 pandemic and future disease outbreaks.
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors investigated psychiatric symptoms (anxiety, depression, and traumatic stress) during state-enforced quarantine among university students in China through a cross-sectional survey during March and April 2020.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has made unprecedented impact on the psychological health of university students, a population vulnerable to distress and mental health disorders This study investigated psychiatric symptoms (anxiety, depression, and traumatic stress) during state-enforced quarantine among university students in China (N = 1912) through a cross-sectional survey during March and April 2020 Psychiatric symptoms were alarmingly prevalent: 6705% reported traumatic stress, 4655% had depressive symptoms, and 3473% reported anxiety symptoms Further, 1956% endorsed suicidal ideation We explored risk and protective factors of psychological health, including demographic variables, two known protective factors for mental health (mindfulness, perceived social support), four COVID-specific factors (COVID-19 related efficacy, perceived COVID-19 threat, perceived COVID-19 societal stigma, COVID-19 prosocial behavior) and screen media usage Across symptom domains, mindfulness was associated with lower symptom severity, while COVID-19 related financial stress, perceived COVID-19 societal stigma, and perceived COVID-19 threat were associated with higher symptom severity COVID-19 threat and COVID-19 stigma showed main and interactive effects in predicting all mental health outcomes, with their combination associated with highest symptom severity Screen media device usage was positively associated with depression Female gender and COVID-19 prosocial behavior were associated with higher anxiety, while COVID-19 self-efficacy associated with lower anxiety symptoms Findings suggest high need for psychological health promotion among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic and inform an ecological perspective on the detrimental role of stigma during an emerging infectious disease outbreak Interventions targeting multi-level factors, such as promoting mindfulness and social support at individual and interpersonal levels while reducing public stigma about COVID-19, may be particularly promising Attending to the needs of disadvantaged groups including those financially impacted by COVID-19 is needed
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TL;DR: Using a Fe-N-C model catalyst derived from the ZIF-8, three key morphological and structural elements of FeN 4 sites are deconvoluted, including particle sizes of catalysts, Fe content, andFe-N bond structures, which elucidated the origin of intrinsic activity improvement associated with the optimal local strain on the Fe- N bond.
Abstract: Atomically dispersed FeN4 active sites have exhibited exceptional catalytic activity and selectivity for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to CO. However, the understanding behind the intrinsic and morphological factors contributing to the catalytic properties of FeN4 sites is still lacking. By using a Fe-N-C model catalyst derived from the ZIF-8, we deconvoluted three key morphological and structural elements of FeN4 sites, including particle sizes of catalysts, Fe content, and Fe-N bond structures. Their respective impacts on the CO2RR were comprehensively elucidated. Engineering the particle size and Fe doping is critical to control extrinsic morphological factors of FeN4 sites for optimal porosity, electrochemically active surface areas, and the graphitization of the carbon support. In contrast, the intrinsic activity of FeN4 sites was only tunable by varying thermal activation temperatures during the formation of FeN4 sites, which impacted the length of the Fe-N bonds and the local strains. The structural evolution of Fe-N bonds was examined at the atomic level. First-principles calculations further elucidated the origin of intrinsic activity improvement associated with the optimal local strain of the Fe-N bond.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide accurate calculations of the practically achievable cell-level capacity and energy density for Al-based cells and use the results to critically assess their future deployment and provide a realistic perspective on the technology.
Abstract: Aluminium-based battery technologies have been widely regarded as one of the most attractive options to drastically improve, and possibly replace, existing battery systems—mainly due to the possibility of achieving very high energy density with low cost. Many reports have demonstrated primary or rechargeable Al-based battery chemistries in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes. However, the practical realization of these battery chemistries has been difficult over a long period of time (170 years). In fact, no Al-based battery has been shown with the required stability or touted energy density. Typically, the performance of Al-based batteries is overstated in the literature due to imprecise considerations that do not fairly evaluate practically achievable energy densities. Here we provide accurate calculations of the practically achievable cell-level capacity and energy density for Al-based cells (focusing on recent literature showing ‘high’ performance) and use the results to critically assess their future deployment. Performance breakthroughs in rechargeable batteries are regularly reported in academic publications. Here the authors closely examine literature data on aluminium batteries and offer a realistic perspective on the technology.
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University of Oxford1, University of Newcastle2, University of New South Wales3, Neuroscience Research Australia4, University of Exeter5, Ghent University6, University of London7, Harvard University8, Arizona State University9, Aston University10, American Medical Association11, Northwestern University12, University of Pennsylvania13, Maastricht University14, Johns Hopkins University15, King's College London16, University of South Carolina17, Kaiser Permanente18, University of Sydney19
Abstract: Importance Mediation analyses of randomized trials and observational studies can generate evidence about the mechanisms by which interventions and exposures may influence health outcomes. Publications of mediation analyses are increasing, but the quality of their reporting is suboptimal. Objective To develop international, consensus-based guidance for the reporting of mediation analyses of randomized trials and observational studies (A Guideline for Reporting Mediation Analyses; AGReMA). Design, setting, and participants The AGReMA statement was developed using the Enhancing Quality and Transparency of Health Research (EQUATOR) methodological framework for developing reporting guidelines. The guideline development process included (1) an overview of systematic reviews to assess the need for a reporting guideline; (2) review of systematic reviews of relevant evidence on reporting mediation analyses; (3) conducting a Delphi survey with panel members that included methodologists, statisticians, clinical trialists, epidemiologists, psychologists, applied clinical researchers, clinicians, implementation scientists, evidence synthesis experts, representatives from the EQUATOR Network, and journal editors (n = 19; June-November 2019); (4) having a consensus meeting (n = 15; April 28-29, 2020); and (5) conducting a 4-week external review and pilot test that included methodologists and potential users of AGReMA (n = 21; November 2020). Results A previously reported overview of 54 systematic reviews of mediation studies demonstrated the need for a reporting guideline. Thirty-three potential reporting items were identified from 3 systematic reviews of mediation studies. Over 3 rounds, the Delphi panelists ranked the importance of these items, provided 60 qualitative comments for item refinement and prioritization, and suggested new items for consideration. All items were reviewed during a 2-day consensus meeting and participants agreed on a 25-item AGReMA statement for studies in which mediation analyses are the primary focus and a 9-item short-form AGReMA statement for studies in which mediation analyses are a secondary focus. These checklists were externally reviewed and pilot tested by 21 expert methodologists and potential users, which led to minor adjustments and consolidation of the checklists. Conclusions and relevance The AGReMA statement provides recommendations for reporting primary and secondary mediation analyses of randomized trials and observational studies. Improved reporting of studies that use mediation analyses could facilitate peer review and help produce publications that are complete, accurate, transparent, and reproducible.
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University of Texas Medical Branch1, Anschutz Medical Campus2, University of Nebraska Medical Center3, University of North Dakota4, Sage Bionetworks5, Oregon Health & Science University6, University of Minnesota7, University of Michigan8, Oregon State University9, Johns Hopkins University10, University of Connecticut11, University of Mississippi Medical Center12, University of Kentucky13, West Virginia University14, Stony Brook University15, University of South Carolina16, University of Massachusetts Medical School17, Mayo Clinic18, University of Tennessee Health Science Center19, European Bioinformatics Institute20, University of Kansas21, University of Miami22, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia23, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill24, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory25, NorthShore University HealthSystem26, University of Chicago27, University of Vermont28, Wake Forest University29, University of Thessaly30
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identified 303 articles published before April 29, 2021, curated 59 relevant manuscripts that described clinical manifestations in 81 cohorts three weeks or more following acute COVID-19, and mapped 287 unique clinical findings to HPO terms.
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University of Southampton1, University of the Witwatersrand2, University of South Carolina3, Research Triangle Park4, University of Maryland, Baltimore5, Peking University6, Emory University7, McGill University8, University of London9, University of California, Davis10, West Chester University of Pennsylvania11, University of Melbourne12
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an integrated perspective on adolescent growth and development, and the role that nutrition plays in the timing and pattern of puberty with consequences for adult height, muscle, and fat mass accrual, as well as risk of non-communicable diseases in later life.
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University of California, Los Angeles1, SeaWorld Entertainment2, University of Rochester3, University of Maryland, College Park4, University of California, Berkeley5, Oregon State University6, University of Sydney7, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute8, AgResearch9, University of South Carolina10, University of Tennessee Health Science Center11, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior12, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration13, Queen Mary University of London14, Fisheries and Oceans Canada15, University of California, Davis16, University of Lyon17, Brigham and Women's Hospital18, University of Auckland19, National Institutes of Health20, University of Otago21, University of Bristol22, ORCA23, Tufts Medical Center24, University of British Columbia25, Polish Academy of Sciences26, White Oak Conservation27, University of Wisconsin-Madison28, Museum für Naturkunde29, Cornell University30, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio31, University of Illinois at Chicago32, Missouri State University33, Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies34, University of Nebraska–Lincoln35, Royal Veterinary College36, University College Dublin37, Shedd Aquarium38, University of St Andrews39, University of Bonn40, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia41, Public Health England42
TL;DR: In this paper, a pan-tissue epigenetic clock was proposed for estimating the ages of all mammalian species and tissue with a single mathematical formula, using DNA methylation profiles from almost any tissue of the body.
Abstract: Aging is often perceived as a degenerative process caused by random accrual of cellular damage over time. In spite of this, age can be accurately estimated by epigenetic clocks based on DNA methylation profiles from almost any tissue of the body. Since such pan-tissue epigenetic clocks have been successfully developed for several different species, it is difficult to ignore the likelihood that a defined and shared mechanism instead, underlies the aging process. To address this, we generated 10,000 methylation arrays, each profiling up to 37,000 cytosines in highly-conserved stretches of DNA, from over 59 tissue-types derived from 128 mammalian species. From these, we identified and characterized specific cytosines, whose methylation levels change with age across mammalian species. Genes associated with these cytosines are greatly enriched in mammalian developmental processes and implicated in age-associated diseases. From the methylation profiles of these age-related cytosines, we successfully constructed three highly accurate universal mammalian clocks for eutherians, and one universal clock for marsupials. The universal clocks for eutherians are similarly accurate for estimating ages (r>0.96) of any mammalian species and tissue with a single mathematical formula. Collectively, these new observations support the notion that aging is indeed evolutionarily conserved and coupled to developmental processes across all mammalian species - a notion that was long-debated without the benefit of this new and compelling evidence.
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TL;DR: In this article, the structural evolution of CoN4 sites during thermal activation was investigated by developing a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8-derived carbon host as an ideal model for Co2+ ion adsorption.
Abstract: We elucidate the structural evolution of CoN4 sites during thermal activation by developing a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8-derived carbon host as an ideal model for Co2+ ion adsorption. Subsequent in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis can dynamically track the conversion from inactive Co-OH and Co-O species into active CoN4 sites. The critical transition occurs at 700 °C and becomes optimal at 900 °C, generating the highest intrinsic activity and four-electron selectivity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). DFT calculations elucidate that the ORR is kinetically favored by the thermal-induced compressive strain of Co-N bonds in CoN4 active sites formed at 900 °C. Further, we developed a two-step (i.e., Co ion doping and adsorption) Co-N-C catalyst with increased CoN4 site density and optimized porosity for mass transport, and demonstrated its outstanding fuel cell performance and durability.
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TL;DR: In this article, the impact of hospital readmission reduction program (HRRP) on heart failure (HF) outcomes has been debated and limited data exist regarding trends of HF readmission rates beyond 30 days f...
Abstract: Background: The impact of hospital readmission reduction program (HRRP) on heart failure (HF) outcomes has been debated. Limited data exist regarding trends of HF readmission rates beyond 30 days f...
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TL;DR: The ubiquity of semilinear parabolic equations is clear from their numerous applications ranging from physics and biology to materials and social sciences as discussed by the authors, and they have been used in many applications.
Abstract: The ubiquity of semilinear parabolic equations is clear from their numerous applications ranging from physics and biology to materials and social sciences. In this paper, we consider a practically ...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply a paradox lens to understand the HR leadership challenges posed by the COVID•19 crisis and argue that how the HR function responds to the challenges of the crisis and its role in mapping the exit route from the crisis are likely to shape the trajectory of the function for decades to come.
Abstract: The impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19)
pandemic is unprecedented. At an organisational level, the
crisis has been hugely disruptive, complex and fraught with
ambiguity for leaders. The crisis is fundamentally a human
one, making human resource (HR) leaders central in enabling
organisations to manage through and ultimately exit the
crisis successfully. We apply a paradox lens to understand
the HR leadership challenges posed by the COVID‐19 crisis.
We argue that how the HR function responds to the challenges ofthe crisis and its role in mapping the exit route from
the crisis are likely to shape the trajectory of the function for
decades to come. The pandemic creates an unprecedented
opportunity to elevate the status of the HR function in organisations where it has struggled to gain status and to
reinforce the influence of the function in those where it
already enjoys legitimacy. The value of this is likely to be
reflected in more sustainable performance through the
alignment of people and purpose and balancing the short
and long term objectives of the organisation
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TL;DR: Taking physical exercise may be an efficient measure to reduce behavioral problems for school-aged children in home confinement and is associated with increased risks of emotional symptoms and total difficulty.
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TL;DR: An overview of the cellular mechanisms that coordinate the transport and translation of axonal mRNAs, allowing the axon to respond to changing physiological demands is provided.
Abstract: Axons extend for tremendously long distances from the neuronal soma and make use of localized mRNA translation to rapidly respond to different extracellular stimuli and physiological states. The locally synthesized proteins support many different functions in both developing and mature axons, raising questions about the mechanisms by which local translation is organized to ensure the appropriate responses to specific stimuli. Publications over the past few years have uncovered new mechanisms for regulating the axonal transport and localized translation of mRNAs, with several of these pathways converging on the regulation of cohorts of functionally related mRNAs - known as RNA regulons - that drive axon growth, axon guidance, injury responses, axon survival and even axonal mitochondrial function. Recent advances point to these different regulatory pathways as organizing platforms that allow the axon's proteome to be modulated to meet its physiological needs.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a CoFe2O4@MXene/PS was used for the removal of Naproxen (NPX) from water polluted with NPX by liquid self-assembly and showed that 99.1% of NPX was degraded within 90min with the addition of 0.5 mM persulfate (PS).
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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research1, Federico Santa María Technical University2, University of Virginia3, University of Giessen4, Chinese Academy of Sciences5, Istituto Superiore di Sanità6, fondazione bruno kessler7, Instituto Superior Técnico8, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility9, University of Jyväskylä10, University of South Carolina11, The Catholic University of America12, Université Paris-Saclay13, University of Connecticut14, Nanjing University15, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare16, Pablo de Olavide University17, Stony Brook University18, Brookhaven National Laboratory19, KEK20, Showa Pharmaceutical University21, University of Regensburg22
TL;DR: A broad spectrum of such information is evaluated in this article, with a view to consolidating the facts and therefrom moving toward a coherent, unified picture of hadron structure and the role that diquark correlations might play.