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Showing papers by "University of Southern California published in 1968"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Post-experimental questionnaire data strongly supported the conclusion that Elation and Depression treatments had indeed induced elation and depression, and indicated that the obtained mood changes could not be attributed to artifactual effects.

1,260 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A number of communication barriers between pediatrician and patient9s mother were found to contribute significantly to patient dissatisfaction: notably lack of warmth and friendliness on the part of the doctor and use of medical jargon.
Abstract: Eight hundred patient visits to the walkin clinic of the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles were studied by means of tape recording the doctor-patient interaction and by follow-up interview. Seventy-six percent of the patient visits resulted in satisfaction on the part of the patient9s mother; in 24% there was dissatisfaction. A number of communication barriers between pediatrician and patient9s mother were found to contribute significantly to patient dissatisfaction: notably lack of warmth and friendliness on the part of the doctor, failure to take into account the patient9s concerns and expectations from the medical visit, lack of clearcut explanation concerning diagnosis and causation of illness, and use of medical jargon.

975 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical analysis showed that for only three of the six possible quadruped crawl gaits, it is possible to place the feet of an animal or machine so that it is statically stable at all times.
Abstract: While the total number of theoretically possible quadruped gaits is quite large, only six gaits have the property that they can be executed while keeping at least three feet on the ground at all times. These gaits, called creeping gaits, seem to be well suited for low-speed locomotion since they permit a quadruped to remain statically stable during most of a locomotion cycle. A mathematical analysis shows, however, that for only three of the six creeping gaits it is possible to place the feet of an animal or machine so that it is statically stable at all times. Furthermore, among these three, there exists a unique optimum gait that maximizes static stability. This gait corresponds to the normal quadruped crawl favored by most animals for very low-speed locomotion.

588 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three different but related comprehensive statistical analyses of amino acid sequences in proteins are described, to search for evidence of significant sequence structure in individual proteins relative to a purely random arrangement of the amino acid residues and to attempt to relate any significant structure uncovered to the secondary and/or tertiary configuration of the protein.

498 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
31 May 1968-Science
TL;DR: A profound deficiency of β-galactosidase activity was found in tissues from two patients with generalized gangliosidosis and this deficiency is demonstrated as a failure to cleave both p-nitrophenyl-β-D-Galactopyranoside and gangliosiside GM1 labeled with C14 in the terminal galactose.
Abstract: A profound deficiency (10- to 30-fold) of beta-galactosidase activity was found in tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, and brain) from two patients with generalized gangliosidosis; this deficiency is demonstrated as a failure to cleave both p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and ganglioside GM(1) labeled with C(14) in the terminal galactose. We believe that this enzymic defect is responsible for the accumulation of ganglioside GM(1) and is the fundamental enzyme defect in generalized gangliosidosis.

358 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In contrast to other insoluble, non-covalent protein-dye complexes in use for the determination of proteolytic activity, the new chromogenic substrates are not affected by the presence of albumin.

356 citations


01 Aug 1968
TL;DR: In this article, the buckling of cylindrical shells under various types of static and dynamic loadings is discussed, and the procedures that yield estimates of static buckling loads considered to be conservative.
Abstract: This monograph indicates current practices for predicting buckling of uniform stiffened and unstiffened circular cylindrical shells under various types of static loading, and suggests the procedures that yield estimates of static buckling loads considered to be conservative. The buckling of truncated conical shells and shells of double curvature will be treated in separate monographs.

271 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1968-Cancer
TL;DR: The Rye Conference histologic classification of Hodgkin's disease was found to be effective in predicting prognosis even within clinical staging groups and survival appears to be increased in all histologic categories after intensive wide‐field megavoltage radiotherapy.
Abstract: The Rye Conference histologic classification of Hodgkin's disease has been applied retrospectively to a series of 176 previously untreated cases of Hodgkin's disease. Three different pathologists independently and unanimously agreed in two-thirds of the cases on assignment of cases to one of the four categories: lymphocyte predominance, nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion. The classification was found to be effective in predicting prognosis even within clinical staging groups. Nodular sclerosis emerges as the largest histologic group and has a favorable prognosis. The usual manner of spread in Hodgkin's disease was to adjacent lymph node groups. Noncontiguous dissemination, when it occurred, was more than twice as frequent in the mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depletion types, compared to nodular sclerosis. Nodular sclerosis involving lung has shown a favorable prognosis, unlike mixed cellularity. Survival appears to be increased in all histologic categories after intensive wide-field megavoltage radiotherapy.

205 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is postulated that the inhibition of cross-linking caused by penicillamine in vivo and in vitro involves a reversible interaction with the aldehydes present in tropocollagen to form a thiazolidine type complex, since compounds with adjacent free sulfhydryl and amino groups are necessary for activity.

176 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Animal locomotion systems making use of legs as the basic component for support and propulsion can be studied from the point of view of finite state machine theory by regarding each leg as an elementary two-state sequential machine.
Abstract: Animal locomotion systems making use of legs as the basic component for support and propulsion can be studied from the point of view of finite state machine theory by regarding each leg as an elementary two-state sequential machine. The two states are simply the state of being in contact with the supporting surface and the state of being raised above it. This idealization permits the construction of a general theory of locomotion equally applicable to animals and legged locomotion machines. Such a theory can be made sufficiently complete to permit the synthesis of finite control algorithms capable of coordinating limb movements in either animals or machines. The validity of the finite state approach has been established by the construction and testing of an artificial quadruped based entirely upon finite state principles.

176 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the general rearrangement formalism is applied with specific consideration to the effect of molecule orientation on the electronic matrix elements and on the total and differential cross sections, and a short discussion is given of selection rules and of the use of these formulas in ab initio calculation of the cross section, approximate prediction of angular dependence, and parametrization of experimental data.
Abstract: For the processes mentioned in the title, the general rearrangement formalism of a previous paper is applied with specific consideration to the effect of molecule orientation on the electronic matrix elements and on the total and differential cross sections. Formulas are given for two cases: when one can and when one cannot treat the effect of rotation as a semiclassical orientation average. A short discussion is given of selection rules and of the use of these formulas in (a) ab initio calculation of the cross section, (b) approximate prediction of angular dependence, and (c) parametrization of experimental data.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: At the Los Angeles County General Hospital Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic, it was found out what happened to such a minority group patient after he applied for treatment and was seen initially by a therapist.
Abstract: WHAT happens to a patient of a "visible minority group" when he seeks psychiatric treatment? At the Los Angeles County General Hospital Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic we found out what happened to such a minority group patient after he applied for treatment and was seen initially by a therapist. We were especially interested whether these minority group patients were offered therapy and if so, what type. By "visible minority group" we mean Negroes, Mexican Americans, and Orientals and not one of the ethnic Caucasian groups, ie, minority groups, who are easily distinguishable from the majority Caucasian group. In our clinic, a patient can get individual therapy, group therapy, or drug therapy. Some patients are seen once and are discharged as being unsuitable for therapy or not needing psychiatric treatment. Our interest in this problem stems from the fact that our Outpatient Clinic population includes a

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Penicillamine does not affect the rate of synthesis of tropocollagen, but blocks almost quantitatively the formation of new insoluble collagen, which accelerates the turnover of the pre-existing insoluble material by presumably cleaving intermolecular bonds, which stabilize the fibrous structure.

Journal ArticleDOI
08 Mar 1968-Science
TL;DR: No evidence of a dolphin "language" is found, but evidence of social response to acoustic signals is presented, including a pure-tone chirp and pulsed sounds.
Abstract: Pure-tone whistles (2403) by four individual dolphins (Delphinus delphis bairdi) were analyzed for duration and the elapse of time before either response by another animal or a repeat whistle by the same animal. Only five major types of whistle emissions were recorded, all stereotyped and each characteristic of the animal emitting it. Only one of the four animals emitted two different whistles, one of which was rare and both of which were stereotyped. A pure-tone chirp and pulsed sounds are discussed. We found no evidence of a dolphin "language," but we present evidence of social response to acoustic signals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Stimulation at a number of brain sites did not produce retrograde impairment of passive avoidance, and control electrode placements negated current spread, antidromic effects due to excitation of fibers of passage, and downstream peripheral effects mediated by internal capsular fibers as significant influences in the mediation of the retention deficits obtained.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The paper concerns the nature of the setLc(G) of those words generated by leftmost derivations inG whose corresponding string of rewriting rules is an element ofC whenC andG are assumed to have special form.
Abstract: Given a setC of strings of rewriting rules of a phrase structure grammarG, we consider the setL c (G) of those words generated by leftmost derivations inG whose corresponding string of rewriting rules is an element ofC. The paper concerns the nature of the setL c (G) whenC andG are assumed to have special form. For example, forG an arbitrary phrase structure grammar,L c (G) is an abstract family of languages ifC is an abstract family of languages, andL c (G) is bounded ifC is bounded.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A method for lipoprotein electrophoresis on cellulose acetate affords complete resolution of chylomicrons, β-lipoproteins, pre-β-lipoins, and α-lipiproteins into distinct bands and allows the relative magnitude of each to be estimated by transmission microden-sitometry.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data indicate that simple linear models can describe the basic behavior of these two elements in tracking tasks and the role of the muscle spindle both as an equalization element and in its effects on muscle tone or average tension is investigated.
Abstract: Recently, both high quality physiological data and human-operator-describing function data of low variability and large dynamic range have become available. These data lead to control engineering descriptions for neuromuscular actuation systems that are compatible with the available data and that provide insight into the overall human control structure (e.g., the types of feedback systems used for various inputs). In this paper, some of these physiological and human-operator data are briefly reviewed, and a simple neuromuscular actuation system model is presented. The physiological data of interest include recent anatomical and physiological data for the muscle spindle and input-output studies of the muscle. These data indicate that simple linear models can describe the basic behavior of these two elements in tracking tasks. This paper contains two key developments: 1) the variation in system parameters as a function of average muscle tension or operating point; and 2) the role of the muscle spindle both as an equalization element and in its effects on muscle tone or average tension. The simplest neuromuscular model suggested by and compatible with the data is one in which muscle spindles provide four functions in one entity: 1) the feedback of limb position; 2) lead/lag series equalization; 3) the source of at least one command signal to the system; and 4) a signal for adjustment of the spindle gain, equalization, and steady-state spindle output which produces the average muscle tension.

Journal ArticleDOI
16 Nov 1968-Nature
TL;DR: If memories are not permanently destroyed by the administration of amnesic agents, a revision of consolidation theory will be necessary.
Abstract: THE possible recovery of a memory which has disappeared as the result of an electroconvulsive shock (ECS) or some other amnesic agent is of considerable theoretical importance to the understanding of the process by which memories are laid down. Consolidation theory1 assumes that the engram remains susceptible to disruption for a period after its formation and that interference with its consolidation results in its permanent disruption. Evidence suggesting that memories can be recovered2 is rebutted by those who hold to consolidation3. If memories are not permanently destroyed by the administration of amnesic agents, a revision of consolidation theory will be necessary.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of both procedures indicate a stem cell self renewal probability p =0.62 ± 0.04, which does not change significantly between the sixth and the fourteenth day of colony development, and an extinction probability ω = 0.12.
Abstract: The probability of a colony which originated as a single stem cell to become extinct due to differentiation of all of its stem cells in any generation is closely connected to stem cell self renewal probability p. p can be determined from the coefficient of variation of the colony numbers received by reinjecting single colonies of the same age. Whole spleens containing a known average colony number can also be used with advantage for this purpose. The results of both procedures indicate a stem cell self renewal probability p =0.62 ± 0.04, which does not change significantly between the sixth and the fourteenth day of colony development, and an extinction probability ω = 0.63 ± 0.12.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Utilizing electron paramagnetic resonance technique, direct ozonization of linoleic acid produced measurable free radicals after a two-hour induction period.
Abstract: The air pollutant ozone Is believed to exert its deleterious biological effects by the formation of free radicals. However these free radicals have not been directly measured. It has also been suggested that peroxidation of cell membrane unsaturated fatty acids is an important mechanism In ozone toxicity. Utilizing electron paramagnetic resonance technique, direct ozonization of linoleic acid produced measurable free radicals after a two-hour induction period.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reliability monitoring of digital pulse-code modulation data in coherent transmission systems can be based upon online estimation of signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver through maximum likelihood SNR estimation.
Abstract: Reliability monitoring of digital pulse-code modulation (PCM) data in coherent transmission systems can be based upon online estimation of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. Maximum likelihood SNR estimation is analyzed to determine the structure of the estimator and its ability to monitor error rates with a given degree of confidence. In particular, relationships between estimation confidence intervals, observation time, word error rates, and PCM word structure are developed.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: C(20) and C(22) polyunsaturated acids were confined almost exclusively to the 2-position of these lipids, where they comprised the majority of 2-substituents in EGP and SGP (oleic acid predominated in this position in CGP).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Research at Eniwetok Atoll suggests that many exposed coral reef invertebrates have evolved effective defensive mechanisms in association with high intensity predation, and Holothuria difficilis is best protected from predation.
Abstract: The ecology, defensive behavior and toxicity of three species of reef flat holothurians (Actinopyga mauritiana, Holothuria atra and Holothuria difficilis) were studied at Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands. The average diurnal population density of H. difficilis ranged from 1.4 to 32 holothurians/900 cm2; resting respiratory rates (0.05 ml O2/g wet wt/h) were comparable during day and night; nourishment in H. difficilis may be primarily from bacteria and foraminifera in which about 2% of the dry weight of sediment consumed is utilized, and the species probably passes at least 3 g dry wt of sediment/m2/day (>1 kg/m2/year). A fundamental difference in energy flow is suggested: considerably more energy is passed from benthic algae to grazing and browsing fishes to predatory fishes on coral reefs whereas, in extra-tropical latitudes, more energy is shunted from benthic algae to invertebrates to predators. The effects of holothurin leading to death in fishes are irreversible. Holothuria difficilis is best protected from predation. Its body wall is toxic and it can accurately eject Cuvierian tubules, which are also toxic. The discharge of tubules was regulated by a circadian rhythm in May. Studies on holothurians and sponges suggest that many exposed coral reef invertebrates have evolved effective defensive mechanisms in association with high intensity predation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results obtained here can be applied to minimax problems in function spaces and in particular to some time optimal control problems, optimal control Problems in the presence of constraints on the phase coordinates, and some pursuit problems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical analysis of the electromagnetic wave equation with a saturable, intensity-dependent, refractive index is presented, showing the dynamical self-focusing of an intense optical beam through the focus.
Abstract: We report a numerical analysis of the electromagnetic wave equation with a saturable, intensity-dependent, refractive index. The solutions show the dynamical self-focusing of an intense optical beam through the focus. The transverse intensity profile develops a complex ringed structure, the central maximum of which has many of the properties of the small-scale filaments observed experimentally.

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Aug 1968-Science
TL;DR: Relative complement-fixing activity of antibodies to nuclear antigens, including DNA, were determined in serums of 15 patients with, and 65 patients without, active lupus nephritis by comparing titers obtained in two methods.
Abstract: Relative complement-fixing activity of antibodies to nuclear antigens, including DNA, were determined in serums of 15 patients with, and 65 patients without, active lupus nephritis, by comparing titers obtained in two methods. High complement-fixing activity of antibody was found in the nephritis group and low activity in the others. Results with immunoglobulin G fractions were similar.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1968-Cancer
TL;DR: “Odontogenic Adenomatoid Tumor” is suggested as a more acceptable designation for the adenoameloblastoma and results of special stains suggested possible connective tissue origin for the hyaline material.
Abstract: Ten new cases of adenoameloblastoma were studied. Three were entirely extraosseous. Females predominated; age ranged from 9 to 16 years and the lesions were most often associated with an unerupted permanent maxillary anterior tooth. Painless swelling or missing teeth were the most frequent presenting symptoms for intraosseous lesions while peripheral lesions presented as painless gingival swellings. A well‐demarcated radiolucency containing faint radiopacities characteristically surrounded the crown and portions of the root. Simple enucleation was curative. Encapsulation, duct‐like structures containing eosinophilic hyaline material, spindled epithelium, cribriform pattern, microcyst formation, intraluminal calcification and dystrophic calcification of degenerated connective tissue were common histologic features. Results of special stains suggested possible connective tissue origin for the hyaline material. There were no clinical or microscopic similarities noted between the adenoameloblastoma and the simple ameloblastoma. “Odontogenic Adenomatoid Tumor” is suggested as a more acceptable designation.