Institution
University of St Andrews
Education•St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom•
About: University of St Andrews is a education organization based out in St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Laser. The organization has 16260 authors who have published 43364 publications receiving 1636072 citations. The organization is also known as: St Andrews University & University of St. Andrews.
Topics: Population, Laser, Planet, Galaxy, Stars
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the competition between charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom in superlattices of alternating lead titanate and strontium titanate layers to produce complex topologies of electrical polarization.
Abstract: The complex interplay of spin, charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom provides a plethora of exotic phases and physical phenomena. In recent years, complex spin topologies have emerged as a consequence of the electronic band structure and the interplay between spin and spin-orbit coupling in materials. Here we produce complex topologies of electrical polarization--namely, nanometre-scale vortex-antivortex (that is, clockwise-anticlockwise) arrays that are reminiscent of rotational spin topologies--by making use of the competition between charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom in superlattices of alternating lead titanate and strontium titanate layers. Atomic-scale mapping of the polar atomic displacements by scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals the presence of long-range ordered vortex-antivortex arrays that exhibit nearly continuous polarization rotation. Phase-field modelling confirms that the vortex array is the low-energy state for a range of superlattice periods. Within this range, the large gradient energy from the vortex structure is counterbalanced by the corresponding large reduction in overall electrostatic energy (which would otherwise arise from polar discontinuities at the lead titanate/strontium titanate interfaces) and the elastic energy associated with epitaxial constraints and domain formation. These observations have implications for the creation of new states of matter (such as dipolar skyrmions, hedgehog states) and associated phenomena in ferroic materials, such as electrically controllable chirality.
649 citations
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TL;DR: The continental crust is the archive of the geological history of the Earth and only 7% of the crust is older than 2.5 Ga, and yet significantly more crust was generated before than subsequently.
Abstract: The continental crust is the archive of the geological history of the Earth. Only 7% of the crust is older than 2.5 Ga, and yet significantly more crust was generated before 2.5 Ga than subsequently. Zircons offer robust records of the magmatic and crust-forming events preserved in the continental crust. They yield marked peaks of ages of crystallization and of crust formation. The latter might reflect periods of high rates of crust generation, and as such be due to magmatism associated with deep-seated mantle plumes. Alternatively the peaks are artefacts of preservation, they mark the times of supercontinent formation, and magmas generated in some tectonic settings may be preferentially preserved. There is increasing evidence that depletion of the upper mantle was in response to early planetary differentiation events. Arguments in favour of large volumes of continental crust before the end of the Archaean, and the thickness of felsic and mafic crust, therefore rely on thermal models for the progressively cooling Earth. They are consistent with recent estimates that the rates of crust generation and destruction along modern subduction zones are strikingly similar. The implication is that the present volume of continental crust was established 2–3 Ga ago.
648 citations
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National Institutes of Health1, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute2, University of Cambridge3, Rockefeller University4, University of California, Davis5, Leibniz Association6, Seoul National University7, University of Southern California8, European Bioinformatics Institute9, Dresden University of Technology10, Max Planck Society11, Radboud University Nijmegen12, University of St Andrews13, University of Massachusetts Amherst14, University of Adelaide15, University of Missouri16, East Carolina University17, University of Queensland18, Clemson University19, University of Otago20, University of Arizona21, Natural History Museum22, Bangor University23, University of Konstanz24, Harvard University25, Northeastern University26, University of Antwerp27, National Museum of Natural History28, University of Graz29, University of Florida30, University of Basel31, University of California, Santa Cruz32, Zoological Society of San Diego33, Pacific Biosciences34, Pompeu Fabra University35, University of Maryland, College Park36, Harbin Institute of Technology37, University of Chicago38, Oregon Health & Science University39, Qatar Airways40, Monash University Malaysia Campus41, University of Milan42, Goethe University Frankfurt43, Pennsylvania State University44, University of Los Andes45, Norwegian University of Science and Technology46, University of Copenhagen47, Agency for Science, Technology and Research48, Royal Ontario Museum49, Smithsonian Institution50, Howard Hughes Medical Institute51, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research52, University of East Anglia53, University College Dublin54, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign55, La Trobe University56, University of California, San Diego57, Nova Southeastern University58
TL;DR: The Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) as mentioned in this paper is an international effort to generate high quality, complete reference genomes for all of the roughly 70,000 extant vertebrate species and to help to enable a new era of discovery across the life sciences.
Abstract: High-quality and complete reference genome assemblies are fundamental for the application of genomics to biology, disease, and biodiversity conservation. However, such assemblies are available for only a few non-microbial species1-4. To address this issue, the international Genome 10K (G10K) consortium5,6 has worked over a five-year period to evaluate and develop cost-effective methods for assembling highly accurate and nearly complete reference genomes. Here we present lessons learned from generating assemblies for 16 species that represent six major vertebrate lineages. We confirm that long-read sequencing technologies are essential for maximizing genome quality, and that unresolved complex repeats and haplotype heterozygosity are major sources of assembly error when not handled correctly. Our assemblies correct substantial errors, add missing sequence in some of the best historical reference genomes, and reveal biological discoveries. These include the identification of many false gene duplications, increases in gene sizes, chromosome rearrangements that are specific to lineages, a repeated independent chromosome breakpoint in bat genomes, and a canonical GC-rich pattern in protein-coding genes and their regulatory regions. Adopting these lessons, we have embarked on the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP), an international effort to generate high-quality, complete reference genomes for all of the roughly 70,000 extant vertebrate species and to help to enable a new era of discovery across the life sciences.
647 citations
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TL;DR: The SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey (SSSSS) as mentioned in this paper is a wide-scale survey of images collected by the International Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics.
Abstract: In this, the first in a series of three papers concerning the SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey (SSS), we give an introduction and user guide to the survey programme. We briefly describe other wide-field surveys and compare them with our own. We give examples of the data, and make a comparison of the accuracies of the various image parameters available with those from the other surveys providing similar data; we show that the SSS data base and interface offer advantages over these surveys. Some science applications of the data are also described and some limitations discussed. The series of three papers constitutes a comprehensive description and user guide for the SSS.
646 citations
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Met Office1, Rothamsted Research2, British Trust for Ornithology3, Butterfly Conservation4, University of Cambridge5, University of St Andrews6, Freshwater Biological Association7, University of Lincoln8, Aarhus University9, Australian National University10, University of Edinburgh11, Coventry University12, University of Aberdeen13
TL;DR: A Climate Sensitivity Profile approach is applied to 10,003 terrestrial and aquatic phenological data sets, spatially matched to temperature and precipitation data, to quantify variation in climate sensitivity and detected systematic variation in the direction and magnitude of phenological climate sensitivity.
Abstract: Differences in phenological responses to climate change among species can desynchronise ecological interactions and thereby threaten ecosystem function. To assess these threats, we must quantify the relative impact of climate change on species at different trophic levels. Here, we apply a Climate Sensitivity Profile approach to 10,003 terrestrial and aquatic phenological data sets, spatially matched to temperature and precipitation data, to quantify variation in climate sensitivity. The direction, magnitude and timing of climate sensitivity varied markedly among organisms within taxonomic and trophic groups. Despite this variability, we detected systematic variation in the direction and magnitude of phenological climate sensitivity. Secondary consumers showed consistently lower climate sensitivity than other groups. We used mid-century climate change projections to estimate that the timing of phenological events could change more for primary consumers than for species in other trophic levels (6.2 versus 2.5–2.9 days earlier on average), with substantial taxonomic variation (1.1–14.8 days earlier on average).
640 citations
Authors
Showing all 16531 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Yi Chen | 217 | 4342 | 293080 |
Paul M. Thompson | 183 | 2271 | 146736 |
Ian J. Deary | 166 | 1795 | 114161 |
Dongyuan Zhao | 160 | 872 | 106451 |
Mark J. Smyth | 153 | 713 | 88783 |
Harry Campbell | 150 | 897 | 115457 |
William J. Sutherland | 148 | 966 | 94423 |
Thomas J. Smith | 140 | 1775 | 113919 |
John A. Peacock | 140 | 565 | 125416 |
Jean-Marie Tarascon | 136 | 853 | 137673 |
David A. Jackson | 136 | 1095 | 68352 |
Ian Ford | 134 | 678 | 85769 |
Timothy J. Mitchison | 133 | 404 | 66418 |
Will J. Percival | 129 | 473 | 87752 |
David P. Lane | 129 | 568 | 90787 |