Showing papers by "University of Stirling published in 1977"
TL;DR: This article showed that visual recognition memory for a sequence of nonverbalized patterns is shown to have a large and clearly defined recency effect, which occurs with random list lengths and therefore ca...
Abstract: Visual recognition memory for a sequence of non-verbalized patterns is shown to have a large and clearly defined recency effect. This recency effect occurs with random list lengths and therefore ca...
268 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that visualization requires general purpose resources, and that interference between visualization and perception could be due to competition for these resources.
Abstract: It is often claimed that visualizing and perceiving interfere with each other because they compete for special purpose visual processing resources. The arguments for this view (e.g. Brooks, 1967, 1968) are criticised. Five experiments are then reported which attempt to determine whether specific processing activities interfere with the visualization of novel abstract patterns. Visualization was greatly interfered with by adding five digits but not by reading them. Presentation modality of the digits did not affect the interference they caused. When the intervening activity involved processing patterns similar to those being visualized, the amount of interference depended upon whether the subject had to form and use representations that outlived the icon. Perception caused interference when it involved formation of a maintainable representation, but not when it required only sensory storage. It is concluded that visualization requires general purpose resources, and that interference between visualization a...
216 citations
TL;DR: The relationship between these data and similar published data for marine ciliates is examined and the value of double log regressions of generation time vs. cell volume in ecological studies of the protozoa is discussed.
Abstract: Reproductive rates have been calculated for ten species of ciliated protozoa in defined conditions. Interspecific double log regressions of generation time vs. cell volume have been computed at each of three temperatures (8.5° C, 15° C, and 20° C) indicating a significant dependence of reproductive rate on cell size. Recorded generation times varied from 6.38 h in Vorticella microstoma at 20° C to 1004 h in Spirostomum teres at 8.5° C. These values correspond to a range in r
m (day)-1 of 2.607 to 0.017 and λ (day)-1 of 13.554 to 1.017. The relationship between these data and similar published data for marine ciliates is examined and the value of such regressions in ecological studies of the protozoa is discussed.
106 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that stamina is not important for normal day to day survival of adult trout and the influence of various ecological factors is discussed.
Abstract: A new type of miniature ultrasonic telemetry transmitter weighing less than 4 g underwater and usable on fish of less than 0.5 kg weight is described. The signal consisting of a sound pulse triggered by the QRS spike of the electrocardiogram is detectable at ranges to 400 m. Continuous records lasting 7 days were made of cardiac rhythms of brown trout. Mean heart rates were low indicating a metabolic rate of not more than 1.55 times the basal metabolic rate. Maximum heart rates were rare, occupying less than 0.5% of the time; there was no evidence of build up of oxygen debt due to periods of high activity. Following a settling down period after the attachment of the transmitter, the fish exhibited a diurnal rhythm with higher heart rates during the day. The transition from day to night heart rates and vice versa in one fish was shown to anticipate solar altitude change by half-hour. Missing heart beats (cardiac inhibitory reflexes) are discussed as indicators of a sensory input, but they are not reliable indicators of feeding activity. It is concluded that stamina is not important for normal day to day survival of adult trout and the influence of various ecological factors is discussed.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an Introduction to Equilibrium Analysis: Variations on Themes by Edgeworth and Walras focuses on the approaches developed and instituted in the study of equilibrium analysis, emphasizing exchange economies, core of a game, and large economies.
Abstract: Advanced Textbooks in Economics, Volume 6: Introduction to Equilibrium Analysis: Variations on Themes by Edgeworth and Walras focuses on the approaches developed and instituted by Edgeworth and Walras in the study of equilibrium analysis. The book first underscores exchange economies, core of a game, and large economies. Discussions focus on economies with a continuum of agents, Walras equilibrium, prices and demand, balancedness, and commodity space. The manuscript then ponders on limit theorems for the core and existence of competitive equilibria. Topics include equilibria without convexity of preferences, existence of equilibria for economies with convex preferences, individual demand, emergence of prices, asymptotic equal treatment for most, uniform boundedness of core allocations, and limit theorems for type and replica economies. The publication examines continuous, upper, and lower hemi-continuous correspondences, fixed point theorems, and separation of convex sets. The book is a vital source of data for economists and researchers interested in equilibrium analysis.
97 citations
TL;DR: This article extended the work of Arrow and Bruno on the optimal distribution of educational expenditure and examined educational policies when both education and income redistribution policies are simultaneously optimised, and found that these modifications lead to more regressive educational policies than suggested by Arrow.
74 citations
TL;DR: Results suggested that the weakly active wyerol was a precursor of other wyerone derivatives, and could alone account for the restriction of fungal growth in cotyledons or leaves and pods respectively.
Abstract: Six phytoalexins, the furano-acetylenes wyerol, wyerone, wyerone acid and wyerone epoxide, an unidentified wyerone derivative (M+ 290) and the isoflavanoid medicarpin, have been recognized as the major components of the phytoalexin response of Viciafaba. All of the phytoalexins examined were more active against germ tubes of Botrytis cinerea than B. fabae; differential toxicity was much more marked with wyerone derivatives than with medicarpin. The inhibitors were placed in the following order of antifungal activity against B. cinerea at pH 4-0: wyerone epoxide > wyerone acid > wyerone > medicarpin > wyerol. Activity of the acid was less at pH 500. Activities of wyerone acid and epoxide were additive. Phytoalexins accumulated in limited lesions caused by Botrytis. Time-course studies showed that the rapid accumulation of wyerone or wyerone acid could alone account for the restriction of fungal growth in cotyledons or leaves and pods respectively. Wyerone appeared to be deposited on pod endocarp cell walls and converted to wyerone acid in vivo. Results suggested that the weakly active wyerol was a precursor of other wyerone derivatives. An initial increase in phytoalexin concentrations in leaves and pods after inoculation with B. fabae was followed by a decrease as tissues became completely blackened and colonized by the pathogen. The biochemical mechanisms underlying the specificity of B. fabae to V. faba are discussed.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this article, itaconic acid was polymerized by both bulk and emulsion techniques to produce a series of samples with ester chain lengths ranging from methyl to hexyl, which were characterized by measuring the molecular weight, density, glass and sub-glass transitions.
72 citations
TL;DR: In rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) which had been acclimatised to the experimental salinity and temperature, food intake was maximal in the intermediate salinities and recovery of food intake and growth rate to pre-increase levels was complete within 14 days.
Abstract: In rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) which had been acclimatised to the experimental salinity and temperature, food intake was maximal in the intermediate salinities of 15.0 and 28.0%, less in fresh water and 7.5% and minimal, by a statistically significant margin, in 32.5%. There were marked day-to-day fluctuations in food intake. When salinity was abruptly increased by 7.5 or 13.0%, there were decreases in growth rate which were related to decreases in food intake. Recovery of food intake and growth rate to pre-increase levels was complete within 14 days. Absorption efficiency, in terms of total dry matter, total energy and total nitrogen, was negatively related to salinity. Total nitrogen was absorbed considerably more efficiently than either energy or dry matter. Conversion efficiency (K1 and K2) was estimated, also in terms of dry matter, energy and total nitrogen, in trout of the O+ and 1+ year groups weighing from 50 to 150 g. There was a tendency for conversion efficiency to decline with salinity, especially between 28.0 and 32.5%. Dry matter and energy conversion were significantly lower than nitrogen conversion efficiency.
70 citations
TL;DR: By defining the maximum oxygen pulse a precise relationship can be established between maximum metabolic rate and heart rate and from field measurements of heart rate by telemetry useful information can be gained on metabolic rates.
Abstract: Measurements of oxygen consumption and heart rate showed that the range of variation in metabolic rate for any given heart rate in fish is too wide for any significant correlation to be used as a measure of metabolism as in some other vertebrates. By defining the maximum oxygen pulse a precise relationship can be established between maximum metabolic rate and heart rate. From field measurements of heart rate by telemetry useful information can be gained on metabolic rates.
65 citations
TL;DR: An outbreak of an acute oedematous disease characterised by orbital and abdominal swelling, and high mortality, in young turbot, was studied and the clinical and pathological picture was consistent with a circulating toxaemia principally affecting the heart, orbit and kidney.
Abstract: An outbreak of an acute oedematous disease characterised by orbital and abdominal swelling, and high mortality, in young turbot, was studied. The clinical and pathological picture was consistent with a circulating toxaemia principally affecting the heart, orbit and kidney. Vibrio anguillarum, virtually identical with type strain NCMB6, was isolated in pure culture from all organs of all fish. Therapy was only marginally successful using antibiotics but in a small group subjected to temperature reduction below 10°C, losses were reduced from 20 % to 5 % compared with the controls.
TL;DR: In this paper, the cyclische Natur eines Liganden das Gleichgewicht zwischen den paramagnetischen, blauen Komplexen (I) and den diamagneticalhen, gelben Komplexens (II) beeinflust, wird die Thermodynamik dieser Umlagerung mit Komplexes mit dem Cyclus and den beiden linearen Analogen untersucht.
TL;DR: In this article, an equation was derived which enables the determination of stability constants of complex ions by differential pulse polarography, and values obtained by this method for the cadmium (II) chloride system were in excellent agreement with those determined by potentiometry using a cad mium amalgam electrode.
TL;DR: It is concluded (a) thatendo-β-mannanase activity, like galactomannan breakdown, is regulated by the fenugreek aleurone layer and (b) that theendo- β-mannAnase is almost certainly instrumental in bringing about galactOMannanan hydrolysis in vivo.
Abstract: The activity ofendo-β-mannanase in the endosperm of fenugreek seeds at different stages of germination varies pari passu with storage galactomannan breakdown.Endo-β-mannanase is similarly associated with the galactomannan breakdown which occurs when isolated fenugreek half-endosperms are incubated under “germination” conditions. Metabolic inhibitors,acting on the aleurone layer reduceendo-β-mannanase production in the half-endosperms in proportion to their inhibition of galactomannan breakdown.
TL;DR: In this paper, an investigation into the levels of metals in plants growing on metalliferous soils was carried out, and the exchangeable metal concentration of soils from Tyndrum and Trelogan was found to be extremely variable from sample to sample.
Abstract: An investigation into the levels of metals in plants growing on metalliferous soils was carried out. The exchangeable metal concentration of soils from Tyndrum and Trelogan was found to be extremely variable from sample to sample and the influence of soil pH on the exchangeable lead and zinc concentration is discussed. Large differences in heavy metal levels were found between species and may be indicative of different mechanisms of tolerance to lead and zinc excess. Large differences in calcium levels between plant tissues were also found. These may result from the use of calcium in ameliorating lead and zinc toxicity in some species.
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of poly(mono n-alkyl itaconic acid esters), with ester chain lengths varying from methyl to decyl, were prepared by emulsion polymerisation.
Abstract: A series of poly(mono n-alkyl itaconic acid esters), with ester chain lengths varying from methyl to decyl, were prepared by emulsion polymerisation. The materials are all hard brittle glassy polymers at ambient temperatures and undergo a dehydration reaction in the range 430 K to 450 K. Dynamic mechanical measurements showed the presence of at least three other damping maxima: an Δ-transition at 90−95 K, a δ-transition at 190–200 K and a γ-transition at 240–260 K. The e is associated with motion in the hydrocarbon part of the side chain, while the δ and γ transitions are associated with relaxations involving the carboxyl and alkoxycarbonyl groups respectively. Glass transitions were only detectable in higher esters. The thermal stability of the polymers is also briefly discussed.
TL;DR: It appears that the galactomannan is formed in the intracisternal space of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then expelled outside the plasmalemma, which contrasts with that of other plant cell wall polysaccharides whose secretion is mediated by Golgi vesicles.
Abstract: The mode of deposition (secretion) of galactomannan in the cells of the seed endosperm ofTrigonella foenum-graecum has been studied by electron microscopy. In cells which are just beginning to secrete galactomannan there are stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The intracisternal space (containing the enchylema) of the rough ER then swells, becomes vacuolated and forms a voluminous network, with “pockets” of cytoplasm entrapped within poculiform rough ER. The enchylema contains material which reacts with periodate-thiocarbohydrazidesilver proteinate in a very similar manner to the galactomannan already deposited in the cell wall. It appears that the galactomannan is formed in the intracisternal space of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then expelled outside the plasmalemma. This mode of deposition contrasts with that of other plant cell wall polysaccharides whose secretion is mediated by Golgi vesicles.
TL;DR: A histopathological study of the development of chronic inflammation in the plaice was made with the carrageenin granuloma as the model and plasma cells and multinucleated giant cells, often absent in higher animals, were consistently present.
TL;DR: In creased leakage was recorded in seeds whose cotyledons contained no dead areas as revealed by vital staining, and was therefore attributable to changes in living cells, possibly deterioration in cell membranes.
Abstract: Seeds stored under various conditions showed deteriorative changes in extremely dry (1% r.h. at 10 °C) or humid (93% r.h. at 25 °C) conditions after 6 weeks storage, when little or no loss of viability had taken place; no changes were detected in intermediate conditions (45% r.h. at 10 °C). The loss of electrolytes from seeds into water increased after 3 weeks of humid storage, and subsequently dead areas developed on the cotyledons of seeds held in either humid or dry conditions. With time in storage some of the seeds in dry conditions showed a reduction in the rate of imbibition, and consequently a low level of electrolyte leakage. Other seeds showed an increase in leakage following dry storage. No change in solute content (sugars, potas sium, and electrolytes) was detected in seeds stored in humid conditions, suggesting that the increased electrolyte leakage was caused by an impaired ability to retain solutes. Thus in creased leakage was recorded in seeds whose cotyledons contained no dead areas as revealed by vital staining, and was therefore attributable to changes in living cells, possibly deterioration in cell membranes. Viability began to decline after 6 weeks in humid storage at 25 °C and after 2 d in 94% r.h. at 45 °C, but was maintained in both dry and intermediate conditions. The rate at which viability fell in humid storage was greatly influenced by the initial condition of the seed.
TL;DR: Large interspecific differences in plant tissue concentrations of metals were found and are believed to reflect innate Differences in plant response to the unusual soil conditions.
Abstract: The concentrations of several metals in plants and soils from two British serpentine sites were investigated. Large interspecific differences in plant tissue concentrations of metals were found and are believed to reflect innate differences in plant response to the unusual soil conditions. Particularly noteworthy are the high iron levels in some of the species.
TL;DR: Papillomatosis of Atlantic Salmon was studied with regard to epizootiology, gross and histologic pathology, and host response and findings tended to support histologic observations that the lesion was ultimately sloughed as a result of a cell mediated immune response.
Abstract: Papillomatosis of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) was studied with regard to epizootiology, gross and histologic pathology, and host response. It was found to be a condition of parr in their second summer, but also occasionally of young adult fish (smolts and grilse) which have adapted to salt water. The lesion was plaque-like to papillomatous and consisted of stratified squamous epithelium with supporting stroma. Immunologic findings tended to support histologic observations that the lesion was ultimately sloughed as a result of a cell mediated immune response.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the meaning of, and arguments for, integrated science is presented, along with a discussion of the role of science education in the development of the curriculum.
Abstract: (1977). A Review of the Meanings of, and Arguments for, Integrated Science. Studies in Science Education: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 31-62.
TL;DR: The spermatophore in the Copepoda is an elongated flask-shaped object produced by the male copepod in which are contained the sperm and associated secretions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The spermatophore in the Copepoda is an elongated flask-shaped object produced by the male copepod in which are contained the sperm and associated secretions. The male must attach the spermatophore to the female genital segment in such a position that the opening to the neck of the spermatophore, through which the sperm come out, is in contact with the opening of the female cavity. Placement of the spermatophore elsewhere, in such a manner that connexion with the female genital cavity is not achieved, may not cause fertilization and will waste sperm.
TL;DR: In this article, the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the nonlinear de Wit competition model were derived using a maximum likelihood estimator for the de Wit model. But the model was not considered in this paper.
Abstract: The paper describes how maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the nonlinear de Wit competition model may be derived.
TL;DR: Quantitative data are presented to show that there is an increase in the frequency of rough endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and dictyOSome vesicles during the period when wall-hydrolyzing enzyme secretion is occurring, interpreted as reflecting an increased in demand for the secretory machinery of the endomembrane system.
Abstract: The ultrastructural changes which occur during the foliar abscission ofImpatiens sultani Hook. andColeus blumei Benth. have been described. In both cases fracture of the separation zone results from a modification of the wall and cleavage along the line of the middle lamella. This process starts at the corners of the cells and in regions rich in plasmodesmata. During the period of wall breakdown, cellular integrity is maintained and the membrane degradation described by others was not observed. Plasmolysis studies confirmed that the separation zone cells retained their selective permeability characteristics until well after wall fracture. Quantitative data are presented to show that there is an increase in the frequency of rough endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and dictyosome vesicles during the period when wall-hydrolyzing enzyme secretion is occurring. These changes are interpreted as reflecting an increase in demand for the secretory machinery of the endomembrane system. The possible involvement of plasmodesmata in this process is also discussed.
TL;DR: There was definitive evidence of giant cell production and, although much slower to develop, the lesion had all the characteristics of focal tuberculosis as found in higher vertebrates.
TL;DR: This work has examined problems in barley and developed an approach which should make possible more accurate predictions from experiments lasting only 2 yr, even though fresh seed of most species shows no detectable loss of viability during this time.
Abstract: THE International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) is encouraging the development of an international network of seed banks for the conservation of the genetic resources of the major crop species of the world and their wild relatives1. Most of the species in priority lists show ‘orthodox’ seed characteristics2, that is their longevity is prolonged in a defined manner by a reduction in moisture content (MC) (at least down to 5% MC, fresh weight basis) and temperature3. From a consideration of biological factors and the design and cost of seed storage facilities, IBPGR recommends that orthodox seeds are stored at −18 °C or less and at 5± 1% MC2. It is convenient to aim at −20 °C as the nominal temperature. Because of the accumulation of mutations associated with loss of viability4,5, IBPGR recommends regeneration of stocks (that is growing plants to provide new seeds from the old) when viability has fallen by 5% (ref. 2). To plan ancillary facilities and procedures, it is necessary to estimate regeneration intervals (time taken for viability to fall by 5%) for the major crop species. Such estimates pose three problems: there are genotypically controlled variations in longevity within a species; seed ‘quality’, determined by conditions before harvest and during processing, can affect subsequent longevity; and loss of viability at −20 °C is extremely slow, and so far it has been possible to predict regeneration interval only by questionable extrapolation from more favourable storage conditions5,6. We have examined these problems in barley (Hordeum distichum, L.) and have developed an approach which should make possible more accurate predictions from experiments lasting only 2 yr—even though fresh seed of most species shows no detectable loss of viability during this time.