Showing papers by "University of Stirling published in 1981"
TL;DR: The habitat of the chimpanzees of Mt. Assirik, in the Parc National du Niokolo-Koba, Senegal, is described in terms of rainfall, temperature and vegetation.
180 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that catabolic tissue breakdown is a major factor contributing to the formation of the pigments within melano-macrophages.
Abstract: Starvation resulted in considerably increased deposition of melano-macrophages within the spleen and kidney of Pleuronectes plalessa, Salmo gairdneri, Xiphophorus helleri, and Tilapia zillii also within the liver and spleen of Scyliorhinus canicula. These results suggest that catabolic tissue breakdown is a major factor contributing to the formation of the pigments within melano-macrophages.
130 citations
TL;DR: Parental reports of anti- social behaviour.(stealing, lying, destructiveness and wandering from home) were shown to carry the worst prognosis for subsequent conviction(s) particularly where teachers' reports supported those of the parents.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Material gathered in 1961 as pail of a large scale Sample survey of the behaviour of school age children has been used to select a group of boys whose behaviour deviated most from that typical of other boys of their age Their subsequent convictions for indictable (major) offences have been ascertained over a fifteen year period together with those for a matched control group originally exhibiting “normal” behaviour Findings show those in the deviator group to be significantly more likely both to become offenders and to become recidivists Qualitatively, parental reports of anti- social behaviour(stealing, lying, destructiveness and wandering from home) were shown to carry the worst prognosis for subsequent conviction(s) particularly where teachers' reports supported those of the parents The practical and theoretical implications of the study are discussed
128 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a post-hoc comparison was made on six variables common to both sets of data, and where possible, the effects of season and type of habitat were also compared.
Abstract: Data on the nests built by chimpanzees were collected in Equatorial Guinea and Senegal. A post-hoc comparison was made on six variables common to both sets of data, and where possible, the effects of season and type of habitat were also compared. The only variable which was not found to differ significantly was the minimum distance between nests. More effects both of season and type of habitat were found in Senegal than in Equatorial Guinea. This is attributed to the marked seasonality and more variable vegetation in the former site. It was concluded that all the differences found in nest-building could be explained by environmental factors and although learning seems to be involved, it remains for further investigation to demonstrate how this might give rise to cultural variation in nest-building.
123 citations
TL;DR: The relative importance of arm weight and other factors has not been precisely measured, but experiments in prolonged spaceflight should help to elucidate the issue.
83 citations
TL;DR: Melanin-bearing macrophages first appear within fish haemopoietic tissues at a time following first feeding, and the absence of pigments in young fish larvae, their steady accumulation with age in clinically normal specimens and their presence without exception in older fish indicate that these pigments within the centres represent age pigment.
Abstract: Melanin-bearing macrophages first appear within fish haemopoietic tissues at a time following first feeding Immunological maturity appears to be attained at first feeding and the fact that it is shortly afterwards that melano-macrophages appear within lymphoid tissues adds weight to the evidence of a structural and functional relationship between melano-macrophage centres and lymphoid tissues The absence of pigments in young fish larvae, their steady accumulation with age in clinically normal specimens and their presence without exception in older fish indicate that these pigments within the centres represent age pigment
73 citations
TL;DR: The Refuge movement within the Women's Aid movement in Britain is trying in an egalitarian way to return the problem to women and the community and also to get social agencies to respond positively as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Here we analyze the forms of community and institutional responses to the problem of wife beating. The regulation of domestic affairs in European communities is traced from the fifteenth century to the present. The historical analysis begins with direct and personal responses of members of the community, such as misrules and charivaris, and traces the development of the more abstract and impersonal responses of the state institutions that emerged during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Both community and institutional forms of response were directed at upholding patriarchal authority and the husband's right to control his wife through various means, including the use of physical force. The intent was not to stop the violence but to set limits on the amount of violence a husband might use in pursuing his rights. With the transformation from ritualized forms of community response to abstract forms of institutional regulation, battered women were forced to seek help from institutions, such as the police, that were not established to deal with problems of domestic order and that remained relatively unconcerned with the problem of wife beating.
The refuge movement within the Women's Aid movement in Britain is trying in an egalitarian way to return the problem to women and the community and also to get social agencies to respond positively. It rejects male violence unequivocally and challenges the patriarchical domination underlying-the acceptance and continuation of wife beating.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered a normal subgroup H ≠ 1 with the property that ifx ∈ G/H andz ∈ H thenx is conjugate in G toxz, and reasonably complicated examples of classes 2 and 3 are constructed.
Abstract: Finitep-groupsG are considered having a normal subgroupH ≠ 1 with this property: ifx ∈G/H andz ∈H thenx is conjugate inG toxz. Some theory is developed, and reasonably complicated examples of classes 2 and 3 are constructed.
69 citations
TL;DR: A series of poly(n-alkyl itaconic acid esters) with side chain lengths from 7 to 20 carbon atoms have been prepared and two glass transition temperatures have been detected as discussed by the authors.
66 citations
TL;DR: There were significant quantitative and qualitative differences between the proteinases of the two developmental forms, including the major proteinases A-E, were thiol proteinases since they were stimulated by 1 mM dithiothreitol and were sensitive to inhibitors such as HgCl2, leupeptin, antipain and iodoacetic acid.
63 citations
TL;DR: Light and electron microscope studies were made on broad bean leaves undergoing resistant and susceptible reactions to infection with Botrytis spp.
Abstract: Light and electron microscope studies were made on broad bean leaves undergoing resistant and susceptible reactions to infection with Botrytis spp. Following penetration of the abaxial cuticle, hyphae of each species expanded within swollen epidermal cell walls. Hyphae produced by the non-pathogens B. cinerea, B. elliptica and B. tulipae, and also the pathogen B. fabae when inoculum droplets contained
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: Well established approaches to the understanding of human information processing are drawn on to suggest the direction in which may lie a model of the way the need to pay attention to many sources of information, and to the information received from those sources, gives rise to difficulties for the human operator in monitoring large automatic and semiautomatic systems.
Abstract: Little or no direct experimental work exists on the role of attention in error detection and diagnosis. Therefore, this paper draws on well established approaches to the understanding of human information processing to suggest the direction in which may lie a model of the way the need to pay attention to many sources of information, and to the information received from those sources, gives rise to difficulties for the human operator in monitoring large automatic and semiautomatic systems.
TL;DR: Minimal dietary pyridoxine requirements of the gilthead bream were determined and signs of deficiency were manifested as growth retardation, high mortality, poor food conversion, hyperirritability coupled with erratic swimming behavior and degenerative changes in peripheral nerves.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the durations of persistence of information concerning stimulus onset and offset are at least 180 and 120 msec, respectively.
Abstract: Subjects identified dot bigrams appearing within or disappearing from random dot patterns. Each letter could be split into two predefined parts; the cues concerning the complete letter were minimized in each half. Identification performance was investigated as the interval between the appearance or disappearance of bigram halves was varied in the range 0 to 300 msec. The results indicate that the durations of persistence of information concerning stimulus onset and offset are at least 180 and 120 msec, respectively.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The present review is concerned with the latter phylum, the molluscs, two groups of which, the gastropods and the bivalves, form a most conspicuous part of the estuarine macrofauna.
Abstract: The fauna of estuaries is characterised by having relatively few species, the number decreasing within the estuary from both the seaward and river end to reach a minimum of species at a salinity of c. 5%, whilst at the same time these few species may be extremely abundant. The abundance of estuarine animals leads to the recognition of estuaries as one of the most productive natural habitats (McLusky, 1971; in press). The high productivity of estuaries is based on their ability to retain detritus material derived from the sea, rivers or salt marshes. Feeding on this detritus are three main taxa of animals, the annelids, the crustaceans and the molluscs. The present review is concerned with the latter phylum, the molluscs, two groups of which, the gastropods and the bivalves, form a most conspicuous part of the estuarine macrofauna. As with other members of the estuarine fauna there may be relatively few species of molluscs in estuaries, but these species may be very abundant indeed.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The responses of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) to the presence of potential predators at Mt. Assirik, in the Parc National du Niokolo Koba, Senegal is reported.
Abstract: This paper reports the responses of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) to the presence of potential predators at Mt. Assirik, in the Parc National du Niokolo Koba, Senegal. Many field studies of wild chimpanzees have been made in the last 20 years but only a few reports have appeared on the responses of chimpanzees to potential predators (Gandini and Baldwin 1978, Izawa and Itani 1966, Itani 1979, Kano 1972, van Lawick-Goodall 1968, Nishida 1968, Pierce, unpubl.). The scarcity of such reports is due largely to the absence or rarity of predators large enough to present a threat to chimpanzees, in the majority of study sites. For example, at both Gombe and Kasoje in Tanzania where chimpanzees have been studied for 20 and 15 years respectively, leopards are the only potential predator and they are extremely rare.
TL;DR: A telemetry system for the continuous monitoring of tail beats, and hence swimming activity, from loch-dwelling brown trout, Salmo trutta L., is described, showing that on average fish are active for only 9% of the time.
Abstract: A telemetry system for the continuous monitoring of tail beats, and hence swimming activity, from loch-dwelling brown trout, Salmo trutta L., is described. Tail beats are detected by electromyography and are transmitted using a specially-developed miniature ultrasonic transmitter. The output from the transmitter is relayed to a remote recording station using a radio-transponder buoy. Data analysed to date show that on average fish are active for only 9% of the time. Tail beat rates rarely exceeded 2.5 tail-beats per second (TB/s) corresponding to a velocity of 1 body length per second. The fish showed a ‘preferred’ tail-beat rate of 1.0–2.0 TB/s and consequently they rarely swam at speeds which would incur oxygen debt.
TL;DR: The sequential pathology of Ichtyobodo necator infestations of the skin of 0+ and 1+ salmon and rainbow trout was studied and the possibility that the parasite secretes some form of digestive enzyme is postulated.
Abstract: . The sequential pathology of Ichtyobodo necator infestations of the skin of 0+ and 1+ salmon and rainbow trout was studied. Areas of greatest shelter from water currents were found to be most commonly infested and no parasites were found attached to the epidermis on the head of the fish. The parasite caused hyperplasia of the malphigian cells and exhaustion of the goblet cells below infestations, followed by spongiosis of the underlying epidermis. The epidermal plaque then sloughed off leaving a single layer of cells attached to the basement membrane. Cell kinetic studies showed that I. necator caused the cells immediately below infestations to divide, a markedly different pattern from that of normal teleost epidermal cell proliferation. The possibility that the parasite secretes some form of digestive enzyme is postulated. In areas where sloughing had occurred, the remaining malphigian cells were seen to be in the process of division.
TL;DR: The consumption, production and respiration of Amoeba proteus were measured in the laboratory for cells cultured over a range of Tetrahymena pyriformis concentrations at 10, 15 and 20 °C and the biological efficiencies linking the parameters of the budget equation were calculated.
Abstract: The consumption, production and respiration of Amoeba proteus were measured in the laboratory for cells cultured over a range of Tetrahymena pyriformis concentrations (125–4 000 cells/0.5 ml) at 10, 15 and 20 °C. Differences were attributed to both temperature and prey availability. A series of generation energy budgets were constructed for amoebae grown under the above conditions. The biological efficiencies linking the parameters of the budget equation were calculated. Assimilation efficiencies ranged from 22–59% regardless of temperature. Net production efficiencies were high at 15 and 20 °C (65–82%) but low at 10 °C (11–49%). Gross production efficiencies were also higher at 15 and 20 °C (16–47%) than at 10 °C (4–29%). The ecological implications of this investigation are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, two experimental techniques for preparing atoms in selected states were combined in order to obtain a highly polarized sodium beam: Firstly state selection by an inhomogeneous magnetic field and secondly optical pumping with laser light.
Abstract: Two experimental techniques for preparing atoms in selected states were combined in order to obtain a highly polarized sodium beam: Firstly state selection by an inhomogeneous magnetic field and secondly optical pumping with laser light. This results in a dominating population of the 3s
2
S
1/2 ground state levelF=2M
F=+2 (or alternativelyF=2M
F=−2) corresponding to high electron as well as nuclear spin polarization. Polarization values of 0.85±0.05 were easily obtained. The sign of the polarization can be reversed by changing the light polarization. The method can also be applied to other atoms. In addition, it is demonstrated that the optical pumping process allows a determination of the spin-selectivity of hexapole magnets.
TL;DR: The results showed that provision of feedblocks does not ensure a uniform intake of supplementary nutrients by sheep in upland/hill situations and was significantly affected by the grazing area per ewe and the age of ewes.
Abstract: A series of trials was conducted to measure the extent of individual variation in feedblock intake for ewes on upland/hill farms. From 15 flocks on nine farms 4284 ewes were selected with a range of environmental conditions and levels of performance. Ewes were given either Rumevite, Norbloc or Wintawell feedblocks containing chromic oxide. Faecal grab samples were taken per rectum from individual ewes and analysed for their chromium content to obtain estimates of feedblock consumption.The results showed that provision of feedblocks does not ensure a uniform intake of supplementary nutrients by sheep in upland/hill situations. On average, 19% of the 2931 ewes sampled had not eaten the feedblock on offer. The proportion of ewes not consuming feedblock varied from flock to flock (0 to 67%). The coefficient of variation of faecal chromium concentrations varied between flocks (46 to 231%). The reasons for the large variation in intakes observed are discussed. Feedblock intake was significantly affected by the grazing area per ewe (P<0·01) and the age of ewes (P<0·05 to P< 0·001).
TL;DR: In this article, relative bremsstrahlung cross sections have been measured for free atoms, with atomic numbers in the range $Z = 2$ to $Z=92$, at low incident electron energies of 2.5 and 10 keV.
Abstract: Relative bremsstrahlung cross sections have been measured for free atoms, with atomic numbers in the range $Z=2$ to $Z=92$, at low incident electron energies of 2.5 and 10 keV. The results agree reasonably with a theoretical calculation of Pratt et al., except at the largest $Z$ number, where differences of up to a factor of 2 at low photon energies are observed.
TL;DR: In this article, the results of soil-solution analyses for a range of Scottish and Zimbabwean serpentine soils which bear unusual vegetation were reported, which substantially altered previous conclusions concerning the chemical causes of serpentine vegetation.
Abstract: Soils derived from serpentinites and other ultramafic rocks have long been called ‘serpentine soils’ by biologists1. They often bear a distinctive vegetation with poor cover or rare species or both and have attracted botanical interest for centuries2,3. The chemical causes of the unusual vegetation have often been investigated using soil analyses of exchangeable and total quantities of ions or elements. These have shown that serpentine soils are rich in magnesium and have relatively high concentrations of nickel but low ones of calcium and other nutrients. Although these factors have been judged to be important in many serpentine soils, there have been few analyses of their soil solutions4–6, which would give a better assessment of likely soil toxicities and deficiencies. Moreover the soil solution can be effectively simulated in water–culture experiments to investigate directly the effect of each possible factor on plant growth. We report here (Table 1) the results of soil-solution analyses for a range of Scottish and Zimbabwean serpentine soils which bear unusual vegetation. These analyses have substantially altered previous conclusions concerning the chemical causes of serpentine vegetation7.
TL;DR: There was a negative correlation between stomach evacuation time and temperature in S. niloticus/aureus hybrids, and the optimum feeding regime should take account of the feeding behaviour of the animals.
Abstract: A radiographic technique was used to determine temperature effects on gastric emptying time in S. niloticus/aureus hybrids. Stomach evacuation times for 30 g fish fed 3% of their body weight were 8.5 h at 30° C, 10.8 h at 25° C and 16.4 h at 20° C. Hence, there was a negative correlation between stomach evacuation time and temperature. The Q10 between 20 and 30° C was calculated to be 1.92. Similar relationships were found for intestinal evacuation and total evacuation.
The data were used to estimate maximum daily feed intake levels of fish within the size range studied. Levels for 30 g fish were 8.5% body weight at 30° C, 6.6% at 25° C and 4.4% at 20° C. However, the optimum feeding regime should take account of the feeding behaviour of the animals.
TL;DR: With the exception of capsidiol, which was inactive at the highest concentration tested (200,μg/disc) all of the phytoalexins were selectively toxic towards Gram-positive species.
TL;DR: In this article, a brief history of the rise of violence against wives in Britain is given and the social scientist will be placed in this arena, and the existing proposals relating to social science and social action and then three fundamental aspects of action research are developed.
Abstract: Elationship between social science and social action as they have developed in the context Of research on violence against wives. After providings brief history of the rise of this social problem in Britain, the social scientist will bc placed in this arena. There, the article examines the existing proposals relating to social science and social action and then develops three fundamental aspects of action research: the methodology. the message, and the relationship between social scientists and statutory bodies and community soups . Throughout, the discussion draws comparisons with the traditional approaches that have not been oriented to action research.
TL;DR: Numbers of spores on leaf surfaces of Acer platanoides were low in early summer but increased sharply during August, reaching maximum values during October and November, and fluctuations in numbers of germinated spores and the amount of mycelial biomass indicated that several unsuccessful attempts to colonize the leaves occurred before a larger and more stable community became established in the autumn.
Abstract: Numbers of spores on leaf surfaces of Acer platanoides were low in early summer but increased sharply during August, reaching maximum values during October and November. Germination remained low throughout the sampling period and fluctuations in numbers of germinated spores and the amount of mycelium present on leaf surfaces during the summer indicated that several unsuccessful attempts to colonize the leaves occurred before a larger and more stable community became established in the autumn. These changes appeared to be related to the prevailing environmental conditions which either promoted mycelial growth or caused germinated spores to be lost. Spores were more numerous on adaxial leaf surfaces although germination and hyphal growth tended to be better on the abaxial surface. Total mycelial biomass values were generally greater on adaxial surfaces. Cladosporium spp. dominated the hyphal community numerically and produced the greatest number of germinated spores but other genera contributed larger amounts to the total mycelial biomass on some sample dates. The biomass of the yeast-like forms exceeded that of all the common phylloplane genera combined on all sample dates, with ratios greater than 50:1 being recorded during June and July.