Showing papers by "University of Stirling published in 1985"
TL;DR: Examination of nests and artificially incubated clutches after hatching showed that the main cause of an interspecies difference in hatching success was higher embryonic mortality in leatherbacks, and predation was eliminated in styrofoam boxes and reduced in reburied clutches.
179 citations
TL;DR: This chapter outlines the structures and occurrence of cell wall storage carbohydrates to give an account of current research on their metabolism and to explore their overall biological significance in the seeds which contain them.
Abstract: Publisher Summary In recent years, there has been a reawakening of interest in the physiology and biochemistry of the cell wall storage carbohydrates of seeds This chapter outlines the structures and occurrence of cell wall storage carbohydrates to give an account of current research on their metabolism and to explore their overall biological significance in the seeds which contain them Seeds are generally treated with alkali to extract polysaccharides of the “hemicellulose” type or with water to extract “gum” polysaccharides Consequently, the molecules with which this article is concerned are still widely classified as seed gums and hemicelluloses The chapter indicates the principal types of carbohydrate molecules stored in the cell walls of seeds and their distribution
159 citations
TL;DR: Premiere mesure de cette correlation de photons dans un processus de declin de 2nd ordre vrai avec les previsions de la mecanique quantique and violation of l'inegalite de Bell.
Abstract: The polarization correlation of the two photons emitted simultaneously by metastable atomic deuterium in a true second-order decay process has been measured for the first time. The results are in agreement with quantum mechanics and violate Bell's inequality by nearly 2 standard deviations in an experiment where the process of absorption and reemission is not important.
126 citations
TL;DR: Xyloglucan mobilisation was accompanied by a 17-fold increase in endo-β-glucanase activity, a 7-fold increases in β-galactosidase and an 8-fold increased in α-xylosid enzyme activities, all determined using xyloglucaan as substrate, and the levels of theses enzymes have been shown to be consistent with their being responsible for xylogucan hydrolysis in vivo.
Abstract: The levels of cell-wall xyloglucan (amyloid) in nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) cotyledons were monitored during a 28-d period covering seed imbibition, germination and early seedling development. The activities of the following enzymes capable of hydrolysing the glycosidic linkages in the xyloglucan were assayed in cotyledon extracts over the same period: endo-(1→4)-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), α-xylosidase and β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23). The endo-β-glucanase was assayed viscometrically using xyloglucan as substrate, and the three glycosidases using appropriate p-nitrophenylglycosides. Alpha xylosidase and β-galactosidase, the enzymes which would be expected to hydrolyse the side-chains from the xyloglucan molecule, were also assyed using xyloglucan as substrate. Under our culture conditions, xyloglucan levels remained constant at 30 mg per cotyledon pair for 7 d, that is until 3 d after germination: thereafter, the amount of xyloglucan diminished to zero in a 12-d period. The most rapid period of depletion was between days 9 and 13. The mobilisation of all reserve substances from the cotyledons resulted in a weight-loss of 92 mg: xyloglucan, therefore, is an important storage substance, representing 33% by weight of the seed's substrate reserves. It is a cell-wall storage polysaccharide. Xyloglucan mobilisation was accompanied by a 17-fold increase in endo-β-glucanase activity, a 7-fold increase in β-galactosidase and an 8-fold increase in α-xylosidase activities, all determined using xyloglucan as substrate. All three activities began to increase at day 5, peaked at days 12–14 when the most rapid phase of xyloglucan breakdown was over, and had declined to zero by days 22–25. The levels of theses enzymes have been shown to be consistent with their being responsible for xyloglucan hydrolysis in vivo. Nitrophenyl-β-galactosidase activity increased up to day 3, remained constant and then increased again 2.5-fold from day 5, peaking at day 11. Nitrophenyl-β-glucosidase remained relatively constant up to day 16 and then decreased to zero by day 25. Nitrophenyl-α-xylosidase activity was not detected.
107 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that each class of juvenile salmon shows a distinct developmental pattern of ionoregulation, and that smoltification occurs at a particular ontogenic stage at which the fish are no longer suited to freshwater life, and so migrate seawards.
97 citations
TL;DR: The study showed that a pure strain of M. aeruginosa toxic to mice was non-toxic to rainbow trout immersed in a culture for 10 days, and when presented by intraperitoneal injections Microcystis caused an acute toxic response with 100% mortality of fish within 36 h.
Abstract: . Microcystis aeruginosa is a common cyanobacterium of nutrient-rich fresh waters. It has been implicated in a large number of poisoning incidents involving wild and domesticated terrestrial animals. The study showed that a pure strain of M. aeruginosa toxic to mice was non-toxic to rainbow trout immersed in a culture for 10 days. In contrast, when presented by intraperitoneal injections Microcystis caused an acute toxic response with 100% mortality of fish within 36 h. The histopathology of the response is described and contrasted with that to another cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica, which was shown to be non-toxic by immersion or injection.
91 citations
TL;DR: Egg size had little influence on the onset of feeding and fry originating from small and medium egg size classes reached the point-of-no-return at 15–16 days after hatching compared to 21 days for fry from the large egg size class.
88 citations
TL;DR: The monensin-mediated transport of sodium ions through the walls of large unilamellar vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine was studied using 23Na-NMR and aqueous shift reagents indicating that transport occurs by a 1:1 Na+-ionophore complex.
87 citations
TL;DR: The paper argues that the development of models should enable improved prediction of eutrophication from cage culture, to the benefit of the fish farmer, inland fisheries and other freshwater users, but also identifies a clear need for research in other areas of possible conflict.
Abstract: This paper briefly reviews the environmental impact of the cage culture of salmonids in fresh waters, and evaluates the effects of this fish farming practice on the growth, behaviour and diseases of inland fish populations, concentrating on relationships between rainbow trout cage culture and indigenous brown trout populations. Possible future developments in salmonid cage culture are also discussed and the implications of this development for inland fisheries evaluated. The paper argues that the development of models should enable improved prediction of eutrophication from cage culture, to the benefit of the fish farmer, inland fisheries and other freshwater users, but also identifies a clear need for research in other areas of possible conflict.
87 citations
TL;DR: Comparisons between populations of Cercopithecus aethiopswere made; differences in time budgets were compared with differences in the availability and quality of food, and insufficient comparative data are available for firm conclusions about the role of different energetic and nutritive strategies in population differences.
Abstract: Members of a single group of green monkeys spent, on average, 44.8% of their waking time foraging, 46.7% resting, and 8.5% in social activities, over 1 year. There was significant variation in activity budgets over months (ranging from 35 to 55% of the time spent feeding). Diurnal rhythms of feeding and ranging were influenced by the daily cycle of temperature in predictable ways in different seasons: in the dry season, activity was reduced if it was too hot or too cold, while the temperature in the wet season did not affect activities. Feeding was also synchronized among individuals on a finer time scale, irrespective of the time of day. There was closer synchrony when feeding on less common foods. An ecological model of foraging time and energetics was tested, using estimates of the costs and benefits of foraging and predicting how these are optimally balanced in relation to the food density. Both feeding time and distance traveled increased as food availability increased. Costs and benefits were balanced over several days. Comparisons between populations of Cercopithecus aethiopswere made; differences in time budgets were compared with differences in the availability and quality of food. Insufficient comparative data are available for firm conclusions about the role of different energetic and nutritive strategies in population differences.
79 citations
TL;DR: This is the first volume on a nonhuman species to appear in the series of Monographs on Infancy, edited by L. P. Lipsitt and it would be hard to find a more apt starter than this truly comparative study of the early growth of action in the authors' nearest living relation, as studied in nature.
Abstract: This is the first volume on a nonhuman species to appear in the series of Monographs on Infancy, edited by L. P. Lipsitt. It would be hard to find a more apt starter than this truly comparative study of the early growth of action in our nearest living relation, as studied in nature. Plooij's book describes his doctoral research at the University of Groningen (Netherlands), with the fieldwork having been done between 1971 and 1973 at the Gombe Stream Research Centre, Tanzania. He studied six young chimpanzees for varying periods in their early lives, at ages from birth to 2.5 years. The overall viewpoint, as one might expect from a student of Baerends, is that of developmental ethology. Happily, it is well-grounded in the \"classical\" ethology of careful observation and behavioral detail. There is no more comprehensive ethogram of the chimpanzee (or of any other species of nonhuman primate?) than that given here in 225 behavioral categories in a 33-page-long appendix. Even better, there are 89 line drawings illustrating these patterns, almost all of them by the consistently excellent David Bygott. The book is much more than descriptive, however: there is an underlying theoretical perspective which (although applied post hoc after the author's return from the field) ties the results together. Plooij has been much influenced by a book by W. Powers, Behavior: The Control o f Perception (AIdine, Chicago, 1973). Its basic framework is \"...a hierarchy of negative feedback control systems in which each higher-order system controls a number of lower-order systems\" (p. 7). There are seven such orders, ranging from the simplest first-order system of on-off responses by sets of sensory receptors to seventh-order programs such as feeding and nest-building. The author states in his opening sentence that his ultimate interest has always been in human development; and throughout the text, human behavioral patterns and processes are directly compared with those of chimpanzees whenever possible. For the two longest chapters, this is usefully done with point-by-point summaries of the two species juxtaposed in side-by-side
TL;DR: There were differences across groups in tool use in feeding on termites; some could be related to biotic factors, but others appeared to be cultural differences.
Abstract: Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) used probes made of vegetation to fish for termites (Macrotermes herus) in the Mahale Mountains of western Tanzania. Data on both the artefacts and behavior associated with their use were recorded over a 5-month period. The chimpanzees of one unit group, B Group, were seen four times to use the tools to extract the insects from their mounds. A sample of 290 tools was collected and analyzed in terms of age, seasonality, length, width, class of raw materials, species, methods of making, extent of use, and damage incurred through use. There were differences across groups in tool use in feeding on termites; some could be related to biotic factors, but others appeared to be cultural differences.
TL;DR: A modification of a previously described method of fish blood lymphocyte culture is described and discussed with the results of various chromosome banding protocols as applied to fish chromosomes.
Abstract: A modification of a previously described method of fish blood lymphocyte culture is described and discussed with the results of various chromosome banding protocols as applied to fish chromosomes.
01 Feb 1985
TL;DR: There are various algebras which may be associated with a discrete group G. In particular, we may consider the complex group ring ℂ G, the convolution Banach algebra l 1 (G), the enveloping C *-algebra C *( G ) of l 1(G), and the reduced C * -algebra determined by the completion of l1 (G ) under the left regular representation on l 2 (G).
Abstract: There are various algebras which may be associated with a discrete group G . In particular we may consider the complex group ring ℂ G , the convolution Banach algebra l 1 (G), the enveloping C *-algebra C *( G ) of l 1 ( G ), and the reduced C *-algebra determined by the completion of l 1 ( G ) under the left regular representation on l 2 ( G ). There is a substantial literature on the circle of ideas associated with the embeddings
TL;DR: The presence of lymphocytes in the epidermis of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, was confirmed by light and electron microscopical observation and by the use of an indirect immunocytochemical technique utilizing peroxidase-labelled antibody.
Abstract: The presence of lymphocytes in the epidermis of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, was confirmed by light and electron microscopical observation and by the use of an indirect immunocytochemical technique utilizing peroxidase-labelled antibody. These results are compared with those of other workers and the source and function of these cells in the epidermis of teleosts is discussed.
TL;DR: The experiments demonstrated that the anabolic and sex reversal effects of MT on tilapia are proportional to the duration of treatment and quantity of hormone administered.
Abstract: The effectiveness of methyltestosterone (MT) for sex reversal and growth promotion in Oreochromis mossambicus was studied in culture experiments in India. Wild-spawned fry were treated with 30 μg MT g−1 diet for 30 or 60 days at two feeding levels (initially 20% or 10% of body weight daily). The fish were grown on for 66–96 days after the hormone treatment period in fertilized cement ponds without supplementary feeding. Tilapia treated with MT for 60 days attained an average weight of 29.0 g compared to 18.8 g for untreated fish reared under similar conditions. The percentage of males among the untreated tilapia was 58%, MT treatment for 30 days significantly increased this percentage at the higher feeding level (79% male), but not at the lower feeding level (51%). More than 90% of the tilapia in both 60 day MT treatment groups were male; 3% of all the fish reared showed an intersex condition. The experiments demonstrated that the anabolic and sex reversal effects of MT on tilapia are proportional to the duration of treatment and quantity of hormone administered. The possible application of monosex tilapia culture in tropical countries is noted.
TL;DR: Although both life stress andGHQ score were significantly correlated with suicidal intent, the GHQ score accounted for a greater proportion of the variance, suggesting a more complex relationship between life stress, age, and suicidal intent than is often assumed.
Abstract: Eighty parasuicide patients were studied. The importance of life stress, age, and General Health Questionnaire score as predictors of the suicidal intent and medical lethality which they exhibited was examined. Medical lethality and suicidal intent were closely related: those whose parasuicide resulted in high lethality differed from those showing low lethality in their degree of suicidal intent, but did not differ in life stress, age, or GHQ score. Although both life stress and GHQ score were significantly correlated with suicidal intent, the GHQ score accounted for a greater proportion of the variance. These results suggest a more complex relationship between life stress, GHQ score, and suicidal intent than is often assumed.
TL;DR: The results of this study show that the presence of the husband, or chosen birth companion, was not significantly associated with any difference in the perceived intensity of the subjects' labour pain.
Abstract: It is now common for husbands to be present at the birth of their children. There is a general impression that this presence is of help to the woman giving birth. However, the results of research into the relationship between his presence and the parturant's experience of labour pain have been inconclusive. The results of this study carried out on 98 British subjects giving birth in hospital, show that the presence of the husband, or chosen birth companion, was not significantly associated with any difference in the perceived intensity of the subjects' labour pain. 78 subjects were accompanied in labour, 60 of whom reported that they found their husband's presence at the birth helpful. These subjects had significantly lower levels of pain when compared with all other subjects, ie subjects whose husbands were present at the birth, but who were not reported as being of help, and subjects whose husbands were absent.
TL;DR: Brown trout, Salmo trutta, were vaccinated by direct immersion with Yersinia ruckeri vaccine, using different combinations of vaccine dilution and length of immersion time, and the results are discussed in terms of the effects of dose and administration route on the formation of immunological memory in fish.
TL;DR: Measurements of the total solid waste arid solid carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from five Scottish rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, cage farms, and shows a significant input of solids below the cages indicate a considerable variability in solid output.
Abstract: . There is increasing concern over the environmental impact of freshwater cage culture, but there is a lack of information on the amounts and nature of the wastes produced. This study presents measurements of the total solid waste arid solid carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from five Scottish rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, cage farms, and shows a significant input of solids below the cages. The results indicate a considerable variability in solid output which was partly due to variations in the feeding rate of fish with the cages, but was also thought to be due to variations in management on individual farms. The results compare well with other studies on land-based pond and tank systems and provide useful estimates of solid waste loadings for the prediction of environmental impact.
TL;DR: Improvement in water availability through decay may be one of the principal underlying forces which give direction to fungal successions on various substrata.
Abstract: Calculations from measurements of water content and corresponding water potentials showed that after decay wood and leaves have higher water potentials compared with undecayed material at the same water content. Improvement in water availability through decay may be one of the principal underlying forces which give direction to fungal successions on various substrata.
TL;DR: In this article, temperature observations made from a lightweight tower assembly in Chichester Harbour, West Sussex, demonstrate that marked changes in temperature at intertidal mud surfaces occur on a flow tide.
Abstract: Temperature observations made from a lightweight tower assembly in Chichester Harbour, West Sussex, demonstrate that marked changes in temperature at intertidal mud surfaces occur on a flow tide. The magnitude and direction of these changes are dependent on the external atmospheric and marine conditions, and on the timing of tidal inundation. Calculated heat exchange values for the 3h prior to high water fall into four distinct timing zones. There is a relationship between thermal stress, measured as rate of change of temperature with time, and time of high water. Mud surfaces are net receivers of heat energy from inundating water layers.
TL;DR: The authors' observations suggest that although haustoria probably regulate mannan breakdown in the endosperm, they do not seem to secrete the hydrolytic enzymes concerned.
Abstract: The zone of endosperm breakdown in the germinated date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a narrow area immediately adjacent to the surface of the enlarging cotyledon, or haustorium. The zone width is correlated with the amount of cell division in the adjacent region of the haustorium. The sequence of endosperm breakdown is: 1. protein bodies vacuolate, 2. storage cell walls become electron-transparent immediately adjacent to the protoplast of each endosperm cell, 3. all remaining cytoplasm and lipid bodies disappear, and 4. the remaining cell walls become electron-transparent and collapse against the haustorium surface. Two cell wall hydrolases are present—endo-Βmannanase (EC3.2.1.78) and Β-mannosidase (EC3.2.1.25). Β-mannosidase is detectable in the endosperm before germination. At germination, the major portion of activity is found in the softened endosperm. Β-mannanase is only detectable from germination and there is always hundreds of fold greater activity in the softened endosperm than elsewhere. Proteinase is detectable in trace amounts at germination in the softened endosperm but is also found in the haustorium at later stages. Isolated haustoria, incubated in extracted ivory nut (Phytelephas macrocarpa) mannan in buffer, cause no mannan breakdown. Haustoria, incubated in a solution of locust bean galactomannan, cause no decrease in galactomannan viscosity. Our observations suggest that although haustoria probably regulate mannan breakdown in the endosperm, they do not seem to secrete the hydrolytic enzymes concerned.
TL;DR: In this article, the same authors used filter techniques to test for dependency and weak form efficiency on the London Metal Exchange for daily cash and futures prices for copper, lead, tin, and zinc for the period 1972-1982.
Abstract: Filter techniques are used to test for dependency and weak form efficiency on the London Metal Exchange. They are applied to daily cash and futures prices for copper, lead, tin and zinc, for the period 1972-1982. The results are adjusted for the bias in filter tests caused by the upward trend of prices. An exact test statistic is derived; doubts are raised however about its reliability. The results show strong evidence of inefficiency for copper, weaker but positive evidence for lead and zinc, and no evidence at all for tin.
TL;DR: Dried earthworm meal derived from the species Eisenia foetida was nutritionally evaluated as a replacement for herring meal in production diets from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson and there was no evidence of any adverse effect on the growth performance or feed utilization efficiency of fish fed diets containing these low levels of dried E.foetida meal.
Abstract: . Dried earthworm meal derived from the species Eisenia foetida was nutritionally evaluated as a replacement for herring meal in production diets from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Increasing levels of dried E. foetidameal, from 5 to 30% by weight, were included in the diet and the response of fish fed these diets was compared to fish fed a control diet without earthworm meal inclusion. There was no evidence of any adverse effect on the growth performance or feed utilization efficiency of fish fed diets containing these low levels of dried E. foetida meal. There was. however, a significant increase in the whole carcass lipid content of fish fed diets containing 5. 10 and 20% dried E. foetida meal. Concent rations of iron, zinc, lead, copper and cadmium within the whole fish carcass were not significantly elevated as a result of including these low levels of the dried E. foetida meal in diets for rainbow trout.
TL;DR: There is an increasing potential for artificial incubation of tilapia eggs and effective disinfection improved the hatchability of eggs above 90%.
Abstract: . There is an increasing potential for artificial incubation of tilapia eggs. Hatchability observed in artificial systems is less than 62%. Four chemicals generally used as disinfectants for the fish eggs were tested in a controlled experiment together with ultraviolet irradiation of the water. A range of dose levels was tested for each chemical and is compared and assessed in terms of improved hatching rates. Effective disinfection improved the hatchability of eggs above 90%.
TL;DR: A reply to Finlayson (1986) suggesting that the priority should be for more widespread measurement of dissolved organic matter, without the need for special equipment is given in this article, where the use of chemical oxygen demand is also clarified.
Abstract: A reply to Finlayson (1986) suggesting that the priority should be for more widespread measurement of dissolved organic matter, without the need for special equipment. The use of chemical oxygen demand is also clarified.