University of Stuttgart

About: University of Stuttgart is a education organization based out in Stuttgart, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Laser & Finite element method. The organization has 27715 authors who have published 56370 publications receiving 1363382 citations. The organization is also known as: Universität Stuttgart.

Reductive dechlorination in the energy metabolism of anaerobic bacteria

Abstract: Within the last few decades, several anaerobic bacteria have been isolated which are able to reductively dechlorinate chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic compounds at catabolic rates. For some of these bacteria, it has been shown that the reductive dechlorination is coupled to energy conservation, a process designated as ‘dehalorespiration’. Somewhat simple respiratory chains seem to be involved that utilize the free energy that could be gained from the exergonic dechlorination reaction quite inefficiently. With one exception, all reductive dehalogenases isolated to date contain a corrinoid and iron–sulfur clusters as cofactors. During the course of the catalytic reaction cycle, the cobalt of the corrinoid is subjected to a change in its redox state. Hence, reductive dechlorination represents a new type of biochemical reaction.

Multibody System Dynamics: Roots and Perspectives

Abstract: The paper reviews the roots, the state-of-the-art and perspectives of multibody system dynamics. Some historical remarks show that multibody system dynamics is based on classical mechanics and its engineering applications ranging from mechanisms, gyroscopes, satellites and robots to biomechanics. The state-of-the-art in rigid multibody systems is presented with reference to textbooks and proceedings. Multibody system dynamics is characterized by algorithms or formalisms, respectively, ready for computer implementation. As a result simulation and animation are most important. The state-of-the-art in flexible multibody systems is considered in a companion review by Shabana.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress signalling - from basic mechanisms to clinical applications

Abstract: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous intracellular organelle and the first compartment of the secretory pathway As such, the ER contributes to the production and folding of approximately one-third of cellular proteins, and is thus inextricably linked to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the fine balance between health and disease Specific ER stress signalling pathways, collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), are required for maintaining ER homeostasis The UPR is triggered when ER protein folding capacity is overwhelmed by cellular demand and the UPR initially aims to restore ER homeostasis and normal cellular functions However, if this fails, then the UPR triggers cell death In this review, we provide a UPR signalling-centric view of ER functions, from the ER's discovery to the latest advancements in the understanding of ER and UPR biology Our review provides a synthesis of intracellular ER signalling revolving around proteostasis and the UPR, its impact on other organelles and cellular behaviour, its multifaceted and dynamic response to stress and its role in physiology, before finally exploring the potential exploitation of this knowledge to tackle unresolved biological questions and address unmet biomedical needs Thus, we provide an integrated and global view of existing literature on ER signalling pathways and their use for therapeutic purposes

Models and materials for generalized Kitaev magnetism.

Abstract: The exactly solvable Kitaev model on the honeycomb lattice has recently received enormous attention linked to the hope of achieving novel spin-liquid states with fractionalized Majorana-like excitations. In this review, we analyze the mechanism proposed by Jackeli and Khaliullin to identify Kitaev materials based on spin-orbital dependent bond interactions and provide a comprehensive overview of its implications in real materials. We set the focus on experimental results and current theoretical understanding of planar honeycomb systems (Na2IrO3, α-Li2IrO3, and α-RuCl3), three-dimensional Kitaev materials (β- and γ-Li2IrO3), and other potential candidates, completing the review with the list of open questions awaiting new insights.

The ALPS project release 2.0: open source software for strongly correlated systems

Abstract: We present release 2.0 of the ALPS (Algorithms and Libraries for Physics Simulations) project, an open source software project to develop libraries and application programs for the simulation of strongly correlated quantum lattice models such as quantum magnets, lattice bosons, and strongly correlated fermion systems. The code development is centered on common XML and HDF5 data formats, libraries to simplify and speed up code development, common evaluation and plotting tools, and simulation programs. The programs enable non-experts to start carrying out serial or parallel numerical simulations by providing basic implementations of the important algorithms for quantum lattice models: classical and quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) using non-local updates, extended ensemble simulations, exact and full diagonalization (ED), the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) both in a static version and a dynamic time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) code, and quantum Monte Carlo solvers for dynamical mean field theory (DMFT). The ALPS libraries provide a powerful framework for programmers to develop their own applications, which, for instance, greatly simplify the steps of porting a serial code onto a parallel, distributed memory machine. Major changes in release 2.0 include the use of HDF5 for binary data, evaluation tools in Python, support for the Windows operating system, the use of CMake as build system and binary installation packages for Mac OS X and Windows, and integration with the VisTrails workflow provenance tool. The software is available from our web server at http://alps.comp-phys.org/.