Showing papers by "University of Sussex published in 1985"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a truncated icosahedron, a polygon with 60 vertices and 32 faces, 12 of which are pentagonal and 20 hexagonal.
Abstract: During experiments aimed at understanding the mechanisms by which long-chain carbon molecules are formed in interstellar space and circumstellar shells1, graphite has been vaporized by laser irradiation, producing a remarkably stable cluster consisting of 60 carbon atoms. Concerning the question of what kind of 60-carbon atom structure might give rise to a superstable species, we suggest a truncated icosahedron, a polygon with 60 vertices and 32 faces, 12 of which are pentagonal and 20 hexagonal. This object is commonly encountered as the football shown in Fig. 1. The C60 molecule which results when a carbon atom is placed at each vertex of this structure has all valences satisfied by two single bonds and one double bond, has many resonance structures, and appears to be aromatic. Before 1985, it was generally accepted that elemental carbon exists in two forms, or allotropes: diamond and graphite. Then, Kroto et al. identified the signature of a new, stable form of carbon that consisted of clusters of 60 atoms. They called this third allotrope of carbon 'buckminsterfullerene', and proposed that it consisted of polyhedral molecules in which the atoms were arrayed at the vertices of a truncated icosahedron. In 1990, the synthesis of large quantities of C60 [see Nature 347, 354–358 (1990)] confirmed this hypothesis.
13,394 citations
TL;DR: Assessment of systematic biases remain in patent statistics, the full assessment of which require further econometric, classificatory and survey research.
Abstract: Advances in information technology have increased actual and potential uses of patent statistics as proxy measures of innovative activities. Analytical contributions have come out of economics, bibliometrics, and descriptive comparisons for policy purposes. They show achievement of promise in analysing (1) international patterns of innovative activities and their effects on trade and production; (2) patterns of innovative activities amongst firms, and their effects on firm performance and industrial structure; (3) rates and directions of innovative activities in different technical fields and industrial sectors; (4) links between science and technology.However, systematic biases remain in patent statistics, the full assessment of which require further econometric, classificatory and survey research.
606 citations
508 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a long-term view of the relationship between the techno-economic sphere and the socio-institutional framework is presented, defining the present period as one of transition and structural change.
417 citations
TL;DR: The transfer mechanism used in many departments of Indian states involves a kind of "internal labor market" (a truer market than in the way that term is often used by labor market economists), which allows pressures for corrupt behavior to bear down on the incumbents of certain posts, and itself amplifies those pressures as discussed by the authors.
412 citations
392 citations
TL;DR: This study indicates that experience and not age is the important factor determining the timing of the sensitive phase for song learning in zebra finches.
367 citations
TL;DR: Variation in body size (weight) is examined across the order Carnivora in relation to taxonomy, latitude, habitat, zonation, activity cycle, diet, prey size, and prey diversity and the adaptive significance of prey characteristics and carnivore body weight qualities is discussed.
Abstract: Variation in body size (weight) is examined across the order Carnivora in relation to taxonomy (phylogeny), latitude, habitat, zonation, activity cycle, diet, prey size, and prey diversity. Significant differences in body weight are observed with respect to family membership. Some of these differences may be explained by phylogenetic history and/or dietary effects. Body weight is not correlated with habitat, zonation, activity cycle or latitudinal gradients. Significant differences in body weight are found among insectivorous, herbivorous and carnivorous species, and some of these differences may relate to energetic constraints. Among predatory carnivores, prey size and diversity increases with body weight. The adaptive significance, both intra- and inter-specifically, of prey characteristics (size, availability, diversity) and carnivore body weight qualities (strength, endurance, hunting technique) is discussed.
363 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse intra-industry trade between economies containing an imperfectly competitive industry in which firms produce a homogeneous output, production is subject to increasing returns to scale, and there is free entry and exit of firms.
330 citations
TL;DR: Farmer-First-and-Last (FFL) as discussed by the authors is a model for agricultural research with a focus on the needs and opportunities of resource-poor farm families better than TOT.
291 citations
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In some spiders, but by no means all, vision is excellent, and rivalled amongst invertebrates only by the cephalopod molluscs.
Abstract: The modern arachnids are the only group of arthropods in which the main organs of sight are camera-type eyes, not unlike our own, rather than compound eyes. The copepod crustaceans also lack compound eyes, but their nauplius eyes are rarely more than a trio of simple eye-cups, with a handful of receptors each. By contrast, spider eyes at their best have retinae with 103 to 104 receptors, and in the salticid Portia the inter-receptor angles may be as small as 2.4 min of arc (Williams and McIntyre 1980), which is only six times greater than in man (cone spacing 0.42 min), and is six times smaller than in the most acute insect eye (the dragonfly Aeschna, minimum inter-ommatidial angle 14.4 min; Sherk 1978). Thus, in some spiders, but by no means all, vision is excellent, and rivalled amongst invertebrates only by the cephalopod molluscs.
TL;DR: In this paper, a reconceptualisation of the theory-practice problem in initial and continuing professional education is presented, based on considering the influence of academic and professional contexts on knowledge operation and knowledge use.
Abstract: This paper presents a radical reconceptualisation of the theory-practice problem in initial and continuing professional education, based on considering the influence of academic and professional contexts on knowledge operation and knowledge use. The first part is concerned with making important conceptual distinctions, the second with implications for the practice of professional education and the relationships between higher education and the professions. The conceptual section of the paper first distinguishes different kinds of professional knowledge with particular attention to generalisability (knowledge of particular cases, knowledge of precepts, knowledge of theory) and explicitness (codified knowledge, knowledge embedded in traditions, craft Knowledge, tacit knowledge, etc.). Then it takes Broudy's four modes of knowledge use—replication, application, interpretation, association—and illustrates their significance for understanding the theory-practice relationship in a number of professions...
TL;DR: In this paper, a technique graphique theorique permettant d'obtenir les schemas intrinseques dans les ensembles de donnees ponctuelles is decrit.
Abstract: On decrit une technique graphique theorique permettant d'obtenir les schemas intrinseques dans les ensembles de donnees ponctuelles. On l'applique aux distributions de galaxies a deux et a trois dimensions ainsi qu'a des echantillons aleatoires comparables et a des simulations numeriques
TL;DR: A review of some of the most important contributions to the technology diffusion literature and their relevance to structural theories of industrial development of economic growth is presented in the first part of the paper as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, a cyclic conversion of molecular nitrogen to ammonia was shown to be possible at room temperature and pressure using mediators possessing an {MP4}-core, M = Mo or W.
Abstract: Since Chatt and co-workers first reported that the protolysis of the dinitrogen complex cis-[W(N2)2(PMe2Ph)4] gives ammonia1, cis-[W(N2)2(PMe2Ph)4]H+→ 2NH3 + N2 + degradation products (1) there has existed the engaging possibility that a cyclic conversion of molecular nitrogen to ammonia might be achieved at room temperature and pressure using mediators possessing an {MP4}-core, M = Mo or W. As a means of circumventing oxidative degradation of the core, coupling protonation with electronation is clearly attractive2. We describe here a system in which this has been achieved for the first time and which forms the basis of an ammonia producing cycle, scheme I in Fig. 1.
TL;DR: Investigation into the regulation of leaf ion concentrations suggests that limiting xylem Na+ (and Cl−) concentrations, together with continued leaf expansion, are particularly important and the role of phloem in retranslocation is uncertain.
Abstract: The cellular basis of salt tolerance in halophytes depends upon the compartmentation of ions necessary for osmoregulation in vacuoles and upon osmotic adjustment of the cytoplasm by compatible solutes. The central role played by Na+ and Cl− in osmotic adjustment suggests that the transport of these ions and its regulation must be of primary importance in the physiology of the plant as a whole. There have been few investigations into the regulation of leaf ion concentrations, but such data as are in the literature suggest that limiting xylem Na+ (and Cl−) concentrations, together with continued leaf expansion, are particularly important. The role of phloem in retranslocation is uncertain due to lack of data. Decreases in transpiration rate per unit area of leaf help to lower the ion input into leaves. Any linked reductions in photosynthesis appear to be due to decreases in stomatal frequency.
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the distribution of temperature prevue for le rayonnement de fond microonde dans des univers plats, ouverts and fermes, possed by petites anisotropies is presented.
Abstract: On presente une analyse detaillee de la distribution de temperature prevue pour le rayonnement de fond microonde dans des univers plats, ouverts et fermes, possedant de petites anisotropies. On en deduit les niveaux de vorticite les plus larges compatibles avec les observations existantes des fluctuations dipolaires et quadrupolaires du rayonnement microonde
TL;DR: It is shown here for the first time that the aminoglycosides G-418 and paromomycin have similar effects in monkey (COS-7) cells in vivo.
Abstract: Aminoglycoside antibiotics in Escherichia coli and yeast can cause ribosomes to read through stop codons during translation. This can result in the phenotypic suppression of nonsense mutations. We show here for the first time that the aminoglycosides G-418 and paromomycin have similar effects in monkey (COS-7) cells in vivo. Suppression of an amber mutation (TAG) by aminoglycosides can restore the activity of a mutant gene transfected into COS-7 cells to almost 20% of wild type levels.
DOI•
01 Jul 1985TL;DR: This article made some comparisons between these two technical revolutions and the social and economic changes which they engendered, and argued that a critical factor in each of these transformations was the adaptation of the institutional and educational framework in the leading industrial countries, to take advantage of the enormous productivity potential of the new technology.
Abstract: There are many different kinds of technical innovations, but one of the most important distinctions is between incremental improvements to an existing range of products and processes and the revolutionary transformations brought about by entirely new technologies and production systems. Such deep-going transformations justify the expression `change of paradigm? because they affect almost all branches of the economy to some extent. Examples of such paradigm changes are the introduction of electric power a century ago and the present revolution based on microelectronics. Each gave rise to a range of new products and changed the production system in many other industries. This paper makes some comparisons between these two technical revolutions and the social and economic changes which they engendered. On the basis of Schumpeter's theory of long cycles in economic development, it argues that a critical factor in each of these transformations was the adaptation of the institutional and educational framework in the leading industrial countries, to take advantage of the enormous productivity potential of the new technology. Today, as was also the case a century ago, there is some danger of Britain failing to make the necessary institutional changes in time to avoid further erosion of her position in world trade and economic performance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the magnetic hole/current sheet system of the supersonic solar wind has been observed to expand in thickness and is relatively young, but the source of momentum and energy for this event remains unclear, and could even be magnetospheric.
Abstract: The supersonic solar wind possesses a variety of simple small scale (<10-min observation duration) phenomena, including discontinuities1–3 and magnetic holes4,5. We report here recent AMPTE-UKS6 (Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorer–UK Satellite) observations, however, which reveal a dramatic new complex structure within the solar wind flow. In the plasma and field observations of this magnetic hole/current sheet system, the layers surrounding the strong rotation in the magnetic field contain compressed and heated solar wind, an enhanced field strength and considerable wave activity. The interior region shows strong ion heating but with ambient densities and a fluctuating magnetic field which dips to low values. The bulk flow velocity inside is deflected sharply from the anti-sunward direction, but not in the direction predicted by magnetic stresses across the boundary. The structure is expanding in thickness and is relatively young. The source of momentum and energy for this event remains unclear, and could even be magnetospheric.
TL;DR: Etude de l'effet de la rotation uniforme sur les instabilites d'etoiles contenant un champ magnetique as discussed by the authors, a.k.a.
Abstract: Etude de l'effet de la rotation uniforme sur les instabilites d'etoiles contenant un champ magnetique. Pour obtenir une stabilite complete, il faudrait une vitesse de rotation non realiste
TL;DR: In this paper, a simulation of a flat cold dark matter (CDM) universe is presented, which can resolve structures of comparable scale to the luminous parts of galaxies, and it is shown that such a universe produces objects with the abundance and characteristic properties inferred for galaxy haloes.
Abstract: A popular theory for galaxy formation holds that the Universe is dominated by exotic particles such as axions, photinos or gravitinos (collectively known as cold dark matter, CDM)1–3. This hypothesis can reconcile the aesthetically pleasing idea of a flat universe with the standard theory of primordial nucleosynthesis and with upper limits on anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background4–6. The resulting model is consistent with the observed dynamics of galaxy clustering only if galaxy formation is biased towards high-density regions7,8. We have shown that such a biased model successfully matches the distribution of galaxies on megaparsec (Mpc) scales9. If it is to be viable, it must also account for the structure of individual galaxies and their haloes. Here we describe a simulation of a flat CDM universe which can resolve structures of comparable scale to the luminous parts of galaxies. We find that such a universe produces objects with the abundance and characteristic properties inferred for galaxy haloes. Our results imply that merging plays an important part in galaxy formation and suggest a possible explanation for the Hubble sequence.
TL;DR: Latitude is a better predictor of size in erminea than available measures of climate, seasonality or prey size, and regional differences in the abundance of prey during the growth of young weasels may affect adult size much more in males than in females and contribute to geographic variation in sexual dimorphism.
Abstract: Geographic variation in size (skull length) and sexual dimorphism in Mustela erminea, Mustela frenata and Mustela nivalis in North America is described and analysed in relation to latitude, longitude, climatic variables, and sympatry or allopatry of these species. Only erminea increases in size with latitude; it does so regardless of the presence or absence of frenata or nivalis. Latitude is a better predictor of size in erminea than available measures of climate, seasonality or prey size. There is no evidence for character displacement between any pair of species. The sexes covary in size in frenata and erminea, and probably in nivalis, although geographic variation in sexual dimorphism occurs in frenata and erminea. The principal cause of sexual dimorphism appears to be sexual selection for large size in males rather than the high energetic requirements resulting from an elongate body shape. However, prey size may constrain female size (and possibly also male size). Regional differences in the abundance of prey during the growth of young weasels may affect adult size much more in males than in females and contribute to geographic variation in sexual dimorphism.
TL;DR: Calculation of leaf water potential indicated that the gradient between young leaves and the external medium was not altered by salinity, but with older leaves, however, this gradient diminished from being the same as that for young leaves in the absence of NaCl, to under 30% of this value at 400 mM NaCl.
Abstract: Osmotic potentials and individual epidermal cell turgor pressures were measured in the leaves of seedlings of Suaeda maritima growing over a range of salinities. Leaf osmotic potentials were lower (more negative) the higher the salt concentration of the solution and were lowest in the youngest leaves and stem apices, producing a gradient of osmotic potential towards the apex of the plant. Epidermal cell turgor pressures were of the order of 0.25 to 0.3 MPa in the youngest leaves measured, decreasing to under 0.05 MPa for the oldest leaves. This pattern of turgor pressure was largely unaffected by external salinity. Calculation of leaf water potential indicated that the gradient between young leaves and the external medium was not altered by salinity, but with older leaves, however, this gradient diminished from being the same as that for young leaves in the absence of NaCl, to under 30% of this value at 400 mM NaCl. These results are discussed in relation to the growth response of S. maritima.
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01 Jun 1985TL;DR: In this article, the authors report findings from a literature survey to learn about the performance of infant industries in less developed countries and suggest that infant firms have experienced relatively slow productivity growth.
Abstract: This paper reports findings from a literature survey to learn about the performance of infant industries in less developed countries. Remarkably little direct evidence was uncovered about the costs and benefits of developing these industries. But the findings indicate that infant firms have experienced relatively slow productivity growth. Thus many infants started some time ago apparently have so far failed to achieve international competitiveness. The findings suggest tentative conclusions about the causes of the failure. Insufficient productivity growth to achieve and maintain competitiveness seems to reflect the absence of sustained efforts to acquire and use the capabilities necessary for continuous technological change. Far more than stemming from experience alone, these capabilities appear to increase to needed levels only through consciously allocating resources to acquire them.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the history of innovations based on good (commercially successful) designs in two rather diffent industrial sectors (e.g., aerospace and agricultural machinery) and found that the tougher and more demanding the customers are in their requirements, the better and more robust the designs will be, along with their probability of reinnovation and propensity for successful longterm commercial exploitation.
TL;DR: The ran1 mutants are unusual in that they attempt to undergo a reductional meiotic division from the haploid state but are also genetically unstable and generate extragenic suppressors at high frequency.
Abstract: Mutants of S. pombe have been isolated which undergo conjugation and sporulation in rich medium, conditions which are normally inhibitory for these processes. Two of these mutants are also able to sporulate from the haploid state in the absence of heterozygosity at the mating type locus. These recessive mutants define a single nuclear gene called ran1 which is unlinked to mating type. It is proposed that the ran1 gene codes for an inhibitor in the control of the initiation of conjugation and sporulation. In wild type cells the inhibitory effect is released by nutritional starvation and heterozygosity at the mating type locus. This allows the cells to proceed to sporulation. The ran1 mutants are unusual in that they attempt to undergo a reductional meiotic division from the haploid state. They are also genetically unstable and generate extragenic suppressors at high frequency.
01 Nov 1985-Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B-comparative and Physiological Psychology
TL;DR: The authors compared pigeons and corvids when they were given the opportunity to transfer the relational rule underlying matching or oddity discriminations to new sets of sets of pigeons or corvid.
Abstract: Three experiments compared the performance of pigeons and corvids when they were given the opportunity to transfer the relational rule underlying matching or oddity discriminations to new sets of s...
TL;DR: Bel beliefs appear to affect the process of reasoning rather than the interpretation of premises, and conclusions that were false by definition had a bigger effect on deductions than those that werefalse as a matter of fact.
Abstract: Two experiments examined the effects of subjects' beliefs on syllogistic inference. The first experiment showed that beliefs biased the spontaneous conclusions that subjects drew for themselves. These effects were more marked for indeterminate premises (which yield no non-trivial valid conclusions) than for determinate premises (which yield valid conclusions). There was also an effect of the nature of the beliefs: conclusions that were false by definition had a bigger effect on deductions than those that were false as a matter of fact. The second experiment replicated the finding for determinate syllogisms, using problems in moods in which the status of the valid conclusion could not be altered by conversion of the premises. Beliefs accordingly appear to affect the process of reasoning rather than the interpretation of premises.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: Interspecific allometric analysis rests upon the assumption that individual characteristics typically change in a regular, predictable fashion with body size according to some recognizable scaling principle, unless special adaptation has led to fundamental reorganization identifiable as a grade shift.
Abstract: Interspecific allometric analysis rests upon the assumption that individual characteristics typically change in a regular, predictable fashion with body size according to some recognizable scaling principle, unless special adaptation has led to fundamental reorganization identifiable as a grade shift (see Martin, 1980).