Showing papers by "University of Sussex published in 2001"
Book•
01 Jan 2001TL;DR: This textbook is the first to provide a modern and unified overview of inflationary cosmology and carefully compares predictions with the latest observations, including those of the cosmic microwave background, the clustering and velocities of galaxies and the epoch of structure formation.
Abstract: This textbook provides graduate students with a thorough and up-to-date introduction to inflationary cosmology. Enormous progress has been made in this area in the last few years and this book is the first to provide a modern and unified overview. It covers all aspects of inflationary cosmology and carefully compares predictions with the latest observations, including those of the cosmic microwave background, the clustering and velocities of galaxies and the epoch of structure formation. Problems are included throughout to help the student to develop a thorough understanding. With the host of international experiments currently being performed and planned for the near future (including NASA's MAP satellite, and the European Space Agency's Planck mission), inflationary cosmology promises to be one of the most exciting and fruitful topics of research in science in the next decade. This book provides graduate students with the ideal introduction.
2,218 citations
Fermilab1, Pennsylvania State University2, University of Cincinnati3, Princeton University4, Johns Hopkins University5, University of Chicago6, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile7, University of Washington8, New Mexico State University9, California Institute of Technology10, University of Toulouse11, University of Pittsburgh12, Eötvös Loránd University13, University of Tokyo14, University of California, Berkeley15, University of Sussex16, Carnegie Mellon University17, United States Department of the Navy18, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute19, University of Maryland, College Park20
TL;DR: In this article, a variety of composite quasar spectra using a homogeneous data set of over 2200 spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) was created, and the median composite covers a restwavelength range from 800 to 8555 A and reaches a peak signal-to-noise ratio of over 300 per 1 A resolution element in the rest frame.
Abstract: We have created a variety of composite quasar spectra using a homogeneous data set of over 2200 spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The quasar sample spans a redshift range of 0.044 ≤ z ≤ 4.789 and an absolute r' magnitude range of -18.0 to -26.5. The input spectra cover an observed wavelength range of 3800–9200 A at a resolution of 1800. The median composite covers a rest-wavelength range from 800 to 8555 A and reaches a peak signal-to-noise ratio of over 300 per 1 A resolution element in the rest frame. We have identified over 80 emission-line features in the spectrum. Emission-line shifts relative to nominal laboratory wavelengths are seen for many of the ionic species. Peak shifts of the broad permitted and semiforbidden lines are strongly correlated with ionization energy, as previously suggested, but we find that the narrow forbidden lines are also shifted by amounts that are strongly correlated with ionization energy. The magnitude of the forbidden line shifts is 100 km s-1, compared with shifts of up to 550 km s-1 for some of the permitted and semiforbidden lines. At wavelengths longer than the Lyα emission, the continuum of the geometric mean composite is well fitted by two power laws, with a break at ≈5000 A. The frequency power-law index, αν, is -0.44 from ≈1300 to 5000 A and -2.45 redward of ≈5000 A. The abrupt change in slope can be accounted for partly by host-galaxy contamination at low redshift. Stellar absorption lines, including higher order Balmer lines, seen in the composites suggest that young or intermediate-age stars make a significant contribution to the light of the host galaxies. Most of the spectrum is populated by blended emission lines, especially in the range 1500–3500 A, which can make the estimation of quasar continua highly uncertain unless large ranges in wavelength are observed. An electronic table of the median quasar template is available.
1,973 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the implications of specialization in knowledge production for the organization and the boundaries of the field of aircraft engine control systems are explored. But they focus on a single aircraft engine.
Abstract: This paper uses an analysis of developments in aircraft engine control systems to explore the implications of specialization in knowledge production for the organization and the boundaries of the f...
1,409 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the literature on the economic benefits of publicly funded basic research and classified these into six main categories, reviewing the evidence on the nature and extent of each type.
1,295 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that, at the beginning of each action, the oculomotor system is supplied with the identity of the required object, information about its location, and instructions about the nature of the monitoring required during the action.
876 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the literature on knowledge codification has been overly concerned with the economic properties of its outcomes, neglecting the importance of its underlying learning processes, and propose that mechanisms for inter-project learning draw upon these learning processes and can be found at various levels of the project-based firm.
722 citations
TL;DR: These data show that much of the probable psychiatric morbidity experienced by patients with cancer goes unrecognized and therefore untreated and doctors need communication skills training to elicit problems during consultations.
Abstract: Psychiatric morbidity in patients with cancer is high and without appropriate treatment unremitting. We assessed the ability of 143 doctors to establish the psychological status of 2297 patients during outpatient consultations in 34 cancer centres and hospitals in the UK. Prior to seeing the doctor, consenting patients completed a short self-report questionnaire (GHQ12), designed for the psychological screening of large populations. At the end of the consultation, doctors completed visual analogue scales rating patients' distress. 837/2297 (36.4%) patients had GHQ scores suggestive of psychiatric morbidity. The doctors' sensitivity (true positive rate) was 28.87% (SD 25.29), specificity (true negative rate) 84.79% (SD 17.44). The misclassification rate was 34.7% (SD 13.79) meaning that for 797 patients the wrong assessment was probably made. These data show that much of the probable psychiatric morbidity experienced by patients with cancer goes unrecognized and therefore untreated. Doctors need communication skills training to elicit problems during consultations. Appropriate referrals to psychological services are necessary when patients requiring help are identified and ought to be an integral part of cancer care.
694 citations
Fermilab1, University of Washington2, University of Chicago3, University of Sussex4, Princeton University5, Ohio State University6, New Mexico State University7, California Institute of Technology8, Paul Sabatier University9, University of Pittsburgh10, Johns Hopkins University11, University of Tokyo12, University of California, Berkeley13, University of Michigan14, University of Edinburgh15, Carnegie Mellon University16, Space Telescope Science Institute17, Pennsylvania State University18, University of Maryland, College Park19, Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam20, Drexel University21, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Japan22
TL;DR: In this article, the luminosity function of galaxies in the r* band over a range (for h \ 1) was computed using a Schechter function with parameters [23 \ M rp \ [16 h3 Mpc~3,
Abstract: In the course of its commissioning observations, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has produced one of the largest redshift samples of galaxies selected from CCD images. Using 11,275 galaxies complete to r* \ 17.6 over 140 deg2, we compute the luminosity function of galaxies in the r* band over a range (for h \ 1). The result is well-described by a Schechter function with parameters [23 \ M rp \ [16 h3 Mpc~3,
693 citations
TL;DR: Assessment of phylogenetic relationships of the three domains of the active toxin and experimental results indicate how sequence divergence in combination with domain swapping by homologous recombination might have caused this extensive range of specificities.
679 citations
TL;DR: Two Monte Carlo simulations are presented that compare the efficacy of the Hedges and colleagues, Rosenthal-Rubin, and Hunter-Schmidt methods for combining correlation coefficients for cases in which population effect sizes were both fixed and variable.
Abstract: The efficacy of the Hedges and colleagues, Rosenthal-Rubin, and Hunter-Schmidt methods for combining correlation coefficients was tested for cases in which population effect sizes were both fixed and variable. After a brief tutorial on these meta-analytic methods, the author presents two Monte Carlo simulations that compare these methods for cases in which the number of studies in the meta-analysis and the average sample size of studies were varied. In the fixed case the methods produced comparable estimates of the average effect size; however, the HunterSchmidt method failed to control the Type I error rate for the associated significance tests. In the variable case, for both the Hedges and colleagues and HunterSchmidt methods, Type I error rates were not controlled for meta-analyses including 15 or fewer studies and the probability of detecting small effects was less than .3. Some practical recommendations are made about the use of meta-analysis .
677 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply a gravity model to 1980?1996 annual nonfuel imports data for 58 countries to quantify the effects of recently created or revamped PTAs on trade.
TL;DR: In this paper, the current vogue forconsulting students about various aspects of their experience of schooling is contrasted with a radical approach known as ''Students as Researchers'' and the transformational nature of the project is discussed.
Abstract: The paper opens by asking sharp questions about the current vogue forconsulting students about various aspects of their experience of schooling. The unwitting manipulation often embedded in much of thisActivity is contrasted with a radical approach known as `Students as Researchers.' Having described the still current joint work in a UKhigh school that has developed since 1996 the paper moves on to consider the transformational nature of the project and ends by offering two frameworks: one suggests a number of key questions pertinent to anyevaluation of the institutional conditions for student voice; the otherprovides an overarching conceptual re-appraisal of the domain. Practicalexamples are given and the compelling nature of the ``Students as Researchers''approach reaffirmed.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of fear arousal on precautionary motivation and action are reviewed and it seems likely that fear arousal is less important in motivating precautionary action than perceptions of action effectiveness and self-efficacy.
Abstract: Research into the effects of fear-arousal on precautionary motivation and action is reviewed. Current models do not adequately distinguish between emotional (i.e., fear arousal) and cognitive (i.e., threat perception) responses to fear appeals and, in general, are not well supported. Evidence suggesting that (i) coping appraisals are more powerful predictors of precautionary action than threat perception and that (ii) fear control processes may interfere with precautionary motivation, recommends cautious and limited use of fear appeals in health promotion. It seems likely that fear arousal is less important in motivating precautionary action than perceptions of action effectiveness and self-efficacy. Moreover, perceived personal relevance may be critical to the emotional and cognitive impact of threat information. Available findings are summarised in the form of a process model that highlights the potential complexity of fear arousal effects. Sequential measurement of fear arousal, other than by ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify uncertainty and complexity as the key environmental contingencies that influence organizational structure and management processes for innovation, and develop a model which may help to guide future innovation research.
Abstract: Several decades of research into innovation management have failed to provide clear and consistent findings or coherent advice to managers. In this paper, I argue that this is because innovation management ‘best practice‘ is contingent on a range of factors, and that we need better characterizations of the technological and market contingencies which affect the opportunity for, and constraints on, innovation. I review research on innovation together with relevant studies from organizational behaviour and strategic management, and develop a model which may help to guide future innovation research on the relationships between environmental contingencies, organization configurations and performance. I identify uncertainty and complexity as the key environmental contingencies that influence organizational structure and management processes for innovation.
TL;DR: There was a strong relation between comprehension skill and inference-making abilityEven when knowledge was equally available to all participants, a procedure that controlled individual differences in general knowledge was investigated.
Abstract: In this study we investigated the relation between young children’s comprehension skill and inferencemaking ability using a procedure that controlled individual differences in general knowledge (Barnes & Dennis, 1998; Barnes, Dennis, & Haefele-Kalvaitis, 1996). A multiepisode story was read to the children, and their ability to make two types of inference was assessed: coherence inferences, which were essential for adequate comprehension of the text, and elaborative inferences, which enhanced the text representation but which were not crucial to understanding. There was a strong relation between comprehension skill and inference-making ability even when knowledge was equally available to all participants. Subsidiary analyses of the source of inference failures revealed different underlying sources of difficulty for good and poor comprehenders.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the possession of enhanced discriminatory abilities by the oldest individual in a group can influence the social knowledge of the group as a whole and this superior abilities for social discrimination may result in higher per capita reproductive success for female groups led by older individuals.
Abstract: Despite widespread interest in the evolution of social intelligence, little is known about how wild animals acquire and store information about social companions or whether individuals possessing enhanced social knowledge derive biological fitness benefits. Using playback experiments on African elephants (Loxodonta africana), we demonstrated that the possession of enhanced discriminatory abilities by the oldest individual in a group can influence the social knowledge of the group as a whole. These superior abilities for social discrimination may result in higher per capita reproductive success for female groups led by older individuals. Our findings imply that the removal of older, more experienced individuals, which are often targets for hunters because of their large size, could have serious consequences for endangered populations of advanced social mammals such as elephants and whales.
TL;DR: In this paper, a group transfer polymerization of four tertiary amine methacrylates, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacelate (DMA), 2-(diethylamino),ethyl methacricrylate (DEA), DPA, and 2-(N-morpholino) methyl methacylate (MEMA) produced a series of near-monodisperse homopolymers (Mw/Mn<1.15).
TL;DR: Mrc1 mutants are sensitive to hydroxyurea and have a checkpoint defect similar to rad53 and cds1 mutants, which may be the replicative counterpart of Rad9 and Crb2, which are required for activating ScRad53 and Chk1 in response to DNA damage.
Abstract: Cells experiencing DNA replication stress activate a response pathway that delays entry into mitosis and promotes DNA repair and completion of DNA replication. The protein kinases ScRad53 and SpCds1 (in baker's and fission yeast, respectively) are central to this pathway. We describe a conserved protein Mrc1, mediator of the replication checkpoint, required for activation of ScRad53 and SpCds1 during replication stress. mrc1 mutants are sensitive to hydroxyurea and have a checkpoint defect similar to rad53 and cds1 mutants. Mrc1 may be the replicative counterpart of Rad9 and Crb2, which are required for activating ScRad53 and Chk1 in response to DNA damage.
TL;DR: Four patients with features including immunodeficiency and developmental and growth delay were found to have mutations in the gene encoding DNA ligase IV (LIG4), and their clinical phenotype closely resembles the DNA damage response disorder, Nijmegen breakage syndrome.
Book•
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was set up to deal with the human rights violations of apartheid during the years 1960-1994 as mentioned in this paper. But, as Wilson shows, the TRC's restorative justice approach to healing the nation did not always serve the needs of communities at a local level.
Abstract: The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was set up to deal with the human rights violations of apartheid during the years 1960–1994. However, as Wilson shows, the TRC's restorative justice approach to healing the nation did not always serve the needs of communities at a local level. Based on extended anthropological fieldwork, this book illustrates the impact of the TRC in urban African communities in Johannesburg. While a religious constituency largely embraced the commission's religious-redemptive language of reconciliation, Wilson argues that the TRC had little effect on popular ideas of justice as retribution. This provocative study deepens our understanding of post-apartheid South Africa and the use of human rights discourse. It ends on a call for more cautious and realistic expectations about what human rights institutions can achieve in democratizing countries.
TL;DR: The data indicate that polymerase η is involved in generating errors that occur predominantly at A and T and that another polymerase(s) may preferentially generate errors opposite G and C.
Abstract: To determine whether DNA polymerase plays a role in the hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable genes, we examined the frequency and pattern of substitutions in variable VH6 genes from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of three patients with xeroderma pigmentosum variant disease, whose polymerase had genetic defects. The frequency of mutation was normal but the types of base changes were different: there was a decrease in mutations at A and T and a concomitant rise in mutations at G and C. We propose that more than one polymerase contributes to hypermutation and that if one is absent, others compensate. The data indicate that polymerase is involved in generating errors that occur predominantly at A and T and that another polymerase(s) may preferentially generate errors opposite G and C.
TL;DR: The current evidence for the three main hypotheses for the so-called 'isochore' structure of the human genome is reviewed.
Abstract: One of the most striking features of mammalian chromosomes is the variation in G+C content that occurs over scales of hundreds of kilobases to megabases, the so-called 'isochore' structure of the human genome. This variation in base composition affects both coding and non-coding sequences and seems to reflect a fundamental level of genome organization. However, although we have known about isochores for over 25 years, we still have a poor understanding of why they exist. In this article, we review the current evidence for the three main hypotheses.
TL;DR: Extracellular perfusion of FM1-43 reversibly blocks mechanotransduction with half-blocking concentrations in the low micromolar range and the time course for the relief of block after voltage steps to extreme potentials suggests that FM 1-43 competes with other cations for binding sites within the pore of the channel.
Abstract: Hair cells in mouse cochlear cultures are selectively labeled by brief exposure to FM1-43, a styryl dye used to study endocytosis and exocytosis. Real-time confocal microscopy indicates that dye entry is rapid and via the apical surface. Cooling to 4°C and high extracellular calcium both reduce dye loading. Pretreatment with EGTA, a condition that breaks tip links and prevents mechanotransducer channel gating, abolishes subsequent dye loading in the presence of calcium. Dye loading recovers after calcium chelation with a time course similar to that described for tip-link regeneration.Myo7a mutant hair cells, which can transduce but have all mechanotransducer channels normally closed at rest, do not label with FM1-43 unless the bundles are stimulated by large excitatory stimuli. Extracellular perfusion of FM1-43 reversibly blocks mechanotransduction with half-blocking concentrations in the low micromolar range. The block is reduced by high extracellular calcium and is voltage dependent, decreasing at extreme positive and negative potentials, indicating that FM1-43 behaves as a permeant blocker of the mechanotransducer channel. The time course for the relief of block after voltage steps to extreme potentials further suggests that FM1-43 competes with other cations for binding sites within the pore of the channel. FM1-43 does not block the transducer channel from the intracellular side at concentrations that would cause complete block when applied extracellularly. Calcium chelation and FM1-43 both reduce the ototoxic effects of the aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin sulfate, suggesting that FM1-43 and aminoglycosides enter hair cells via the same pathway.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the diversity of responses to ionizing radiation in mammalian cells is possible because of the addition of a new regulatory control module involving the tumour-suppressor gene p53.
Abstract: The cellular response to ionizing radiation provides a conceptual framework for understanding how a yeast checkpoint system, designed to make binary decisions between arrest and cycling, evolved in a way as to allow reversible arrest, senescence or apoptosis in mammals. We propose that the diversity of responses to ionizing radiation in mammalian cells is possible because of the addition of a new regulatory control module involving the tumour-suppressor gene p53. We review the complex mechanisms controlling p53 activity and discuss how the p53 regulatory module enables cells to grow, arrest or die by integrating DNA damage checkpoint signals with the response to normal mitogenic signalling and the aberrant signalling engendered by oncogene activation.
TL;DR: The authors explored the relationship between past behavior, personality traits, intentions, and behavior, and found that the effect of conscientiousness on intention was partially mediated by cognitions and conscientiousness.
Abstract: Two studies explored the relationship between past behavior, personality traits, intentions, and behavior. Study 1 (N = 181) considered intentions to engage in goal-directed activity (health protection). Cognitions specified by the Theory of Planned Behavior were examined as mediators of the relationship between past behavior, personality, and intentions. The effect of conscientiousness on intention was partially mediated by cognitions, whereas the effect of past behavior was partially mediated by cognitions and conscientiousness. Study 2 (N = 123) examined predictions of intentions and self-reported behavior in relation to both health protection and exercise, a more specific behavior. In both cases, the effect of conscientiousness on intention was totally mediated, whereas the effect on behavior was partially mediated. Similarly, the effects of past behavior on intentions were totally mediated, whereas the effects on behavior were partially mediated by cognitions and conscientiousness. Thus, combining pe...
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the value of a smile in a simple bargaining context and found that a smile can elicit cooperation among strangers in a one-shot interaction with monetary payoffs.
Abstract: Many economists and biologists view cooperation as anomalous: animals (including humans) that pursue their own self-interest have superior survival odds to their altruistic or cooperative neighbors. However, in many situations there are substantial gains to the group that can achieve cooperation among its members, and to individuals who are members of those groups. For an individual, the key to successful cooperation is the ability to identify cooperative partners. The ability to signal and detect the intention to cooperate would be a very valuable skill for humans to posses.Smiling is frequently observed in social interactions between humans, and may be used as a signal of the intention to cooperate. However, given that humans have the ability to smile falsely, the ability to detect intentions may go far beyond the ability to recognize a smile. In the present study, we examine the value of a smile in a simple bargaining context. 120 subjects participate in a laboratory experiment consisting of a simple two-person, one-shot “trust” game with monetary payoffs. Each subject is shown a photograph of his partner prior to the game; the photograph is taken from a collection that includes one smiling and one non-smiling image for each of 60 individuals. These photographs are also rated by a separate set of subjects who complete a semantic differential survey on affective and behavioral interpretations of the images.Results lend some support to the prediction that smiles can elicit cooperation among strangers in a one-shot interaction. Other characteristics of faces also appear to elicit cooperation. Factor analysis of the survey data reveals an important factor, termed “cooperation”, which is strongly related to trusting behavior in the game. This factor is correlated with smiling, but is somewhat more strongly predictive of behavior than a smile alone. In addition, males are found to be more cooperative, especially towards female images, whereas females are least cooperative towards female images.
TL;DR: The heavy social drinkers showed an attentional bias towards the alcohol-related stimuli when compared to the occasional social drinkers, and scored more highly on expectancy factors of sociability and sexuality and lower on the personality traits of self-directedness and persistence.
Abstract: Rationale: Previous research has shown an attentional bias toward drug-related stimuli in opiate addicts and toward emotionally threatening words in anxiety patients. Objective: The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether non-dependent heavy social drinkers would differ in their selective attention towards alcohol-related stimuli in comparison with a group of occasional social drinkers. Methods: Attentional bias was assessed using alcohol-related pictures and words in a dot probe detection task. Picture and word pairs were visually presented, followed by a dot probe that replaced one of the items. Attentional bias was determined from latencies in responding to the dot probe. Questionnaires were used to examine the relationships among attention, outcome expectancies after alcohol consumption, and personality traits. Higher-order executive function was also measured with two cognitive tasks, recognition memory and attentional shift. Results: The heavy social drinkers showed an attentional bias towards the alcohol-related stimuli when compared to the occasional social drinkers. The heavy social drinkers also scored more highly on expectancy factors of sociability and sexuality and lower on the personality traits of self-directedness and persistence. Conclusion: The results support cognitive theories of addictive behaviour in which the ability of drug-related stimuli to capture attention is suggested to play a part in drug dependence, craving and relapse.
TL;DR: The XPD gene, defective in XP individuals assigned to the XP-D complementation group, is the topic of this review.
Abstract: DNA, the genetic material in all living organisms, is continually exposed to agents that cause damage to its structure, resulting in the loss of vital genetic information. To counteract the potentially devastating effects of such damage, all organisms have evolved a series of different repair processes, with which many kinds of damage to the DNA can be corrected. The importance of DNA repair is shown by the existence of several human genetic disorders that are caused by defects in one of these repair processes. Thus, for example, most individuals with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) are unable to repair damage generated in DNA by ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun, whereas patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colon carcinoma are defective in the repair of mismatched bases. XP was the first DNA-repair disorder to be identified. It is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by numerous skin abnormalities ranging from excessive freckling to multiple skin cancers (Fig. 1a) (Bootsma et al. 1998). The incidence of skin cancer is about 2000-fold greater than in normal individuals. All skin abnormalities result from exposure to sunlight and are caused by inability to repair DNA damage induced in the skin by sunlight. The more severely affected patients have neurological abnormalities caused by premature neuronal death. Cells from XP donors are hypersensitive to killing by UV irradiation, and this is caused, in the majority of cases, by defects in nucleotide excision repair (NER), the process with which UV-induced photoproducts in the DNA are removed and replaced (Friedberg et al. 1995). XP is genetically heterogeneous. There are eight complementation groups designated XP-A through G and XP-variant. The XPD gene, defective in XP individuals assigned to the XP-D complementation group, is the topic of this review.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the outcomes of a research project designed to investigate and develop formative classroom assessment in primary schools, which was a collaborative one, involving two university-based researchers and a team of teacher-researchers.
Abstract: This article reports the outcomes of a research project designed to investigate and develop formative classroom assessment in primary schools. The project was a collaborative one, involving two university-based researchers and a team of teacher-researchers. The aims were to build on basic research already carried out by the university researchers by investigating the issues from a more practical and applied perspective; consider how a collaborative action research approach to the professional development of teachers might be used to bring about changes in classroom assessment practices; and provide a basis for the further development and refinement of theory on formative assessment. The article reports on changes in classroom practice, particularly involving the clarification and communication of assessment criteria to pupils, and on the processes by which this came about.
TL;DR: Two newly developed computational tools for morphological processing are described: a program for analysis of English inflectional morphology, and a morphological generator, automatically derived from the analyser, which are fast, being based on finite-state techniques, and robust, in that they are able to deal effectively with unknown words.
Abstract: We describe two newly developed computational tools for morphological processing: a program for analysis of English inflectional morphology, and a morphological generator, automatically derived from the analyser. The tools are fast, being based on finite-state techniques, have wide coverage, incorporating data from various corpora and machine readable dictionaries, and are robust, in that they are able to deal effectively with unknown words. The tools are freely available. We evaluate the accuracy and speed of both tools and discuss a number of practical applications in which they have been put to use.