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Showing papers by "University of Sussex published in 2007"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the opportunities presented by grassroots innovation are discussed, as are the challenges confronting activity at this level, and a new agenda for community-level sustainable development research and policy.
Abstract: Innovation and community action are two important strands for sustainable development. Yet they have not hitherto been linked. Community action is a neglected, but potentially important, site of innovative activity. Bridging this divide offers a novel theoretical approach to the study of community-level action for sustainability. The opportunities presented by grassroots innovation are discussed, as are the challenges confronting activity at this level, and a new agenda for community-level sustainable development research and policy.

1,411 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the different channels through which academic researchers interact with industry and the factors that influence the researchers' engagement in a variety of interactions, and argued that by paying greater attention to the broad range of knowledge transfer mechanisms, policy initiatives could contribute to building the researchers skills necessary to integrate the worlds of scientific research and application.

1,371 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of new mutations is a fundamental entity in genetics that has implications ranging from the genetic basis of complex disease to the stability of the molecular clock.
Abstract: The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of new mutations is a fundamental entity in genetics that has implications ranging from the genetic basis of complex disease to the stability of the molecular clock. It has been studied by two different approaches: mutation accumulation and mutagenesis experiments, and the analysis of DNA sequence data. The proportion of mutations that are advantageous, effectively neutral and deleterious varies between species, and the DFE differs between coding and non-coding DNA. Despite these differences between species and genomic regions, some general principles have emerged: advantageous mutations are rare, and those that are strongly selected are exponentially distributed; and the DFE of deleterious mutations is complex and multi-modal.

1,365 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The notion of sense-making in this realm becomes participatory sensemaking as discussed by the authors, which reframes the problem of social cognition as that of how meaning is generated and transformed in the interplay between the unfolding interaction process and the individuals engaged in it.
Abstract: As yet, there is no enactive account of social cognition. This paper extends the enactive concept of sense-making into the social domain. It takes as its departure point the process of interaction between individuals in a social encounter. It is a well-established finding that individuals can and generally do coordinate their movements and utterances in such situations. We argue that the interaction process can take on a form of autonomy. This allows us to reframe the problem of social cognition as that of how meaning is generated and transformed in the interplay between the unfolding interaction process and the individuals engaged in it. The notion of sense-making in this realm becomes participatory sense-making. The onus of social understanding thus moves away from strictly the individual only.

1,021 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study concludes that the use of treated and untreated wastewater for irrigation has increased the contamination of Cd, Pb, and Ni in edible portion of vegetables causing potential health risk in the long term from this practice.

909 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Hiroshi Murakami1, Hajime Baba1, Peter Barthel2, David L. Clements3, Martin Cohen4, Yasuo Doi5, Keigo Enya1, E. Figueredo6, Naofumi Fujishiro5, Naofumi Fujishiro1, Hideaki Fujiwara5, Mikio Fujiwara7, Pedro García-Lario8, Tomotsugu Goto1, Sunao Hasegawa1, Yasunori Hibi9, Takanori Hirao9, Norihisa Hiromoto10, Seung Soo Hong11, Koji Imai1, Miho N. Ishigaki1, Masateru Ishiguro11, Daisuke Ishihara5, Yoshifusa Ita1, Woong-Seob Jeong1, Kyung Sook Jeong11, Hidehiro Kaneda1, Hirokazu Kataza1, Mitsunobu Kawada9, Toshihide Kawai9, Akiko Kawamura9, Martin F. Kessler8, Do Kester12, Tsuneo Kii1, Dong Chan Kim13, Woojung Kim1, Hisato Kobayashi1, Hisato Kobayashi5, Bon Chul Koo11, Suk Minn Kwon14, Hyung Mok Lee11, Rosario Lorente8, Sin'itirou Makiuti1, Hideo Matsuhara1, Toshio Matsumoto1, Hiroshi Matsuo15, Shuji Matsuura1, Thomas G. Müller16, N. Murakami9, Hirohisa Nagata1, Takao Nakagawa1, T. Naoi1, Masanao Narita1, Manabu Noda17, Sang Hoon Oh11, Akira Ohnishi1, Youichi Ohyama1, Yoko Okada1, Haruyuki Okuda1, S. J. Oliver18, Takashi Onaka5, Takafumi Ootsubo9, Shinki Oyabu1, Soojong Pak19, Yong-Sun Park11, Chris P. Pearson1, Chris P. Pearson8, Michael Rowan-Robinson3, Toshinobu Saito5, Toshinobu Saito1, Itsuki Sakon5, Alberto Salama8, Shinji Sato9, Richard S. Savage18, Stephen Serjeant6, Hiroshi Shibai9, Mai Shirahata1, Jungjoo Sohn11, Toyoaki Suzuki5, Toyoaki Suzuki1, Toshinobu Takagi1, Hidenori Takahashi, Toshihiko Tanabe5, Tsutomu T. Takeuchi9, Satoshi Takita1, Satoshi Takita20, Matthew Thomson18, Kazunori Uemizu1, Munetaka Ueno5, Fumihiko Usui1, Eva Verdugo8, Takehiko Wada1, Lingyu Wang3, Toyoki Watabe9, Hidenori Watarai1, Glenn J. White6, Glenn J. White21, Issei Yamamura1, C. Yamauchi1, Akiko Yasuda1, Akiko Yasuda22 
TL;DR: AKARI as mentioned in this paper, the first Japanese satellite dedicated to infrared astronomy, was launched on 2006 February 21, and started observations in May of the same year, and has a 68.5 cm cooled telescope, together with two focal-plane instruments, which survey the sky in six wavelength bands from mid- to far-infrared.
Abstract: AKARI, the first Japanese satellite dedicated to infrared astronomy, was launched on 2006 February 21, and started observations in May of the same year. AKARI has a 68.5 cm cooled telescope, together with two focal-plane instruments, which survey the sky in six wavelength bands from mid- to far-infrared. The instruments also have a capability for imaging and spectroscopy in the wavelength range 2-180 mu m in the pointed observation mode, occasionally inserted into a continuous survey operation. The in-orbit cryogen lifetime is expected to be one and a half years. The All-Sky Survey will cover more than 90% of the whole sky with a higher spatial resolution and a wider wavelength coverage than that of the previous IRAS all-sky survey. Point-source catalogues of the All-Sky Survey will be released to the astronomical community. Pointed observations will be used for deep surveys of selected sky areas and systematic observations of important astronomical targets. These will become an additional future heritage of this mission.

844 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Jennifer K. Adelman-McCarthy1, Marcel A. Agüeros2, S. Allam1, S. Allam3  +163 moreInstitutions (54)
TL;DR: The Fifth Data Release (DR5) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) was released in 2005 June and represents the completion of the SDSS-I project as mentioned in this paper, which includes five-band photometric data for 217 million objects selected over 8000 deg 2 and 1,048,960 spectra of galaxies, quasars, and stars selected from 5713 deg 2 of imaging data.
Abstract: This paper describes the Fifth Data Release (DR5) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). DR5 includes all survey quality data taken through 2005 June and represents the completion of the SDSS-I project (whose successor, SDSS-II, will continue through mid-2008). It includes five-band photometric data for 217 million objects selected over 8000 deg^2 and 1,048,960 spectra of galaxies, quasars, and stars selected from 5713 deg^2 of that imaging data. These numbers represent a roughly 20% increment over those of the Fourth Data Release; all the data from previous data releases are included in the present release. In addition to "standard" SDSS observations, DR5 includes repeat scans of the southern equatorial stripe, imaging scans across M31 and the core of the Perseus Cluster of galaxies, and the first spectroscopic data from SEGUE, a survey to explore the kinematics and chemical evolution of the Galaxy. The catalog database incorporates several new features, including photometric redshifts of galaxies, tables of matched objects in overlap regions of the imaging survey, and tools that allow precise computations of survey geometry for statistical investigations.

811 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the structural properties of knowledge networks in three wine clusters in Italy and Chile were explored using social network analysis, and it was found that innovation-related knowledge is diffused in clusters in a highly selective and uneven way.
Abstract: Most of the studies about industrial clusters and innovation stress the importance of firms' geographical proximity and their embeddedness in local business networks (BNs) as factors that positively affect their learning and innovation processes. More recently, scholars have started to claim that firm-specific characteristics should be considered to be central in the process of learning and innovation in clusters. This article contributes to this latter direction of research. It applies social network analysis to explore the structural properties of knowledge networks in three wine clusters in Italy and Chile. The results show that in spite of firms' geographical proximity and the pervasiveness of local BNs, innovation-related knowledge is diffused in clusters in a highly selective and uneven way. This pattern is found to be related to the heterogeneous and asymmetric distribution of firm knowledge bases in the clusters. Copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.

774 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of niche-regime interactions in the areas of food and housing and the development of eco-housing and organic food in the UK shows three kinds of translations that affect the sustainabilities practiced in niches and regimes and which do not all flow from green niche to incumbent regime.
Abstract: A role for green niches has risen to prominence in the environment and innovation literature The role of idealistic enthusiasts in the creation of sustainability initiatives in niches is widely recognized The importance of tensions in incumbent socio-technical regimes is acknowledged to provide niches with development opportunities However, the literature currently gives insufficient consideration to the processes by which niches and regimes interact and are interdependent This paper addresses this by considering socio-technical translations between niches and regimes It does so by analysing niche-regime interactions in the areas of food and housing and the development of eco-housing and organic food in the UK Three kinds of translations are identified that affect the sustainabilities practiced in niches and regimes, and which do not all flow from green niche to incumbent regime

774 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an epistemology of practice is explored for early career professional learning, focusing on the first three years of employment of newly qualified nurses, graduate engineers seeking chartered status and trainee chartered accountants.
Abstract: This paper draws primarily on an ESRC‐TLRP longitudinal study of early career professional learning, which focused on the first three years of employment of newly qualified nurses, graduate engineers seeking chartered status and trainee chartered accountants. The first section introduces the theoretical and methodological base provided by previous projects, then proceeds to explore an epistemology of practice, using three dimensions: (1) four key elements of practice—situational assessment, decision‐making, actions and meta‐cognitive monitoring; (2) the mode of cognition and its dependence on time and prior learning; and (3) the context, its influence on mode of cognition and its affordances for learning. The central section presents the project’s findings on modes of learning through a new framework, which divides learning processes according to whether the object is perceived to be learning or working, then adds a list of shorter learning activities used within both types of process, including various t...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a framework recognizing three necessary but individually insufficient properties of diversity and propose a general quantitative non-parametric diversity heuristic to explore different possible trade-offs between diversity and other aspects of interest.
Abstract: This paper addresses the scope for more integrated general analysis of diversity in science, technology and society. It proposes a framework recognizing three necessary but individually insufficient properties of diversity. Based on 10 quality criteria, it suggests a general quantitative non-parametric diversity heuristic. This allows the systematic exploration of diversity under different perspectives, including divergent conceptions of relevant attributes and contrasting weightings on different diversity properties. It is shown how this heuristic may be used to explore different possible trade-offs between diversity and other aspects of interest, including portfolio interactions. The resulting approach offers a way to be more systematic and transparent in the treatment of scientific and technological diversity in a range of fields, including conservation management, research governance, energy policy and sustainable innovation.

Posted Content
TL;DR: The resulting approach offers a way to be more systematic and transparent in the treatment of scientific and technological diversity in a range of fields, including conservation management, research governance, energy policy and sustainable innovation.
Abstract: This paper addresses the scope for more integrated general analysis of diversity in science, technology and society. It proposes a framework recognizing three necessary but individually insufficient properties of diversity. Based on 10 quality criteria, it suggests a general quantitative non-parametric diversity heuristic. This allows the systematic exploration of diversity under different perspectives, including divergent conceptions of relevant attributes and contrasting weightings on different diversity properties. It is shown how this heuristic may be used to explore different possible trade-offs between diversity and other aspects of interest, including portfolio interactions. The resulting approach offers a way to be more systematic and transparent in the treatment of scientific and technological diversity in a range of fields, including conservation management, research governance, energy policy and sustainable innovation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Deviance Information Criterion as mentioned in this paper combines ideas from both heritages; it is readily computed from Monte Carlo posterior samples and, unlike the AIC and BIC, allows for parameter degeneracy.
Abstract: Model selection is the problem of distinguishing competing models, perhaps featuring different numbers of parameters. The statistics literature contains two distinct sets of tools, those based on information theory such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and those on Bayesian inference such as the Bayesian evidence and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The Deviance Information Criterion combines ideas from both heritages; it is readily computed from Monte Carlo posterior samples and, unlike the AIC and BIC, allows for parameter degeneracy. I describe the properties of the information criteria, and as an example compute them from Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 3-yr data for several cosmological models. I find that at present the information theory and Bayesian approaches give significantly different conclusions from that data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental manipulations of morality and competence and morality and sociability showed that only in-group morality affected aspects of the group-level self-concept related to positive evaluation (i.e., pride in, or distancing from, the in-groups).
Abstract: Although previous research has focused on competence and sociability as the characteristics most important to positive group evaluation, the authors suggest that morality is more important. Studies with preexisting and experimentally created in-groups showed that a set of positive traits constituted distinct factors of morality, competence, and sociability. When asked directly, Study 1 participants reported that their in-group's morality was more important than its competence or sociability. An unobtrusive factor analytic method also showed morality to be a more important explanation of positive in-group evaluation than competence or sociability. Experimental manipulations of morality and competence (Study 4) and morality and sociability (Study 5) showed that only in-group morality affected aspects of the group-level self-concept related to positive evaluation (i.e., pride in, or distancing from, the in-group). Consistent with this finding, identification with experimentally created (Study 2b) and preexisting (Studies 4 and 5) in-groups predicted the ascription of morality, but not competence or sociability, to the in-group.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Corporate codes of labour practice have proliferated as a result of trade union and ngo campaigns against poor labour conditions in global production as discussed by the authors, but they have led to improvements in outcome standards but little change in process rights for workers.
Abstract: Corporate codes of labour practice have proliferated as a result of trade union and ngo campaigns against poor labour conditions in global production. Analysis of global production systems highlights the complexity of commercial networks and the wider social and institutional environment in which codes operate. It posits tensions between a corporate approach focusing on compliance with outcome standards and a civil society approach focusing on process rights. A detailed study of codes operated by companies in the UK Ethical Trading Initiative finds that codes have led to improvements in outcome standards but little change in process rights for workers. The authors conclude that corporate codes have a role to play in improving labour standards, but are currently doing little to challenge existing commercial practices or embedded social relations that underpin poor labour standards in global production systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine how firms are organizing to provide integrated solutions: a business model for the supply of capital goods based on the provision of products and services as integrated solutions to individual customer's needs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence-based guidelines are needed for gout management and prevention based on expert consensus rather than research evidence and audits of practice suggest that treatment is very variable.
Abstract: Gout is a common disease both in primary care and hospital practice [1]. Although drug therapy for gout has become a paradigm for the effective management and prevention of an acute and potentially chronic rheumatic disease, many of the recommendations for treatment are based on expert consensus rather than research evidence and audits of practice suggest that treatment is very variable. Evidence-based guidelines are needed at the present time:

Journal ArticleDOI
07 Jun 2007-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, the role of DNA ligase IV in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by non-homologous end-joining was investigated in a mouse model for human LIG4 syndrome, showing immunodeficiency and growth retardation.
Abstract: Accumulation of DNA damage leading to adult stem cell exhaustion has been proposed to be a principal mechanism of ageing. Here we address this question by taking advantage of the highly specific role of DNA ligase IV in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by non-homologous end-joining, and by the discovery of a unique mouse strain with a hypomorphic Lig4(Y288C) mutation. The Lig4(Y288C) mouse, identified by means of a mutagenesis screening programme, is a mouse model for human LIG4 syndrome, showing immunodeficiency and growth retardation. Diminished DNA double-strand break repair in the Lig4(Y288C) strain causes a progressive loss of haematopoietic stem cells and bone marrow cellularity during ageing, and severely impairs stem cell function in tissue culture and transplantation. The sensitivity of haematopoietic stem cells to non-homologous end-joining deficiency is therefore a key determinant of their ability to maintain themselves against physiological stress over time and to withstand culture and transplantation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experiments with the lizard Anolis carolinensis reveal connections between monoaminergic activity in limbic structures, proactive behavior in novel environments, and the establishment of social status via agonistic behavior, which suggest that within-species diversity of physiological, behavioral and cognitive correlates of stress responsiveness is maintained by natural selection throughout the vertebrate sub-phylum.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of the inventors of 9017 European patented inventions is presented, which provides new information about the characteristics of European inventors, the sources of their knowledge, the importance of formal and informal collaborations, the motivations to invent, and the actual use and economic value of the patents.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In eukaryotes mono-ubiquitination of PCNA plays a crucial role in the switch from replicative to TLS polymerases at stalled forks, and all the Y-family polymerases have ubiquitin binding sites that increase their binding affinity for ubiquitinated PCNA at the sites of stalled forks.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The co-evolutionary perspective outlined in this paper serves as heuristic device to map the interactions settled in the networks between the resource base, social institutions and the behaviour of individual actors to improve the management of social–ecological systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2007-Genetics
TL;DR: A maximum-likelihood approach is developed, based on the expected allele-frequency distribution generated by transition matrix methods, to estimate parameters of the DFE while simultaneously estimating parameters of a demographic model that allows a population size change at some time in the past.
Abstract: The distribution of fitness effects of new mutations (DFE) is important for addressing several questions in genetics, including the nature of quantitative variation and the evolutionary fate of small populations. Properties of the DFE can be inferred by comparing the distributions of the frequencies of segregating nucleotide polymorphisms at selected and neutral sites in a population sample, but demographic changes alter the spectrum of allele frequencies at both neutral and selected sites, so can bias estimates of the DFE if not accounted for. We have developed a maximum-likelihood approach, based on the expected allele-frequency distribution generated by transition matrix methods, to estimate parameters of the DFE while simultaneously estimating parameters of a demographic model that allows a population size change at some time in the past. We tested the method using simulations and found that it accurately recovers simulated parameter values, even if the simulated demography differs substantially from that assumed in our analysis. We use our method to estimate parameters of the DFE for amino acid-changing mutations in humans and Drosophila melanogaster. For a model of unconditionally deleterious mutations, with effects sampled from a gamma distribution, the mean estimate for the distribution shape parameter is ∼0.2 for human populations, which implies that the DFE is strongly leptokurtic. For Drosophila populations, we estimate that the shape parameter is ∼0.35. Differences in the shape of the distribution and the mean selection coefficient between humans and Drosophila result in significantly more strongly deleterious mutations in Drosophila than in humans, and, conversely, nearly neutral mutations are significantly less frequent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a grounded theory analysis of reasons for driving to work was performed following semi-structured interviews with 19 regular private car commuters in a small English city, where five core motives were identified: journey time concerns, journey-based affect, effort minimisation, personal space concerns, and monetary costs.
Abstract: A grounded theory analysis of reasons for driving to work was undertaken following semi-structured interviews with 19 regular private car commuters in a small English city. Five core motives were identified: journey time concerns; journey-based affect; effort minimisation; personal space concerns; and monetary costs. An underlying desire for control underpinned many of these motives. The analysis revealed misconceptions regarding journey times and control in relation to car and public transport use, systematic underestimation of car-related monetary costs, and the importance of self- and identity-relevant consequences in relation to transport policy acceptance. Drivers' motives and misconceptions are discussed in light of transport demand management policies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The 3D real-space clustering power spectrum of a sample of ∼600 000 luminous red galaxies measured by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, using photometric redshifts, is presented in this paper.
Abstract: We present the 3D real-space clustering power spectrum of a sample of ∼600 000 luminous red galaxies measured by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, using photometric redshifts. These galaxies are old, elliptical systems with strong 4000-A breaks, and have accurate photometric redshifts with an average error of Δz= 0.03. This sample of galaxies ranges from redshift z= 0.2 to 0.6 over 3528 deg2 of the sky, probing a volume of 1.5 h−3 Gpc3, making it the largest volume ever used for galaxy clustering measurements. We measure the angular clustering power spectrum in eight redshift slices and use well-calibrated redshift distributions to combine these into a high-precision 3D real-space power spectrum from k= 0.005 to k= 1 h Mpc−1. We detect power on gigaparsec scales, beyond the turnover in the matter power spectrum, at a ∼2σ significance for k < 0.01 h Mpc−1, increasing to 5.5σ for k < 0.02 h Mpc−1. This detection of power is on scales significantly larger than those accessible to current spectroscopic redshift surveys. We also find evidence for baryonic oscillations, both in the power spectrum, as well as in fits to the baryon density, at a 2.5 σ confidence level. The large volume and resulting small statistical errors on the power spectrum allow us to constrain both the amplitude and the scale dependence of the galaxy bias in cosmological fits. The statistical power of these data to constrain cosmology is ∼1.7 times better than previous clustering analyses. Varying the matter density and baryon fraction, we find ΩM= 0.30 ± 0.03, and Ωb/ΩM= 0.18 ± 0.04, for a fixed Hubble constant of 70 km s−1 Mpc−1 and a scale-invariant spectrum of initial perturbations. The detection of baryonic oscillations also allows us to measure the comoving distance to z= 0.5; we find a best-fitting distance of 1.73 ± 0.12 Gpc, corresponding to a 6.5 per cent error on the distance. These results demonstrate the ability to make precise clustering measurements with photometric surveys.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The need to mainstream adaptation to climate change into development planning and ongoing sectoral decision-making is increasingly recognised, and several bilateral and multilateral development agencies are starting to take an interest as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The need to mainstream adaptation to climate change into development planning and ongoing sectoral decision-making is increasingly recognised, and several bilateral and multilateral development agencies are starting to take an interest. Over the past years at least six development agencies have screened their project portfolios, generally with two goals in mind: (1) to ascertain the extent to which existing development projects already consider climate risks or address vulnerability to climate variability and change, and (2) to identify opportunities for incorporating climate change explicitly into future projects. As each portfolio screening was conducted independently, the broader lessons emerging from the screenings have not been systematically analysed. In this paper we assess the screening activities to date, focusing on both the results and the methods applied. Based on this assessment we identify opportunities for development agencies to expand their current focus on the links between climate and development. Most agencies already consider climate change as a real but uncertain threat to future development, but they have given less thought to how different development patterns might affect vulnerability to climate change. The screenings undertaken have shown the need to take a comprehensive approach to adaptation and its integration into development planning and sectoral decision-making, and a number of policy initiatives have been taken to promote such integration. We provide some initial guidance as to how portfolio screening can be carried out in a way that would allow agencies to assess systematically the relevance of climate change to their ongoing and planned development projects.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Self-efficacy and planning seemed to be functional as proximal predictors of health behaviors, whereas health risk perception appeared to be a negligible factor when predicting health behaviors.
Abstract: Background: Adoption and maintenance of health behaviors are often poorly predicted by behavioral intentions. To bridge the gap between intentions and behavior, strategic planning and recovery self-efficacy have been suggested as proximal predictors.Purpose: The aim was to examine the usefulness of a prediction model that includes planning and self-efficacy as postintentional mediator variables.Methods: Four longitudinal studies were conducted on dental flossing (Study I, N = 157), seat belt use (Study II, N = 298), dietary behaviors (Study III, N = 700), and physical activity (Study IV, N = 365). Dental flossing and seat belt use were assessed in students by paper-and-pencil questionnaires, whereas dietary behavior and physical activity inventories were presented to the general public in the internet.Results: By structural equation modeling, it was found that one common model fits all four data sets well. Results differed in terms of variance accounted for, but the overall patterns of estimated parameters were similar across samples.Conclusions: Self-efficacy and planning seemed to be functional as proximal predictors of health behaviors, whereas health risk perception appeared to be a negligible factor. When predicting health behaviors, self-regulatory variables should be used in addition to the behavioral intention.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that tal controls gene expression and tissue folding in Drosophila, thus acting as a link between patterning and morphogenesis, and defines two novel paradigms in eukaryotic coding genes: the existence of short, unprocessed peptides with key biological functions, and their arrangement in polycistronic messengers.
Abstract: Despite recent advances in developmental biology, and the sequencing and annotation of genomes, key questions regarding the organisation of cells into embryos remain. One possibility is that uncharacterised genes having nonstandard coding arrangements and functions could provide some of the answers. Here we present the characterisation of tarsal-less (tal), a new type of noncanonical gene that had been previously classified as a putative noncoding RNA. We show that tal controls gene expression and tissue folding in Drosophila, thus acting as a link between patterning and morphogenesis. tal function is mediated by several 33-nucleotide–long open reading frames (ORFs), which are translated into 11-amino-acid–long peptides. These are the shortest functional ORFs described to date, and therefore tal defines two novel paradigms in eukaryotic coding genes: the existence of short, unprocessed peptides with key biological functions, and their arrangement in polycistronic messengers. Our discovery of tal-related short ORFs in other species defines an ancient and noncanonical gene family in metazoans that represents a new class of eukaryotic genes. Our results open a new avenue for the annotation and functional analysis of genes and sequenced genomes, in which thousands of short ORFs are still uncharacterised.