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Showing papers by "University of Sydney published in 2000"


Book
28 Sep 2000
TL;DR: In this article, stated preference models and methods are presented for choosing a residential telecommunications bundle and a choice model for a particular set of products and services, as a way of life for individuals.
Abstract: 1. Choosing as a way of life Appendix A1. Choosing a residential telecommunications bundle 2. Introduction to stated preference models and methods 3. Choosing a choice model Appendix A3. Maximum likelihood estimation technique Appendix B3. Linear probability and generalised least squares models 4. Experimental design 5. Design of choice experiments Appendix A5. 6. Relaxing the IID assumption-introducing variants of the MNL model Appendix A6. Detailed characterisation of the nested logit model Appendix B6. Advanced discrete choice methods 7. Complex, non-IID multiple choice designs 8. Combining sources of preference data 9. Implementing SP choice behaviour projects 10. Marketing case studies 11. Transportation case studies 12. Environmental valuation case studies 13. Cross and external validity of SP models.

5,363 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Don Nutbeam1
TL;DR: This paper identifies the failings of past educational programs to address social and economic determinants of health, and traces the subsequent reduction in the role of health education in contemporary health promotion.
Abstract: SUMMARY Health literacy is a relatively new concept in health promotion. It is a composite term to describe a range of outcomes to health education and communication activities. From this perspective, health education is directed towards improving health literacy. This paper identifies the failings of past educational programs to address social and economic determinants of health, and traces the subsequent reduction in the role of health education in contemporary health promotion. These perceived failings may have led to significant underestimation of the potential role of health education in addressing the social determinants of health. A ‘health outcome model’ is presented. This model highlights health literacy as a key outcome from health education. Examination of the concept of health literacy identifies distinctions between functional health literacy, interactive health literacy and critical health literacy. Through this analysis, improving health literacy meant more than transmitting information, and developing skills to be able to read pamphlets and successfully make appointments. By improving people’s access to health information and their capacity to use it effectively, it is argued that improved health literacy is critical to empowerment. The implications for the content and method of contemporary health education and communication are then considered. Emphasis is given to more personal forms of communication, and community-based educational outreach, as well as the political content of health education, focussed on better equipping people to overcome structural barriers to health.

3,529 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Strong evidence of benefits of ACE inhibitors and calcium antagonists is provided by the overviews of placebo-controlled trials, and data from continuing trials of blood-pressure-lowering drugs will substantially increase the evidence available about any real differences that might exist between regimens.

1,773 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The impact of outdoor (total) and traffic-related air pollution on public health in Austria, France, and Switzerland and the results should guide decisions on the assessment of environmental health-policy options are guided.

1,507 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that a quantitative loss in muscle CSA is a major contributor to the decrease in muscle strength seen with advancing age and accounts for 90% of the variability in strength at T2.
Abstract: The present study examines age-related changes in skeletal muscle size and function after 12 yr. Twelve healthy sedentary men were studied in 1985–86 (T1) and nine (initial mean age 65.4 ± 4.2 yr) ...

1,378 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sisal fiber is a promising reinforcement for use in composites on account of its low cost, low density, high specific strength and modulus, no health risk, easy availability in some countries and renewability as discussed by the authors.

1,041 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fear of falling has serious consequences for older people and interventions that successfully reduce fear of falling and improve fall-related self-efficacy are likely to have major health benefits.
Abstract: Background. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of fear of falling on the health of older people. Methods. A total of 528 subjects (mean age 77 years) were recruited from two hospitals in Sydney, Australia, and followed for approximately 12 months. Eighty-five subjects died during follow-up, and 31 were admitted to an aged care institution. Tinetti’s Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) was successfully administered to 418 subjects as part of the baseline assessment. Among those with baseline FES scores, ability to perform 10 activities of daily living (ADLs) was assessed at baseline and follow-up in 307 subjects, and SF-36 scores were assessed at baseline and follow-up in 90 subjects recruited during the latter part of the study. Falls during follow-up were identified using a monthly falls calendar. Results. Compared with those with a high fall-related self-efficacy (FES score 5 100), those with a low fall-related self-efficacy (FES score # 75) had an increased risk of falling (adjusted relative risk 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31‐3.33). Those with poorer fall-related self-efficacy had greater declines in ability to perform ADLs ( p , .001): the total ADL score decreased by 0.69 activities among persons with low FES scores ( # 75) but decreased by only 0.04 activities among persons with FES scores of 100. Decline in ADLs was not explained by the higher frequency of falls among persons with low FES scores. SF-36 scores (particularly scores on the Physical Function and Bodily Pain subscales) tended to decline more among persons with poor fall-related self-efficacy. Nonfallers who said they were afraid of falling had an increased risk of admission to an aged care institution. Conclusions. Fear of falling has serious consequences for older people. Interventions that successfully reduce fear of falling and improve fall-related self-efficacy are likely to have major health benefits.

862 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a colloidal probe atomic force microscopy technique has been used to measure interaction forces between cellulose and glass at normal and high pH, and the results showed that at low pH (5.5-6) the interaction at large separations in both systems is characterised by a double-layer repulsion with an electrosteric contribution dominating the shorter-range regime.
Abstract: Two different substrates have been used to measure interaction forces between cellulose and between cellulose and glass at normal and high pH. Forces between microspheres of cellulose (r = 20–30 μm) have been measured using the colloidal probe atomic force microscopy technique. Interactions between Langmuir—Blodgett cellulose films on a hydrophobised mica substrate and a glass sphere have been determined with the noninterferometric surface force apparatus. Also, the interaction between two identical Langmuir—Blodgett cellulose films determined with the interferometric surface force apparatus is given for comparison. At low pH (5.5–6) the interaction at large separations in both systems is characterised by a double-layer repulsion with an electrosteric contribution dominating the shorter-range regime. At pH 10, the Langmuir—Blodgett cellulose film swells considerably, which generates a long-range steric repulsion. In many cases several inward steps have been observed in the force—distance curves. We attribute this to a sudden partial collapse of the swollen cellulose film. After initial compression of the steric layer (upon consecutive force runs) the long-range interaction is again dominated by a double-layer force. In contrast, measurements between two cellulose spheres have shown no excessive swelling. Only a limited increase (from about 10 nm to about 20 nm per surface) of the range of the electrosteric repulsion has been found at pH 10. The force at longer distances is in good agreement with the Poisson—Boltzmann theory, with the surface potential increasing with pH as expected.

848 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that several of the compounds that regulate mouse and human CAR, including natural steroids, bind directly to the receptors and suggest that CAR, like PXR, is a steroid receptor that is capable of recognizing structurally diverse compounds.

809 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Identifying predictors of physical activity in older populations, particularly social support, facility access, and neighbourhood safety, can inform the development of policy and intervention strategies to promote the health of older people.

801 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model-dependent method with piezoelectric sensor and actuator incorporated into composite structures is proposed for on-line damage detection and health-monitoring on composite structures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The problems, aspects and methods of liquid storage and freeze-thawing of boar semen are discussed and a review is given on examination of spermatozoa by the recent fluorescent staining methods.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new class of glutathione transferases has been discovered by analysis of the expressed sequence tag data base and sequence alignment, named Omega, which exhibit an unusual N-terminal extension that abuts the C terminus to form a novel structural unit.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results show that experimental NASH is strongly associated with hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation, and CYP4A enzymes are identified as alternative initiators of oxidative stress in the liver.
Abstract: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic liver disease have similar pathological features. Because CYP2E1 plays a key role in alcoholic liver disease with its ability to stimulate lipid peroxidation, we tested the proposal that CYP2E1 could also be a factor in the development of NASH. In a dietary model - mice fed a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet - liver injury was associated with both induction of CYP2E1 and a 100-fold increase in hepatic content of lipid peroxides. Microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid oxidases contributed to the formation of these lipid peroxides, and in vitro inhibition studies demonstrated that CYP2E1 was the major catalyst. To further define the role of CYP2E1 as an initiator of oxidative stress in NASH, Cyp2e1(-/-)mice were administered the MCD diet. CYP2E1 deficiency neither prevented the development of NASH nor abrogated the increased microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation, indicating the operation of a non-CYP2E1 peroxidase pathway. In Cyp2e1(-/-) mice with NASH (but not in wild-type mice), CYP4A10 and CYP4A14 were upregulated. Furthermore, hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation was substantially inhibited by anti-mouse CYP4A10 antibody in vitro. These results show that experimental NASH is strongly associated with hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation. CYP2E1, the main enzyme associated with that process in wild-type mice, is not unique among P450 proteins in catalyzing peroxidation of endogenous lipids. We have now identified CYP4A enzymes as alternative initiators of oxidative stress in the liver.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using Monte‐Carlo simulations, it can be shown that uncertainties of input‐output– based life‐cycle assessments are often lower than truncation errors in even extensive, third‐order process analyses.
Abstract: Summary Conventional process-analysis-type techniques for compiling life-cycle inventories suffer from a truncation error, which is caused by the omission of resource requirements or pollutant releases of higher-order upstream stages of the production process. The magnitude of this truncation error varies with the type of product or process considered, but can be on the order of 50%. One way to avoid such significant errors is to incorporate input-output analysis into the assessment framework, resulting in a hybrid life-cycle inventory method. Using Monte-Carlo simulations, it can be shown that uncertainties of input-output– based life-cycle assessments are often lower than truncation errors in even extensive, third-order process analyses.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These studies identify cells with phenotypic markers of endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitors in the mature human CNS and suggest that functional subpopulations of NG2-positive cells exist in MS lesions, suggesting a viable target for future therapies intended to enhance remyelination in MS patients.
Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by multifocal loss of myelin, oligodendrocytes, and axons. Potential MS therapies include enhancement of remyelination by transplantation or manipulation of endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Characteristics of endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitors in normal human brain and in MS lesions have not been studied extensively. This report describes the distribution of cells in sections from normal adult human brain and MS lesions by using antibodies directed against NG2, an integral membrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expressed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Stellate-shaped NG2-positive cells were detected in the white and gray matter of normal adult human brain and appeared as abundant as, but distinct from, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Stellate-shaped or elongated NG2-positive cells also were detected in chronic MS lesions. A subpopulation of the elongated NG2-positive cells expressed the putative apoptotic signaling molecule p75(NTR). TUNEL-positive cells in three active, nine chronic active, and four chronic inactive lesions, however, were p75(NTR)-negative. These studies identify cells with phenotypic markers of endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitors in the mature human CNS and suggest that functional subpopulations of NG2-positive cells exist in MS lesions. Endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells may represent a viable target for future therapies intended to enhance remyelination in MS patients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Leg power is a strong predictor of self-reported functional status in elderly women and was related in univariate analyses to physiologic capacity, habitual physical activity level, neuropsychological status, and medical diagnoses.
Abstract: Background. Identification of the physiologic factors most relevant to functional independence in the elderly population is critical for the design of effective interventions. It has been suggested that muscle power may be more directly related to impaired physical performance than muscle strength in elderly persons. We tested the hypothesis that peak muscle power is closely associated with self-reported functional status in sedentary elderly community-dwelling women. Methods. We used baseline data that were collected as part of a 1-year randomized controlled clinical trial of a combined program of strength, power, and endurance training in 80 elderly women (mean age 74.8 6 5.0 years) with 3.2 6 1.9 chronic diseases, selected for baseline functional impairment and/or falls. Results. Functional status at baseline was related in univariate analyses to physiologic capacity, habitual physical activity level, neuropsychological status, and medical diagnoses. Leg power had the strongest univariate correlation to self-reported functional status ( r 5 2 .47, p , .0001) of any of the physiologic factors we tested. In a forward stepwise regression model, leg press power and habitual physical activity level were the only two factors that contributed independently to functional status ( r 5 .64, p , .0001), accounting for 40% of the variance in functional status.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Factors influencing the fertility of stored semen and methods used for improvement are discussed, and fertility results of long-term frozen stored ram semen are given.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define and explain a trend that has caused a great deal of confusion among HR researchers, practitioners, and consumers of HR-related services: competency modeling The job analysis and Competency modeling Task Force, a work group jointly sponsored by the Professional Practice Committee and the Scientific Affairs Committee of the Society For Industrial and Organizational Psychology, has recently concluded a 2-year investigation into the antecedents of competency modelling.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to define and explain a trend that has caused a great deal of confusion among HR researchers, practitioners, and consumers of HR-related services: competency modeling The Job Analysis and Competency Modeling Task Force, a work group jointly sponsored by the Professional Practice Committee and the Scientific Affairs Committee of the Society For Industrial and Organizational Psychology, has recently concluded a 2-year investigation into the antecedents of competency modeling and an examination of the current range of practice Competency modeling is compared and contrasted to job analysis using a conceptual framework (reflected in a 10-dimension Level of Rigor Scale) that practitioners and researchers may use to guide future work efforts, and which could be used as a basis for developing standards for practice The strengths and weaknesses of both competency modeling and job analysis are identified and, where appropriate, recommendations are made for leveraging strengths in one camp to shore-up weaknesses in the other

Journal ArticleDOI
14 Dec 2000-Nature
TL;DR: It is reported that in excessive sunlight FPs are photoprotective; they achieve this by dissipating excess energy at wavelengths of low photosynthetic activity, as well as by reflecting of visible and infrared light by FP-containing chromatophores.
Abstract: All reef-forming corals depend on the photosynthesis performed by their algal symbiont, and such corals are therefore restricted to the photic zone. The intensity of light in this zone declines over several orders of magnitude--from high and damaging levels at the surface to extreme shade conditions at the lower limit. The ability of corals to tolerate this range implies effective mechanisms for light acclimation and adaptation. Here we show that the fluorescent pigments (FPs) of corals provide a photobiological system for regulating the light environment of coral host tissue. Previous studies have suggested that under low light, FPs may enhance light availability. We now report that in excessive sunlight FPs are photoprotective; they achieve this by dissipating excess energy at wavelengths of low photosynthetic activity, as well as by reflecting of visible and infrared light by FP-containing chromatophores. We also show that FPs enhance the resistance to mass bleaching of corals during periods of heat stress, which has implications for the effect of environmental stress on the diversity of reef-building corals, such as enhanced survival of a broad range of corals allowing maintenance of habitat diversity.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2000-Geoderma
TL;DR: Analysis based on non-stationarity of a variable and the use of ancillary information are demonstrated as encompassing modern regression techniques, including generalised linear models (GLM), generalised additive models (GAM), classification and regression trees (RT) and neural networks (NN).

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Feb 2000-BMJ
TL;DR: The utility (preference for health) associated with hip fracture and fear of falling among older women is estimated by finding the point at which respondents show no preference between a longer but lower quality of life and a shorter time in full health.
Abstract: # Quality of life related to fear of falling and hip fracture in older women: a time trade off study {#article-title-2} Hip fractures are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and almost all occur after a fall1 In the next 50 years the number of hip fractures will probably increase greatly1-3 About 20% of people who fracture their hips are dead within a year,4-6 and many of those who recover from hip fracture require additional assistance in daily living 4 7 Population data tend to obscure the personal impact of falls and hip fracture Objective measures of function, such as activities of daily living8 and subjective utility based measures of health related quality of life,9 can express the personal dimension Hip fracture adversely affects health related quality of life, with greater physical recovery reflected in better quality of life10 Thus, health related quality of life is an important outcome for studies attempting to reduce the number of falls or their consequences11 As part of an ongoing randomised trial (the community hip protector trial) that is examining the effectiveness of hip protectors in older women living in the community we sought to estimate the utility (preference for health) associated with falls that cause a fear of falling or hip fracture in older women Study participants —The community hip protector study is a randomised controlled trial involving women aged 75 years and older who are at high risk of hip fracture and who live in their own homes Older women living in the northern suburbs of Sydney, Australia, who had contact with an aged care health service and met inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the study These criteria were age greater than 74 years; two or more falls, or one fall resulting in hospital treatment, in the past year; at least one hip without previous surgery; likely to continue to live in the … Correspondence to: S Ameratunga

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The three main Shigella clusters are estimated to have evolved within the last 35,000 to 270,000 years, suggesting that shigellosis was one of the early infectious diseases of humans.
Abstract: The evolutionary relationships of 46 Shigella strains representing each of the serotypes belonging to the four traditional Shigella species (subgroups), Dysenteriae, Flexneri, Boydii, and Sonnei, were determined by sequencing of eight housekeeping genes in four regions of the chromosome. Analysis revealed a very similar evolutionary pattern for each region. Three clusters of strains were identified, each including strains from different subgroups. Cluster 1 contains the majority of Boydii and Dysenteriae strains (B1–4, B6, B8, B10, B14, and B18; and D3–7, D9, and D11–13) plus Flexneri 6 and 6A. Cluster 2 contains seven Boydii strains (B5, B7, B9, B11, B15, B16, and B17) and Dysenteriae 2. Cluster 3 contains one Boydii strain (B12) and the Flexneri serotypes 1–5 strains. Sonnei and three Dysenteriae strains (D1, D8, and D10) are outside of the three main clusters but, nonetheless, are clearly within Escherichia coli. Boydii 13 was found to be distantly related to E. coli. Shigella strains, like the other pathogenic forms of E. coli, do not have a single evolutionary origin, indicating convergent evolution of Shigella phenotypic properties. We estimate the three main Shigella clusters to have evolved within the last 35,000 to 270,000 years, suggesting that shigellosis was one of the early infectious diseases of humans.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings of discrete orbital and medial PFC projections to different PAG columns, and related PFC and PAG columnar connections with specific subregions of the hypothalamus suggest that distinct but parallel circuits mediate the behavioural strategies and patterns of autonomic activity characteristic of emotional "engagement with" or "disengagement from the external environment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Variations in mortality may be partly explained by excess ICU workload, and this methodology may have implications for planning and clinical governance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that APC is a nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling protein, and that it can function as a β-catenin chaperone, and suggest that wild-type APC controls the nuclear accumulation of β- catenin by a combination of nuclear export and cytopLasmic degradation.
Abstract: Mutational inactivation of the APC gene is a key early event in the development of familial adenomatous polyposis and colon cancer. APC suppresses tumour progression by promoting degradation of the oncogenic transcriptional activator beta-catenin. APC gene mutations can lead to abnormally high levels of beta-catenin in the nucleus, and the consequent activation of transforming genes. Here, we show that APC is a nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling protein, and that it can function as a beta-catenin chaperone. APC contains two active nuclear export sequences (NES) at the amino terminus, and mutagenesis of these conserved motifs blocks nuclear export dependent on the CRM1 export receptor. Treatment of cells with the CRM1-specific export inhibitor leptomycin B shifts APC from cytoplasm to nucleus. beta-catenin localization is also regulated by CRM1, but in an APC-dependent manner. Transient expression of wild-type APC in SW480 (APCmut/mut) colon cancer cells enhances nuclear export and degradation of beta-catenin, and these effects can be blocked by mutagenesis of the APC NES. These findings suggest that wild-type APC controls the nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin by a combination of nuclear export and cytoplasmic degradation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a method for reconstructing force-free magnetic fields from their boundary values, based on minimizing the global departure of an initial field from a force free and solenoidal state, is presented.
Abstract: A new method for reconstructing force-free magnetic fields from their boundary values, based on minimizing the global departure of an initial field from a force-free and solenoidal state, is presented. The method is tested by application to a known nonlinear solution. We discuss the obstacles to be overcome in the application of this method to the solar case: the reconstruction of force-free fields in the corona from measurements of the vector magnetic field in the low atmosphere.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This is the first controlled educational intervention to successfully improve body image and to produce long-term changes in the attitudes and self-image of young adolescents.
Abstract: Objective This study examines the effect of an interactive, school-based, self-esteem education program on the body image and eating attitudes and behaviors of young male and female adolescents following the program and after 12 months. Method All 470 eligible students (63% female) aged 11–14 years volunteered to participate. The intervention group students participated in the program, whereas the control group students received their scheduled personal development and health class. Results The program significantly improved the body satisfaction of the intervention students and significantly changed aspects of their self-esteem; social acceptance, physical appearance, and athletic ability became less important for the intervention students and more important for control students. Female intervention students rated their physical appearance as perceived by others significantly higher than control students and allowed their body weight to increase appropriately by preventing the age increase in weight-losing behaviors of the control students. One year after the intervention, body image and attitude changes were still present. These findings also held for the 116 students (63% females) with low self-esteem and higher anxiety, who were considered at risk for the development of eating disorders. These students also had significantly lower drive for thinness and greater body satisfaction following the intervention and the decreased importance of physical appearance to their self-esteem was present at 12 months. Control at-risk students significantly decreased their body weight, whereas the weight of the intervention at-risk students significantly increased. The intervention program was effective, safe, having no effect on measures of students' anxiety or depression, and was rated highly by students. Discussion This is the first controlled educational intervention to successfully improve body image and to produce long-term changes in the attitudes and self-image of young adolescents. This new approach to prevent the development of eating disorders by improving self-esteem may be effective, particularly if reinforced by teachers and family. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 28:43–57, 2000.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Oximetry could be the definitive diagnostic test for straightforward OSA attributable to adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children older than 12 months of age, or quickly and inexpensively identify children with a history suggesting sleep-disordered breathing who would require PSG to elucidate the type and severity.
Abstract: Objective. To determine the utility of pulse oximetry for diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children. Methods. We performed a cross-sectional study of 349 patients referred to a pediatric sleep laboratory for possible OSA. A mixed/obstructive apnea/hypopnea index (MOAHI) greater than or equal to 1 on nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) defined OSA. A sleep laboratory physician read nocturnal oximetry trend and event graphs, blinded to clinical and polysomnographic results. Likelihood ratios were used to determine the change in probability of having OSA before and after oximetry results were known. Results. Of 349 patients, 210 (60%) had OSA as defined polysomnographically. Oximetry trend graphs were classified as positive for OSA in 93 and negative or inconclusive in 256 patients. Of the 93 oximetry results read as positive, PSG confirmed OSA in 90 patients. A positive oximetry trend graph had a likelihood ratio of 19.4, increasing the probability of having OSA from 60% to 97%. The median MOAHI of children with a positive oximetry result was 16.4 (7.5, 30.2). The 3 false-positive oximetry results were all in the subgroup of 92 children who had diagnoses other than adenotonsillar hypertrophy that might have affected breathing during sleep. A negative or inconclusive oximetry result had a likelihood ratio of .58, decreasing the probability of having OSA from 60% to 47%. Interobserver reliability for oximetry readings was very good to excellent (κ = .80). Conclusions. In the setting of a child suspected of having OSA, a positive nocturnal oximetry trend graph has at least a 97% positive predictive value. Oximetry could: 1) be the definitive diagnostic test for straightforward OSA attributable to adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children older than 12 months of age, or 2) quickly and inexpensively identify children with a history suggesting sleep-disordered breathing who would require PSG to elucidate the type and severity. A negative oximetry result cannot be used to rule out OSA.

Book
30 Jun 2000
TL;DR: This chapter discusses Turbo Coding Performance Analysis and Code Design, which focuses on Turbo Trellis Coded Modulation Schemes, and applications of Turbo Codes.
Abstract: List of Acronyms. List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Block Codes. 3. Convolutional Codes. 4. Turbo Coding Performance Analysis and Code Design. 5. Trellis Based Decoding of Linear Codes. 6. Iterative Decoding. 7. Interleavers. 8. Turbo Coding for Fading Channels. 9. Turbo Trellis Coded Modulation Schemes. 10. Applications of Turbo Codes. Index.