Showing papers by "University of Texas at Austin published in 1975"

Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory.

Abstract: A scale was constructed to assess individual differences in self-consciou sness. Norms and test-retest reliability are presented. Factor analysis of the scale revealed that self-consciousness has three components: public, private, and social anxiety. The relationships among these three factors are examined. The scale was found useful in research on social behavior, and its implications for research and therapy are discussed. Self Jawareness is a central concept in several divergent approaches to behavior and life. In psychoanalysi s, increased awareness of the self is both a tool and a goal. Self-examination enables the person to recognize his unconscious thoughts, motives, and defenses; one result of the therapy is increased insight, i.e., greater self-awareness. Rogerian therapy, existential analysis, and a variety of other insight therapies have also emphasized the importance of attending to and understanding one's inner thoughts and feelings. Relatively newer traditions, such as transactional analysis, encounter groups, and sensitivity training, have stressed the value of "getting in touch with oneself" and recognizing how one's behavior affects others. The quest for self-insight may also be seen in the widespread interest in the practice of meditation. Previous interest in self-awarenes s has derived from either a therapeutic orientation or a philosophical approach to life. Recently, self-awareness has been approached from an entirely different perspective—that of social psychology. Argyle (1969) has speculated about the impact of self ^awareness on social interaction, and Duval and Wicklund (1972) have elaborated an entire theory of selfawareness. Laboratory research generated by Duval and Wicklund's theory has examined both the effects of stimuli that direct attention toward the self (mirrors and cameras) Allan Fenigstein is now at Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, and Michael F. Scheier is now at Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Requests for reprints should be sent to Arnold H. Buss, Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

Open, Closed, and Mixed Networks of Queues with Different Classes of Customers

Abstract: We derive the joint equilibrium distribution of queue sizes in a network of queues containing N service centers and R classes of customers. The equilibrium state probabilities have the general form: P(S) - Cd(S) $f_1$($x_1$)$f_2$($x_2$)...$f_N$($x_N$) where S is the state of the system, $x_i$ is the configuration of customers at the ith service center, d(S) is a function of the state of the model, $f_i$ is a function that depends on the type of the ith service center, and C is a normalizing constant. We consider four types of service centers to model central processors, data channels, terminals, and routing delays. The queueing disciplines associated with these service centers include first-come-first-served, processor sharing, no queueing, and last-come-first-served. Each customer belongs to a single class of customers while awaiting or receiving service at a service center but may change classes and service centers according to fixed probabilities at the completion of a service request. For open networks we consider state dependent arrival processes. Closed networks are those with no arrivals. A network may be closed with respect to some classes of customers and open with respect to other classes of customers. At three of the four types of service centers, the service times of customers are governed by probability distributions having rational Laplace transforms, different classes of customers having different distributions. At first-come-first-served type service centers the service time distribution must be identical and exponential for all classes of customers. Many of the network results of Jackson on arrival and service rate dependencies, of Posner and Bernholtz on different classes of customers, and of Chandy on different types of service centers are combined and extended in this paper. The results become special cases of the model presented here. An example shows how different classes of customers can affect models of computer systems. Finally, we show that an equivalent model encompassing all of the results involves only classes of customers with identical exponentially distributed service times. All of the other structure of the first model can be absorbed into the fixed probabilities governing the change of class and change of service center of each class of customers.

Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity.

Abstract: Male (N = 248) and female (N = 282) subjects were given the Personal Attributes Questionnaire consisting of 55 bipolar attributes drawn from the Sex Role Stereotype Questionnaire by Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, Broverman, and Broverman and were asked to rate themselves and then to compare directly the typical male and female college student. Self-ratings were divided into male-valued (stereotypically masculine attributes judged more desirable for both sexes), female-valued, and sex-specific items. Also administered was the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and a measure of social self-esteem. Correlations of the self-ratings with stereotype scores and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale were low in magnitude, suggesting that sex role expectations do not distort self-concepts. For both men and women, "femininity" on the female-valued self items and "masculinity" on the male-valued items were positively correlated, and both significantly related to self-esteem. The implications of the results for a concept of masculinity and femininity as a duality, characteristic of all individuals, and the use of the self-rating scales for measuring masculinity, femininity, and androgyny were discussed.

Fourier analysis with unequally-spaced data*

Abstract: The general problems of Fourier and spectral analysis are discussed. A discrete Fourier transformF N (v) of a functionf(t) is presented which (i) is defined for arbitrary data spacing; (ii) is equal to the convolution of the true Fourier transform off(t) with a spectral window. It is shown that the ‘pathology’ of the data spacing, including aliasing and related effects, is all contained in the spectral window, and the properties of the spectral windows are examined for various kinds of data spacing. The results are applicable to power spectrum analysis of stochastic functions as well as to ordinary Fourier analysis of periodic or quasiperiodic functions.

Objective Self-Awareness

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the theory of objective self-awareness. It presents the theory of objective self-awareness as it stands presently: Conscious attention is viewed as dichotomous, having the property of being directed either toward the self or toward the environment. The direction of attention is guided by events that force attention inward, such as reflections of the self, and events that pull attention outward, such as distracting stimuli outside the self. Under objective self-awareness, the person will experience either negative or positive affect depending on whether attention is directed toward a negative or a positive discrepancy. The chapter illustrates the operation of a principle that is new to the theory. There are three studies relevant to this new proposition—two on self-esteem and one on attribution. Escaping objective self-awareness has been highlighted. The evolved theory of objective self-awareness has ramifications for three conceptual phenomena: (1) The initial reaction to self-focused attention is self-evaluation, which can be either favorable or unfavorable, depending on the nature of the salient within-self discrepancy; (2) The onset of self-focused attention generates attempts to avoid mirrors and similar stimuli, given that salient discrepancies are negative, and in experimentation, attention can be taken from the self through passive diversions as well as through motor activities; (3) If there is no escape from self-focusing stimuli, discrepancy reduction will then follow.

Acoustically Orienting Parasitoids: Fly Phonotaxis to Cricket Song

Abstract: Larviparous female tachinid flies are attracted to taped cricket songs. In the laboratory flies deposit larvae on a cricket mounted to a speaker; the larvae burrow through the cricket's exoskeleton...

A branch and bound algorithm for the generalized assignment problem

Abstract: This paper describes what is termed the “generalized assignment problem”. It is a generalization of the ordinary assignment problem of linear programming in which multiple assignments of tasks to agents are limited by some resource available to the agents. A branch and bound algorithm is developed that solves the generalized assignment problem by solving a series of binary knapsack problems to determine the bounds. Computational results are cited for problems with up to 4 000 0–1 variables, and comparisons are made with other algorithms.

Lateral loading of deep foundations in stiff clay

Abstract: A full-sized drilled shaft, or drilled pier, was constructed in the field in a stratum of stiff clay. The foundation was instrumented so that bending moment could be measured at various depths. A series of lateral loads, both short-term static and cyclic, were applied to the foundation and families of bending moment curves, along with the boundary conditions at the groundline, were obtained. These data were analyzed and sets of curves were developed showing soil resistance p as a function of deflection y for various depths. Rational concepts concerning the behavior of soil around a laterally loaded deep foundation were employed, along with some empirical expressions, and equations are presented for the development of p-y curves for stiff clay, both for short-term static loading and for cyclic loading. The expressions were tested against available experiments and were found to yield satisfactory results.

Optimum production lot size model for a system with deteriorating inventory

Abstract: SUMMARY A production lot size model has been developed for an inventory system with deteriorating items. Both the varying and constant rate of deterioration have been included in the analysis. For the case of a varying rate, it seems impossible to obtain a simple expression for the production lot size, so a numerical method has been suggested. For the constant rate of deterioration case, an approximate expression has been derived for the production lot size. Finally, a numerical example is solved to show the impact of deterioration.

Parametric analysis of queuing networks

Abstract: We consider a queuing network with M exponential service stations and with N customers. We study the behavior of a subsystem σ, which has a single node as input and a single node as output, when th...

Reaction and movement time as a function of age and physical activity level.

Abstract: The SRT, DRT, and MT of older men (OA) who have experienced a life style of chronic physical activity were compared to those of nonactive men of similar age (ONA), and also to active (YA) and nonactive young men (YNA). Although activity level and age were significant factors, most of the activity level-by-age interaction in all but DRT was attributed to the slower performance of the ONAs. At least in this study, a life style of physical activity appeared to play a more dominant role in determining SRT, DRT, and MT than age. The hypothesis that most of the slowing of responses in the aged is attributable to CNS processing rather than MT decrements is repudiated, since MT results paralleled those of SRT and DRT.

Gully Erosion, Northwestern Colorado: A Threshold Phenomenon

Abstract: The widespread occurrence of discontinuous gullies in the oil-shale region of northwestern Colorado is of particular concern because of the resulting progressive destruction of the valley floors. Furthermore, the integration of a semi-arid drainage network can cause a rapid increase in the sediment yield of the basin, with subsequent harmful effects downstream. Field work in the Piceance Creek and Yellow Creek drainage basins indicates that these discontinuous gullies developed on oversteepened segments of the valley floors. Although the critical slope of entrenchment is probably related to magnitude of run-off, discharge measurements are not available; therefore, drainage-basin area was selected as the most representative measure of discharge. An inverse relation between drainage-basin area and critical slope of entrenchment applies, and the lower limit of scatter of the data establishes a critical slope-area relation, which can be used to identify potentially unstable valley floors. This relation can help the land manager determine areas of instability where preventive measures can most economically and successfully be undertaken. It is stressed that this particular quantitative relation is applicable only to the Piceance Creek and Yellow Creek drainage basins. In more heterogeneous basins, other variables will need to be included in the analysis; however, the general theory of valley stability will remain applicable.

Vector potential and metric perturbations of a rotating black hole

Abstract: The assumption of factorized Green's functions together with the inhomogeneous Teukolsky equations are used to derive analytic expressions for homogeneous metric (and vector potential) perturbations of a Kerr black hole. These homogeneous solutions are used to construct solutions to the perturbation equations when sources are present. What one finds are particularly simple formulas for the energy and angular momentum flux in the asymptotic regions at plus or minus infinity.-

Effect of Radiation-Induced Xerostomia on Human Oral Microflora

Abstract: A longitudinal study was performed to assess the effects of radiation-induced xerostomia on the human oral microflora. Pronounced microbial population shifts were found in each of five intraoral sites tested. Cariogenic microorganisms gained prominence at the expense of noncariogenic microorganisms in concert with the saliva shutdown. These changes occurred before the onset of clinical caries irrespective of whether or not a topical fluoride gel was used as a caries preventive.

Red-Tape and the Service Ethic: Some Unexpected Differences Between Public and Private Managers

Abstract: Comparing public and private organizations has long been a favorite pastime of public administration, but such comparisons have often been self-serving. Most have stressed conceptual or normative arguments-oriented largely toward justifying the separate study of public administration. Few have undertaken to establish an empirical basis for their claims. One of the strongest cases made thus far against such comparative efforts is by Parker and Subramaniam (1964). They note particularly the lack of common standards of description and analysis typical of these comparisons, the tendency to compare &dquo;great conglomerations of miscella-

Approximate analysis of general queuing networks

Abstract: An approximate iterative technique for the analysis of complex queuing networks with general service times is presented. The technique is based on an application of Norton's theorem from electrical circuit theory to queuing networks which obey local balance. The technique determines approximations of the queue length and waiting time distributions for each queue in the network. Comparison of results obtained by the approximate method with simulated and exact results shows that the approximate method has reasonable accuracy.

Sympatric Speciation in Phytophagous Parasitic Insects

Abstract: The appearance of new insect pests on economically important plants is a well-known phenomenon to many applied biologists In addition, populations of introduced or native insects are frequently encountered which exhibit different host preferences, but which are morphologically indistinguishable from one another (Brues 1924, Simms 1931, Mayr 1942, Andrewartha and Birch 1954, Zwolfer and Harris 1971) These so-called host races sometimes actually represent previously unrecognized reproductively isolated sibling species Others appear to retain their distinct host preferences and other biological traits in the absence of any observable barriers to gene flow between the races Two classic examples in North America are the codling moth (Laspeyresia pomonella), introduced from Europe in 1750, which shifted from apples to walnuts about 26 years after it reached California in 1873 (Essig 1931, Foster 1912), and the apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) which moved from its native host hawthorn to introduced apples in 1864 and cherries less than 20 years ago (Bush 1966, 1969a,b, 1974)

Oxidation of the carcinogens benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene to dihydrodiols by a bacterium

Abstract: A mutant strain of Beijerinckia, after growth with succinate plus biphenyl, contains an enzyme system that oxidizes benzo [a] pyrene and benzo [a] anthracene to mixtures of vicinal dihydrodiols. The major dihydrodiol formed from benzo [a] pyrene was identified as cis-9, 10-dihydroxy-9, 10-dihydrobenzo [a] pyrene by comparison with a synthetic sample. Benzo [a] anthracene was metabolized to four dihydrodiols, the major isomer being cis-1, 2-dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydrobenzo [a] anthracene.

Glucagon: role in the hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus.

Abstract: Glucagon suppression by somatostatin reduces or abolishes hyperglycemia in dogs made insulin-deficient by somatostatin, alloxan, or total pancreatectomy. This suggests that the development of severe diabetic hyperglycemia requires the presence of glucagon, whether secreted by pancreatic or newly identified gastrointestinal A cells, as well as a lack of insulin. Glucagon suppression could improve therapeutic glucoregulation in diabetes.

Prognostic factors in multiple myeloma.

Abstract: The effect of certain disease parameters on remission and survial time was evaluated in 482 patients with multiple myeloma treated with intermittent courses of melphalan-prednisone combinations. Increasing degrees of anemia, hypercalcemia, azotemia, and high serum myeloma protein levels were associated with progressive lifespan shortening. The short survival of patients with anemia and hypercalcemia was associated with short remissions in responding patients with these abnormalities. The extent of tumor mass was defined from specific laboratory parameters reported by Durie to be associated with large numbers of plasma cells. More advanced stages of myeloma were associated with higher frequencies and degrees of normal immunoglobulin depression. The response rate was not affected by the tumor mass grade, but increasing tumor mass was associated with a shorter lifespan. Greater degrees of tumor reduction were associated with longer remission and survival times. Patients in whom a marked tumor reduction was rapid had shorter survival and remission times than patients who responded more slowly.

Motility as a virulence factor for Vibrio cholerae.

Abstract: The ability of motile strains of the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes of classical Vibrio cholerae and of the El Tor biotypes to kill suckling mice after oral challenge with 10-8 colony-forming units (representing at least 100 to 1,000 minimal lethal doses) was compared to that of nonmotile derivatives of the same strains. Loss of motility, in each case, resulted in a marked reduction in virulence. The mortality (at 36 h) caused by 10 of the 13 nonmotile strains was 32% or less. whereas the motile wild-type strains resulted in nearly 100% deaths. The reduced virulence of the nonmotile strains was associated with reduced capacity to adsorb to the surface of segments of mouse intestine. The mutants were tested for alterations in enterotoxin production and surface properties. The results suggest that motility may contribute to virulence by increasing the chance for association of the vibrios with the intestinal mucosa.

The contribution of marriage to the psychological well-being of males and females.

Abstract: reported here, is greater for females than for males. Data .from two of the surveys show similar levels of reported marital happiness for husbands and wives, and they show a stronger relationship of marital happiness to global happiness for the wives. On the basis of this evidence, Bernard's thesis that marriage is more beneficial to husbands than to wives is rejected. The data presented here can be reconciled with Bernard's data showing an unusual prevalence of symptoms of psychological stress among married women by the hypothesis that women, as a whole, exceed men in both the stress and the satisfaction they derive from marriage.