Showing papers by "University of Texas at Austin published in 1981"

Thermal radiation heat transfer

Abstract: A comprehensive discussion of heat transfer by thermal radiation is presented, including the radiative behavior of materials, radiation between surfaces, and gas radiation. Among the topics considered are property prediction by electromagnetic theory, the observed properties of solid materials, radiation in the presence of other modes of energy transfer, the equations of transfer for an absorbing-emitting gas, and radiative transfer in scattering and absorbing media. Also considered are radiation exchange between black isothermal surfaces, radiation exchange in enclosures composed of diffuse gray surfaces and in enclosures having some specularly reflecting surfaces, and radiation exchange between nondiffuse nongray surfaces. The use of the Monte Carlo technique in solving radiant-exchange problems and problems of radiative transfer through absorbing-emitting media is explained.

Evaluating Program and Managerial Efficiency: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis to Program Follow Through

Abstract: A model for measuring the efficiency of Decision Making Units =DMU's is presented, along with related methods of implementation and interpretation. The term DMU is intended to emphasize an orientation toward managed entities in the public and/or not-for-profit sectors. The proposed approach is applicable to the multiple outputs and designated inputs which are common for such DMU's. A priori weights, or imputations of a market-price-value character are not required. A mathematical programming model applied to observational data provides a new way of obtaining empirical estimates of extrernal relations-such as the production functions and/or efficient production possibility surfaces that are a cornerstone of modern economics. The resulting extremal relations are used to envelop the observations in order to obtain the efficiency measures that form a focus of the present paper. An illustrative application utilizes data from Program Follow Through =PFT. A large scale social experiment in public school education, it was designed to test the advantages of PFT relative to designated NFT =Non-Follow Through counterparts in various parts of the U.S. It is possible that the resulting observations are contaminated with inefficiencies due to the way DMU's were managed en route to assessing whether PFT as a program is superior to its NFT alternative. A further mathematical programming development is therefore undertaken to distinguish between "management efficiency" and "program efficiency." This is done via procedures referred to as Data Envelopment Analysis =DEA in which one first obtains boundaries or envelopes from the data for PFT and NFT, respectively. These boundaries provide a basis for estimating the relative efficiency of the DMU's operating under these programs. These DMU's are then adjusted up to their program boundaries, after which a new inter-program envelope is obtained for evaluating the PFT and NFT programs with the estimated managerial inefficiencies eliminated. The claimed superiority of PFT fails to be validated in this illustrative application. Our DEA approach, however, suggests the additional possibility of new approaches obtained from PFT-NFT combinations which may be superior to either of them alone. Validating such possibilities cannot be done only by statistical or other modelings. It requires recourse to field studies, including audits e.g., of a U.S. General Accounting Office variety and therefore ways in which the results of a DEA approach may be used to guide such further studies or audits are also indicated.

Pointer Basis of Quantum Apparatus: Into What Mixture Does the Wave Packet Collapse?

Abstract: The form of the interaction Hamiltonian between the apparatus and its environment is sufficient to determine which observable of the measured quantum system can be considered "recorded" by the apparatus. The basis that contains this record---the pointer basis of the apparatus---consists of the eigenvectors of the operator which commutes with the apparatus-environment interaction Hamiltonian. Thus the environment can be said to perform a nondemolition measurement of an observable diagonal in the pointer basis.

Ecological Consequences of Foraging Mode

Abstract: Desert lizards are typically either widely foraging or sit-and-wait predators, and these foraging modes are correlated with major differences in ecology. Foraging mode is related to the type of prey eaten by lizards. Widely foraging lizards in the Kalahari desert, the Western Australian desert, and the North American desert generally eat more prey that are sedentary, unpredictably distributed, and clumped (e.g., termites) or that are large and inaccessible (inactive scorpions) than do sit-and- wait lizards. In contrast, sit-and-wait lizards eat more prey that are active. Foraging mode also appears to influence the types of predators that in turn eat the lizards. For example, a sit-and-wait snake eats predominately widely foraging lizards. Crossovers in foraging mode thus exist between trophic levels. Widely foraging lizards may also encounter predators more frequently, as suggested by analyses of relative tail lengths; but tail break frequencies are ambiguous. Daily maintenance energetic expen- ditures of widely foraging lizards appear to be about 1.3-1.5 times greater than those of sit-and-wait lizards in the same habitats, but gross food gains are about 1.3-2.1 times greater. Widely foraging species also have lower relative clutch volumes, apparently in response to enhanced risks of predation. Foraging mode within one species varies with changes in food availability. Physiology, morphology, and risk of predation might generally restrict the flexibility of foraging mode. Because foraging mode constrains numerous important aspects of ecology, any general model of foraging velocity must be complex.

Statistical distance and Hilbert space

Abstract: A concept of "statistical distance" is defined between different preparations of the same quantum system, or in other words, between different rays in the same Hilbert space. Statistical distance is determined entirely by the size of statistical fluctuations occurring in measurements designed to distinguish one state from another. It is not related, a priori, to the usual distance (or angle) between rays. One finds, however, that these two kinds of distance are in fact the same, a result which depends on certain peculiarities of quantum mechanics.

Asynchronous distributed simulation via a sequence of parallel computations

Abstract: An approach to carrying out asynchronous, distributed simulation on multiprocessor messagepassing architectures is presented. This scheme differs from other distributed simulation schemes because (1) the amount of memory required by all processors together is bounded and is no more than the amount required in sequential simulation and (2) the multiprocessor network is allowed to deadlock, the deadlock is detected, and then the deadlock is broken. Proofs for the correctness of this approach are outlined.

Implementation Structures: A New Unit of Administrative Analysis

Abstract: This article argues that a multiorganizational unit of analysis, an implementation structure, should be used when describing and evaluating the implementation and administration of programmes.Programmes are implemented by clusters of parts of public and private organizations. An implementation structure is the administrative entity which programme implementors use for accomplishing objectives within programmes. An organizationally rooted analy sis is therefore inadequate to rationalize the activities surrounding programme imple mentation.This article defines implementation structures and argues the advantage of using a multiorganizational analytic perspective over the perspective of single organizations.

Hurricane Allen's Impact on Jamaican Coral Reefs

Abstract: Coral reefs of north Jamaica, normally sheltered, were severely damaged by Hurricane Allen, the strongest Caribbean hurricane of this century. Immediate studies were made at Discovery Bay, where reef populations were already known in some detail. Data are presented to show how damage varied with the position and orientation of the substraturn and with the shape, size, and mechanical properties of exposed organisms. Data collected over succeeding weeks showed striking differences in the ability of organisms to heal and survive.

Proofs of Networks of Processes

Abstract: We present a proof method for networks of processes in which component processes communicate exclusively through messages We show how to construct proofs of invariant properties which hold at all times during network computation, and terminal properties which hold upon termination of network computation, if network computation terminates The proof method is based upon specifying a process by a pair of assertions, analogous to pre-and post-conditions in sequential program proving The correctness of network specification is proven by applying inference rules to the specifications of component processes Several examples are proved using this technique

Consciousness of Body: Private and Public

Abstract: A self-report instrument yielded two separate factors: private body consciousness (awareness of internal sensations) and public body consciousness (awareness of observable aspects of body). For each factor, norms, test-retest reliability data, and correlations with other personality measures are presented. An experiment on reaction to ingestion of caffeine revealed that only subjects high in private body consciousness or high in both private body consciousness and private selfconsciousness were stimulated by caffeine; individual differences in public body consciousness and in private self-consciousness alone had no impact. These findings have implications for biofeedback, false physiological feedback, and excitation transfer. When we attend to ourselves, what do we observe? Though there may be various answers to this question, one is to classify the diverse components of the self into private and public aspects. The private aspects can be observed only by the experiencing person: thoughts, images, memories, motives, and feelings—all concerning oneself. The public aspects can be observed by anyone else: appearance, manners, and style of behavior. People differ considerably in the extent to which they attend to the private aspects of themselves, and there are marked individual differences in consciousness of the public or social aspects of oneself. These two dispositions, private and public self-consciousness, are measured by the Self-Consciousness Inventory (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975). Among the highest loading items on the Private Self-Consciousness Scale are, "I reflect about myself a lot," "I'm generally attentive to my inner feelings," and "I'm alert to changes in my mood." Among the highest loading items on the Public Self-Conscious

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. 37. Aqueous ecl systems based on tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+) and oxalate or organic acids

Abstract: An aqueous system for electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ecl) based on the reaction of electrogenerated Ru(bpy),'+ with strong reductants produced as intermediates in the oxidation of oxalate ion is described. The bright orange chemiluminescence, which could also be generated by reaction of chemically produced Ru(II1) species with oxalate, corresponded to emission by R~(bpy)~*+*; ecl efficiency (photons emitted/R~(bpy)~~+ generated) was -2% in deaerated solution. Ecl by reaction of the 1+ and 3+ Ru species could also be obtained in partially aqueous solutions containing at least 20% acetonitrile. Chemiluminescence was also observed with other organic acids (pyruvic, malonic, lactic), when the intermediates produced on their oxidation by Ce4+ reacted with R~(bpy),~+.

Force field, dipole moment derivatives, and vibronic constants of benzene from a combination of experimental and ab initio quantum chemical information

Abstract: The quadratic and the most important cubic force constants of benzene have been determined from ab initio Hartree–Fock calculations with a double‐zeta basis set. Some constants have also been recalculated using other basis sets, including a polarized one. A few empirical scale factors, applied to the ab initio force field, allow the reproduction of a large number of observed vibrational frequencies, isotope shifts, and Coriolis constants within the uncertainties of experiment and the harmonic model. It is shown that the simultaneous utilization of ab initio and spectroscopical information is sufficient for the conclusive resolution of the uncertainties and alternatives in previous empirical force fields. The resulting scale factors can be used directly to obtain force fields for other aromatic hydrocarbons from ab initio calculations. Reproduction of the observed infrared intensities is only moderately successful, even with the polarized basis set. The calculated vibronic coupling constants show qualitative agreement but important deviations from previous simpler calculations. The predicted vibrational patterns confirm Lindholm’s assignment of the photoelectron spectrum of benzene.

The hormonal control of sexual development

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some of the physiological and pathophysiological actions of hormones in controlling the development of the sexual phenotypes of eutherian mammals, the American opossum, and the chicken. The importance of steroid metabolites formed in extraglandular tissues to overall sexual development is also emphasized. Chromosomal sex determines gonadal sex, and gonadal sex determines phenotypic sex. A minimum of 19 genes are implicated in sexual differentiation in man. Some of these are located on sex chromosomes and some on autosomes. Thus, the relatively simple mechanism that imposes male development on the indifferent embryo requires the participation of many genes common to both the male and female embryo. Determinants on the Y chromosome cause the indifferent gonad to develop into a testis. Two hormonal secretions from the fetal testis, mullerian-inhibiting substance and testosterone, then transform the indifferent urogenital tract into one characteristic of the male. Mullerian-inhibiting substance secreted by the Sertoli cells causes regression of the female duct system.

Fifteen Thousand Hours: Secondary Schools and Their Effects on Children

Abstract: Michael Rutter. a professor of child psychiatry, led a University of London research team in preparing this promi nent work. For three years, a field study collected massive amounts of informa tion on all of the students entering twelve inner London secondary schools. The research conclusively demonstrates that schools only a scant distance apart with almost exactly the same "pupil intakes" (social background and intel lectual ability) engender widely diver gent educational results. American research over the last 15 years has advanced the proposition that schooling makes little difference in the lives of children. In 1966 James Coleman's Equality of Educational Op portunity deduced that variations in school experiences did not affect educa tion attainment. Christopher Jencks led another large scale study. Published as Inequality i n 1972. it further embedded the concept that "Variations in what children learn at school depend largely on variations in what they bring to school, not on variations in what schools Offer them." On the other side of the Atlantic, Sir Cyril Burt has had a major influence through the English B lack Paper m ove ment in promoting the neutrality of schools in fostering individual growth. Some deterioration in support of the genetic determinism part of this theory has occurred with the discovery that Burt forged many of his examples in the research on identical twins reared apart. Nevertheless, the hereditarian viewpoint is still being held by some with only slightly less fervor than when Burl's "discoveries" were considered genuine. Rutter's examination contradicts these prevailing opinions. According lo Rick Rogers I New Statesman, 2 3 March 1979) "The special contribution ... in Fifteen Thousand Hours i s to shatter that proposition [that schools produce no measurable changes in their pupils] beyond any obvious hope of repair." Parents and many practitioners have passionate convictions about the value of school attendance. Common sense, educational lore, and lay opinion have consistently labeled the costly research conclusions of Colcman. Jencks, and others as misleading. Practitioners may feel that Fifteen Thousand Hours i s ". . . a tremendous amount of hard work just to demonstrate what we knew already on the basis of experience or common sense" (p. 204). However, the debate can best be carried on with the kind of empirical data set forth in this study. Spending 15,000 hours engaged in any endeavor (even sleep) has to have an effect' Attending school is no excep tion. Why then, up until now, have formidable research efforts not pro duced these common sense answers? In other studies variables within schools such as values, teaching style, the qual ity of organizations, discipline, and pupil-teacher relationships have often been ignored. Rutter's research team re vealed these factors to be important. Joanna Mark ( New Society, 2 2 March 1979) believes that Fifteen Thou sand Hours has "started to answer what is perhaps the crucial question in educa tion: what is it about a successful school that makes it successful?" The New York Times probed this question with Janet Ouston, one of the coauthors of the book. The answer, ac cording to this University of London researcher, lies in the "ethos" of the school the overall tone. Moreover, she said the study found that schools could be improved to make them more effec tive. The factors contributing to the dif ference between effective and ineffective schools included emphasis on academic concerns amount of homework, use of library, time spent on instruction, amount of teacher planning, expecta tions of student performance, and others. Student behavior was found to be better "where discipline was based on general expectations set by the school (or house or department), rather than left to individual teachers to work out for themselves" (p. 192). Positive encouragement by teachers during lessons or displaying student work on walls was related to good be havior and exam results. The extent to which children were given duties of responsibility and were able to consult teachers about personal problems like wise contributed to successful outcomes. These ingredients of a successful school have some direct implications for school-based educators. School policymakers would have more difficulty con trolling some of the significant external forces such as a reasonable proportion of higher ability children in the school, and a higher proportion of nonmanual (higher socioeconomic) parents. There was also no relationship between the parents' choosing the school and any of the measures of success. This latter point is interesting because it comes at a time when many parents in England and the United States want more con trol over which school their children attend. The inequities in society were not overcome by the good schools studied. However, students of a ll a bility ranges had higher examination scores in the best schools. Joanna Mark concludes her analysis of F ifteen Thousand Hours by stating:

Acquiring Self-Knowledge: The Search for Feedback That Fits

Abstract: This report is concerned with the influence of people's self-conceptions on the feedback they solicit during their social interactions In the first of three empirical investigations, participants were given an opportunity to seek feedback from interaction partners that would either confirm or disconfirm their self-conceptions In this investigation, participants displayed a clear preference for feedback that would confirm their self-perceived emotionality and self-perceived assertiveness Participants in Investigation 2 spent more money for the purchase of self-confirmatory social feedback than self-disconfirmatory feedback The third investigation asked what might motivate this tendency to preferentially solicit self-confirmatory feedback It was found that participants regard self-confirmatory feedback as especially informative This suggests that the feedback preferences found in Investigations 1 and 2 may reflect a cognitively based tendency for people to regard confirmatory instances of phenomena to be more diagnostic and compelling than disconfirmatory instances of phenomena The discussion considers how people's efforts to solicit self-confirmatory feedback from others may stabilize their social environment, their self-conceptions, and their behavior

Raising the sideways scale

Abstract: Extended hypercolor theories have been plagued with inherent flavor-changing effects occurring above experimental levels. The problem may be alleviated in a scenario in which hyper-color interactions are not asymptotically free. Then the scale of broken gauged family symmetry may be higher than before. The masses of the pseudo-Goldstone bosons of hypercolor may also be increased.

Locomotor control in macaque monkeys

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the locomotor control in macaque monkeys. Arboreal locomotion might require a continuous stream of sensory feedback data for efficient operation. In one of the experiments described in the chapter, localized stimulation was applied to brain targets in a grid pattern going back from plane A8 to plane P4 of the Snider and Lee atlas. Current per pulse was adjusted to define a crude threshold in each active site. It was found that it was possible to elicit controlled locomotion in these preparations in areas homologous to the cats SLR and MLR, with stimulus intensities at the center of each locus. It has also been found that acutely spinalized cats show stepping with their hindlimbs if they are injected with a pharmacological cocktail containing L-DOPA and nialamide, and preferably also 4-aminopyridine and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor.

Polymer Films on Electrodes. 5. Electrochemistry and Chemiluminescence at Nafion-Coated Electrodes

Abstract: Journal of the American Chemical Society is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Polymer films on electrodes. 5. Electrochemistry and chemiluminescence at Nafion-coated electrodes Israel Rubinstein, and Allen J. Bard J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103 (17), 5007-5013• DOI: 10.1021/ja00407a006 • Publication Date (Web): 01 May 2002 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 13, 2009

Symbolic Self-Completion, Attempted Influence, and Self-Deprecation

Abstract: A concept of symbolic self-completion states that people define themselves as musicians, athletes, etc. by use of indicators of attainment in those activity realms, such as possessing a prestige job, having extensive education, or whatever is recognized by others as indicating progress toward completing the self-definition. The self-completion idea postulates that when important symbols—indicators of self-definition—are lacking, the person will strive after further, alternative symbols of the self-definition. In the present research two modes of symbolizing completeness were studied: (1) attempting to influence others directly within the self-definitional area; or (2) simple self-descriptions of one's own performance, such that others would be exposed to those self-descriptions. Two correlational studies showed that the less education (Study 1) or on-the-job experience (Study 2) subjects had, the more they desired to influence others. Experimental subjects (Study 3) who were interrupted while writing a po...

Floral Rewards: Alternatives to Pollen and Nectar

Abstract: In angiosperms selection has led to the utilization of numerous substances other than pollen and nectar that help to insure repeated visitation by pollinating animals. Here, we group the various substances into nonnutritive and nutritive rewards and discuss within each group the specific kinds that occur. In our discussion of nutritive rewards, we emphasize floral oils, lipids produced by one of two types of specialized secretory organs called elaiophores and which serve as nutritive rewards for certain New World anthophorine bees. Although discovered only within the last 15 years, the syndrome of oil production now appears to be one of the most widespread kinds of floral rewards. We report here for the first time the occurrence of oil production in the Solanaceae (Nierembergia). It is apparent that oil production has evolved independently many times, but plants which produce oils that are collected by female anthophorine bees show similarities in the chemistry of the oils and the types of structures that produce them. It is not clear whether other groups of plants reported to produce oils but which are not pollinated by anthophorine bees possess an analogous system or not. Floral rewards can be considered any component of a flower or inflorescence that is used by animals and, because of this use, insures repeated visitation that will lead to pollination. Without doubt, pollen and nectar are the primary rewards offered by flowers to visiting animals in order to buy their services as pollinating agents. Of the two, nectar is sought by a wider array of animals than pollen. On the other hand, pollen is the primary reward for which bees, probably the single most important group of pollinators, visit flowers. The role of pollen and nectar in the attraction of potential pollinators has been appreciated for hundreds of years, but we have only recently begun to realize the complex nature of these two rewards. Nectar, for example, formerly considered to be a simple sugar solution, has been shown to consist of a variety of chemicals dissolved, or suspended, in an aqueous solution. These range from mixtures of one to three common sugars (glucose, sucrose and fructose) to more complex sugar solutions (Percival, 1961) or combinations of sugars, free amino acids, "vitamins," lipids, and other compounds (Baker & Baker, 1975; Baker, 1978). The complex chemical nature of pollen has been realized for a century (refs. in Barbier, 1971), but only in the last twenty years have researchers begun to explore the varied nature of specific enzymes contained in the pollen walls and their possible roles in incompatibility reactions (Stanley & Linskens, 1974). These same enzymes may play a role in pollen recognition by specific pollinators. The chemistry of pollen is in fact so complex that it has been impossible to provide a precise description of pollen chemistry that is all-inclusive. The continued elucidations of the intricate nature of these common rewards has spurred studies of pollination biology and provided an impetus for the investigation or reinvestigation of other floral rewards.

A specific substance P antagonist blocks smooth muscle contractions induced by non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nerve stimulation.

Abstract: Nerve fibres containing substance P (SP) are widely distributed in the body1–3 and seem to innervate autonomic ganglia, blood vessels, epithelial structures and smooth muscle. SP stimulates secretion from exocrine glands, causes vasodilation and contracts non-vascular smooth muscle4. The presence of SP in primary sensory neurones has lent support to the view that it is associated with sensory nerve conduction, conceivably as a transmitter5, and that it is a causative factor in the ‘irritative’ response to antidromic stimulation of sensory nerves6. Gut smooth muscle contracts in response to non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nervous stimulation7,8, and it has been suggested that SP acts as an excitatory transmitter in intramural neurones in the gut wall2,3,9,10. Recently, a series of synthetic analogues of SP with antagonist activity to SP has been developed11,12. We report here that a new analogue, (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP, exercises a specific, possibly competitive antagonism to SP. While being a partial agonist it antagonized the contractile response to applied SP and to non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nerve stimulation in the isolated guinea pig taenia coli and rabbit iris sphincter pupillae muscle, suggesting that SP, or a closely related peptide, is indeed a motor excitatory transmitter. In contrast, (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP did not inhibit the contractile response to non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nerve stimulation of smooth muscle from the guinea pig urinary bladder.

The Contribution of Marital Happiness to Global Happiness.

Abstract: Data from six U.S. national surveys are used to compare the estimated contributions to global happiness of marital happiness and satisfaction with each of seven aspects of life, ranging from work to friendships. Separate estimates are provided for white men, white women, black men, and black women. Except for black men, the estimated contribution of marital happiness is far greater than the estimated contribution of any of the kinds of satisfaction, including satisfaction with work. These findings, considered in conjunction with other evidence, indicate that Americans depend very heavily on their marriages for their psychological well-being. Some implications of the findings are discussed.

A psychometric analysis of the personal attributes questionnaire

Abstract: The psychometric properties of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire were examined in independent samples of male and female high school students, college students, and adults. In each of the six samples a two-factor structure (masculinity/instrumentality and femininity/expressivity) paralleling the empirically derived scales was found. Additional factor analyses of negative masculine and feminine traits were reported. Discriminant analyses revealed highly significant differentiation between the sexes. The reliabilities (Cronbach alpha) of the unit-weighted scales in each sample were also satisfactory.

Quantum field theory, horizons and thermodynamics

Abstract: The aim of the article is to obtain an intuitive understanding of the recently explored deep connections between thermal physics, quantum field theory and general relativity A special case in which a detector moves with constant acceleration through a quantum vacuum is examined to clarify the fact that such a detector becomes thermally excited, with a temperature proportional to its acceleration An elementary physical explanation of this fundamental result is provided The uniformly accelerated observer finds his space-time manifold bounded by an event horizon and so realizes a ‘model’ black hole Real black holes also have thermal properties when quantum effects are taken into account; these are described and the correspondences with the accelerated case are pointed out In particular, an elementary account is given of the thermal Hawking radiation emitted by the black holes formed by collapsed stars