Showing papers by "University of Texas at Austin published in 1986"
TL;DR: In this article, Frame alignment, of one variety or another, is a necessary condition for participation, whatever its nature or intensity, and that it is typically an interactional and ongoing accomplishment.
Abstract: This paper attempts to further theoretical and empirical understanding of adherent and constituent mobilization by proposing and analyzing frame alignment as a conceptual bridge linking social psychological and resource mobilization views on movement participation. Extension of Goffinan's (1974) frame analytic perspective provides the conceptualltheoretical framework; field research on two religious movements, the peace movement, and several neighborhood movements provide the primary empirical base. Four frame alignment processes are identified and elaborated: frame bridging, frame amplification, frame extension, and frame transformation. The basic underlying premise is that frame alignment, of one variety or another, is a necessary condition for participation, whatever its nature or intensity, and that it is typically an interactional and ongoing accomplishment. The paper concludes with an elaboration of several sets of theoretical and research implications.
5,347 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the mutual information I is examined for a model dynamical system and for chaotic data from an experiment on the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction.
Abstract: The mutual information I is examined for a model dynamical system and for chaotic data from an experiment on the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction. An N logN algorithm for calculating I is presented. As proposed by Shaw, a minimum in I is found to be a good criterion for the choice of time delay in phase-portrait reconstruction from time-series data. This criterion is shown to be far superior to choosing a zero of the autocorrelation function.
4,160 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that this technique can provide a practical alternative to manual proof construction or use of a mechanical theorem prover for verifying many finite-state concurrent systems.
Abstract: We give an efficient procedure for verifying that a finite-state concurrent system meets a specification expressed in a (propositional, branching-time) temporal logic. Our algorithm has complexity linear in both the size of the specification and the size of the global state graph for the concurrent system. We also show how this approach can be adapted to handle fairness. We argue that our technique can provide a practical alternative to manual proof construction or use of a mechanical theorem prover for verifying many finite-state concurrent systems. Experimental results show that state machines with several hundred states can be checked in a matter of seconds.
3,335 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple model of reading is proposed, which holds that reading equals the product of decoding and comprehension, and it is argued that there must be three types of reading disability, resulting from an inability to decode or inability to comprehend, or both.
Abstract: To clarify the role of decoding in reading and reading disability, a simple model of reading is proposed, which holds that reading equals the product of decoding and comprehension. It follows that there must be three types of reading disability, resulting from an inability to decode, an inability to comprehend, or both. It is argued that the first is dyslexia, the second hyperlexia, and the third common, or garden variety, reading disability.
3,112 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the global charges of a gauge theory may yield a nontrivial central extension of the asymptotic symmetry algebra already at the classical level.
Abstract: It is shown that the global charges of a gauge theory may yield a nontrivial central extension of the asymptotic symmetry algebra already at the classical level. This is done by studying three dimensional gravity with a negative cosmological constant. The asymptotic symmetry group in that case is eitherR×SO(2) or the pseudo-conformal group in two dimensions, depending on the boundary conditions adopted at spatial infinity. In the latter situation, a nontrivial central charge appears in the algebra of the canonical generators, which turns out to be just the Virasoro central charge.
3,072 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1986TL;DR: The military successes of European imperialism are easy to explain; in many cases they were a matter of firearms against spears as discussed by the authors. But as Alfred Crosby explains in his highly original and fascinating book, the Europeans' displacement and replacement of the native peoples in the temperate zones of the world was more of biology than of military conquest.
Abstract: People of European descent form the bulk of the population in most of the temperate zones of the world - North America, Australia and New Zealand. The military successes of European imperialism are easy to explain; in many cases they were a matter of firearms against spears. But as Alfred Crosby explains in his highly original and fascinating book, the Europeans' displacement and replacement of the native peoples in the temperate zones was more a matter of biology than of military conquest.
1,416 citations
TL;DR: A quantitative comparison with theory suggests that the observed squeezing results from a field that in the absence of linear attenuation would be squeezed by greater then tenfold.
Abstract: Squeezed states of the electromagnetic field are generated by degenerate parametric down conversion in an optical cavity Noise reductions greater than 50% relative to the vacuum noise level are observed in a balanced homodyne detector A quantitative comparison with theory suggests that the observed squeezing results from a field that in the absence of linear attenuation would be squeezed by greater then tenfold
1,225 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that the choice perspective be supplemented with a process perspective which recognizes the acquisition process itself as a potentially important determinant of activities and outcomes, and a series of research propositions is offered suggesting how four impediments present in the process itself might affect acquisition outcomes.
Abstract: Historically, acquisition scholars and practitioners have adopted a choice perspective which portrays the corporate executive analyzing acquisition opportunities as a rational decision maker. This paper suggests that the choice perspective be supplemented with a process perspective which recognizes the acquisition process itself as a potentially important determinant of activities and outcomes. A series of research propositions is offered suggesting how four impediments present in the process itself might affect acquisition outcomes.
1,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the optimal strategy for risk-averse candidates will be to promise redistributions first and foremost to their reelection constituency and thereby to maintain existing political coalitions.
Abstract: Spatial models of electoral competition typically simplify the analysis by ignoring the question of internal constituency politics: constituencies are modeled simply as a distribution of ideal points along a set of issue dimensions. Matters related to the stability of divergent electoral coalitions have rarely been addressed. We explicitly take into account how differential rates of support by various groups in a constituency will influence candidates' campaign promises and the likelihood that stable electoral coalitions will be forged. Viewing campaign platforms as promised redistributions of welfare, we argue that the optimal strategy for risk-averse candidates will be to promise redistributions first and foremost to their reelection constituency and thereby to maintain existing political coalitions. We use evidence from the urban services literature to support our propositions.
1,117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a flow visualization and spectral studies of flow between concentric independently rotating cylinders have revealed a surprisingly large variety of different flow states, including Taylor vortices, wavy vortice, modulated wavy vectors, outflow boundaries and internal waves.
Abstract: Our flow-visualization and spectral studies of flow between concentric independently rotating cylinders have revealed a surprisingly large variety of different flow states. (The system studied has radius ratio 0.883, aspect ratios ranging from 20 to 48, and the end boundaries were attached to the outer cylinder.) Different states were distinguished by their symmetry under rotation and reflection, by their azimuthal and axial wavenumbers, and by the rotation frequencies of the azimuthal travelling waves. Transitions between states were determined as functions of the inner- and outer-cylinder Reynolds numbers, Ri and Ro, respectively. The transitions were located by fixing Ro and slowly increasing Ri. Observed states include Taylor vortices, wavy vortices, modulated wavy vortices, vortices with wavy outflow boundaries, vortices with wavy inflow boundaries, vortices with flat boundaries and internal waves (twists), laminar spirals, interpenetrating spirals, waves on interpenetrating spirals, spiral turbulence, a flow with intermittent turbulent spots, turbulent Taylor vortices, a turbulent flow with no large-scale features, and various combinations of these flows. Some of these flow states have not been previously described, and even for those states that were previously described the present work provides the first coherent characterization of the states and the transitions between them. These flow states are all stable to small perturbations, and the transition boundaries between the states are reproducible. These observations can serve as a challenge and test for future analytic and numerical studies, and the map of the transitions provides several possible codimension-2 bifurcations that warrant further study.
1,076 citations
TL;DR: A language, CTL*, in which a universal or existential path quantifier can prefix an arbitrary linear time assertion, is defined and the expressive power of a number of sublanguages is compared.
Abstract: The differences between and appropriateness of branching versus linear time temporal logic for reasoning about concurrent programs are studied. These issues have been previously considered by Lamport. To facilitate a careful examination of these issues, a language, CTL*, in which a universal or existential path quantifier can prefix an arbitrary linear time assertion, is defined. The expressive power of a number of sublanguages is then compared. CTL* is also related to the logics MPL of Abrahamson and PL of Harel, Kozen, and Parikh. The paper concludes with a comparison of the utility of branching and linear time temporal logics.
TL;DR: It is concluded that when they are fed carbohydrate, highly trained endurance athletes are capable of oxidizing carbohydrate at relatively high rates from sources other than muscle glycogen during the latter stages of prolonged strenuous exercise and that this postpones fatigue.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the postponement of fatigue in subjects fed carbohydrate during prolonged strenuous exercise is associated with a slowing of muscle glycogen deple...
TL;DR: The focus of this work is on the theory of distributed discrete-event simulation, which may provide better performance by partitioning the simulation among the component processors.
Abstract: Traditional discrete-event simulations employ an inherently sequential algorithm. In practice, simulations of large systems are limited by this sequentiality, because only a modest number of events can be simulated. Distributed discrete-event simulation (carried out on a network of processors with asynchronous message-communicating capabilities) is proposed as an alternative; it may provide better performance by partitioning the simulation among the component processors. The basic distributed simulation scheme, which uses time encoding, is described. Its major shortcoming is a possibility of deadlock. Several techniques for deadlock avoidance and deadlock detection are suggested. The focus of this work is on the theory of distributed discrete-event simulation.
15 Jun 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey and comparison of various strategies for processing logic queries in relational databases, focusing on Horn Clauses with evaluable predicates but without function symbols.
Abstract: This paper surveys and compares various strategies for processing logic queries in relational databases. The survey and comparison is limited to the case of Horn Clauses with evaluable predicates but without function symbols. The paper is organized in three parts. In the first part, we introduce the main concepts and definitions. In the second, we describe the various strategies. For each strategy, we give its main characteristics, its application range and a detailed description. We also give an example of a query evaluation. The third part of the paper compares the strategies on performance grounds. We first present a set of sample rules and queries which are used for the performance comparisons, and then we characterize the data. Finally, we give an analytical solution for each query/rule system. Cost curves are plotted for specific configurations of the data.
TL;DR: DickDickerson, W.B.Dickerson and W.W.Taylor as mentioned in this paper presented at the Fourth Annual Midwest Regional TESOL Conference, Cincinnati, 1984a, October). A new look at an old problem: the Z and D morphemes.
Abstract: Dickerson, W.B. (1984a, October). A new look at an old problem: The Z and D morphemes. Paper presented at the Fourth Annual Midwest Regional TESOL Conference, Cincinnati. Dickerson, W.B. (1984b). The role of formal rules in pronunciation instruction. In J. Handscombe, R. Orem, & B. Taylor (Eds.), On TESOL '83 (pp. 135148). Washington, DC: TESOL. Farhady, H. (1982). Measures of language proficiency from the learner's perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 16, 43-59. Harris, T. (1981). Practical English, Book 1. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Hisama, K. (1980). An analysis of various ESL proficiency tests. In J.W. Oller, Jr., & K. Perkins (Eds.), Research in language testing (pp. 47-53). Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Pike, L.W. (1979). An evaluation of alternative item formats for testing English as a foreign language (TOEFL Research Rep. No. 2). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Suter, R.W. (1976). Predictors of pronunciation accuracy in second language learning. Language Learning, 26, 233-253.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate Polyakov's path integral for the sum over all closed surfaces with the topology of a torus, in the critical dimensiond = 26, and apply it to the partition function and cosmological constant of the free bosonic string, and to tachyon scattering amplitudes.
Abstract: We evaluate Polyakov's path integral for the sum over all closed surfaces with the topology of a torus, in the critical dimensiond = 26. The result is applied to the partition function and cosmological constant of the free bosonic string, and to tachyon scattering amplitudes.
TL;DR: The authors present the theory behind the method, illustrate its use and interpretation with an example representing soft drink consumption, and discuss its relationship to other approaches that jointly represent the rows and columns of a rectangular data matrix.
Abstract: Correspondence analysis is an exploratory data analysis technique for the graphical display of contingency tables and multivariate categorical data. Its history can be traced back at least 50 years...
TL;DR: In this paper, the first few alkali halides in water were calculated using the specialization of the extended RISM equation to infinitely dilute systems, and the correlation functions and interionic potentials of mean force were calculated for a set of models corresponding to the first many halide in water.
Abstract: Using the specialization of the extended RISM equation to infinitely dilute systems, we have calculated correlation functions and interionic potentials of mean force for a set of models corresponding to the first few alkali halides in water. From the results obtained at infinite dilution we calculate the lowest order corrections to the solution properties of the ions. Higher concentrations are explored by using the interionic potentials of mean force at infinite dilution as effective solvent mediated pair potentials. Our results indicate that certain thermodynamic properties, such as the mean activity coefficients and osmotic pressures, are quite sensitive to the details of both the theory and the potential models.
TL;DR: In this paper, the reliability and validity of self-report questions about attention to newspaper and television news are examined using data from a two-year longitudinal study of adolescents and their parents.
Abstract: Survey measures of attention, in addition to the usual measures of exposure to media use, are explored in detail. Using data from a two-year longitudinal study of adolescents and their parents, the reliability and validity of self-report questions about attention to newspaper and television news are examined. Attention measures proved to be highly stable across three waves of interviews; repeated items were summed to form reliable indices of attention to each medium's news, and to general news topics without specific mention of medium. Changes in knowledge about public affairs and politics were assessed to test the effects of both exposure and attention to media news. These tests showed significant increments of knowledge gain associated with media attention, even after exposure to the medium was controlled in hierarchical regression analysis. Addition of the attention measures was especially important in evaluating television news, which contributes much more to public knowledge than has been suggested by previous studies that use only measures of TV exposure.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the pattern of synonymous codon usage in regulatory genes reflects primarily the relaxation of natural selection.
Abstract: It has often been suggested that differential usage of codons recognized by rare tRNA species, i.e. "rare codons", represents an evolutionary strategy to modulate gene expression. In particular, regulatory genes are reported to have an extraordinarily high frequency of rare codons. From E. coli we have compiled codon usage data for highly expressed genes, moderately/lowly expressed genes, and regulatory genes. We have identified a clear and general trend in codon usage bias, from the very high bias seen in very highly expressed genes and attributed to selection, to a rather low bias in other genes which seems to be more influenced by mutation than by selection. There is no clear tendency for an increased frequency of rare codons in the regulatory genes, compared to a large group of other moderately/lowly expressed genes with low codon bias. From this, as well as a consideration of evolutionary rates of regulatory genes, and of experimental data on translation rates, we conclude that the pattern of synonymous codon usage in regulatory genes reflects primarily the relaxation of natural selection.
01 Mar 1986
TL;DR: The study examines the effects of an important moderating influence – personal innovativeness – on the relationship between perceptions and adoption decisions and seeks to shed further light on the determinants of perceptions by examining the relative efficacy of mass media and interpersonal communication channels in facilitating perception development.
Abstract: A common theme underlying various models that explain information technology adoption is the inclusion of perceptions of an innovation as key independent variables. Although a fairly significant body of research that empirically tests these models is now in existence, some questions with regard to both the antecedents as well as the consequents of perceptions remain unanswered. This paper reports the results of a field study examining adoption of an information technology innovation represented by an expert systems application. Two research objectives that have both theoretical and practical relevance motivated and guided the study. One, the study challenges an assumption which is implicit in technology acceptance models: that of the non-existence of moderating influences on the relationship between perceptions and adoption decisions. Specifically, the study examines the effects of an important moderating influence – personal innovativeness – on this relationship. Two, the study seeks to shed further light on the determinants of perceptions by examining the relative efficacy of mass media and interpersonal communication channels in facilitating perception development. Theoretical and practical implications that follow from the results are discussed.
Proceedings Article•
01 Dec 1986TL;DR: In this paper, a background dilaton condensate is introduced, such that the strings propagate in a background geometry which to leading order is equivalent to the de Sitter space.
TL;DR: Functional methods which allow calculation of expectation values, rather than the usual in-out amplitudes, from a path integral are discussed, which should be useful for studies of quantum cosmology.
Abstract: We discuss functional methods which allow calculation of expectation values, rather than the usual in-out amplitudes, from a path integral. The technique, based on Schwinger's idea of summing over paths which go from the past to the future and then back to the past, provides effective field equations satisfied by the expectation value of the field. These equations are shown to be real and causal for a general theory up to two-loop order, and unitarity is checked to this order. These methods are applied to a simple quantum-mechanical example to illustrate the differences between the new formalism and the standard theory. When applied to the gravitational field, the new effective field equations should be useful for studies of quantum cosmology.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the megascopic structure and large-scale dynamics of salt structures and classified salt tectonics on the basis of change of gravity potential energy that promotes or retards salt flow.
Abstract: Salt structures continue to attract attention as petroleum traps and as storage vessels for wastes or fuels. Drawing on field studies, experiment, and theory, we examine the megascopic structure and large-scale dynamics of salt structures.
Salt flowage can transform a tabular salt body into nondiapiric rollers, anticlines, and pillows; into diapiric walls, stocks, massifs, and nappes; and into extrusive domes and salt glaciers. These structures distort at widely variable strain rates of 10−8 s−1 to 1016 s−1, with a comparatively restricted range of dominant wavelengths of 7–26 km.
Buoyancy is an ineffective diapiric mechanism unless the salt structure has pre-existing relief of at least 150 m beneath a denser overburden of terrigenous clastics. Differential loading is a far more effective mechanism in the early stages of diapirism and commonly results in asymmetric salt structures. Gravity spreading modifies the shape of salt structures with negative buoyancy. With a heat-induced density inversion, thermal convection may lead to internal circulation and stirring of a still-tabular salt body. At least four mechanisms may form broad bulbs on mature salt stocks. Consideration of the effective viscosity contrast between salt and its cover suggests that mature stocks may have stems much more narrow than is commonly envisaged.
Salt tectonics is classified here on the basis of change of gravity potential energy that promotes or retards salt flow. Halokinetic movements can be initiated, succeeded, retarded, or accelerated by regional tangential forces that stretch, wrench, or compress sedimentary basins.
TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in adaptive control from a process control perspective and describes leading design techniques are considered, and potential operating problems associated with adaptive control schemes are considered.
Abstract: In recent years there has been extensive interest in feedback control systems that automatically adjust their controller settings to compensate for changes in the process or the environment. Such systems are referred to as adaptive controllers. This survey paper reviews the current state of the art in adaptive control from a process control perspective and describes leading design techniques. Potential operating problems associated with adaptive control schemes are considered. A survey of experimental applications of adaptive control systems to process control problems is also included.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that feelings of self-confidence, an easy-going disposition, a disinclination to use avoidance coping, and the availability of family support operate jointly to protect individuals from negative psychological consequences of life stress.
Abstract: Earlier cross-sectional analyses have made causal inferences about stress-resistance variables problematic This study used a longitudinal analysis where stress-resistance factors in the areas of personality, coping, and family support assessed at an initial testing were used to predict psychological and physical adjustment one year later, controlling for initial adjustment The study involved a survey of 245 men and 248 women in randomly selected families in the San Francisco Bay area Findings demonstrated that feelings of self-confidence, an easy-going disposition, a disinclination to use avoidance coping, and the availability of family support operate jointly to protect individuals from negative psychological consequences of life stress For women the stress-resistance index also predicted psychosomatic complaints experienced one year after initial testing