Showing papers by "University of Texas at Austin published in 1990"
TL;DR: The literature reflects remarkably little effort to develop a framework for understanding the implementation of the marketing concept as mentioned in this paper, and the authors synthesize extant knowledge on the subject and pro-pose a knowledge-based approach.
Abstract: The literature reflects remarkably little effort to develop a framework for understanding the implementation of the marketing concept. The authors synthesize extant knowledge on the subject and pro...
7,539 citations
TL;DR: The known optical properties (absorption, scattering, total attenuation, effective attenuation and/or anisotropy coefficients) of various biological tissues at a variety of wavelengths are reviewed in this article.
Abstract: The known optical properties (absorption, scattering, total attenuation, effective attenuation, and/or anisotropy coefficients) of various biological tissues at a variety of wavelengths are reviewed. The theoretical foundations for most experimental approaches are outlined. Relations between Kubelka-Munk parameters and transport coefficients are listed. The optical properties of aorta, liver, and muscle at 633 nm are discussed in detail. An extensive bibliography is provided. >
2,858 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple view of reading was outlined that consisted of two components, decoding and linguistic comprehension, both held to be necessary for skilled reading, and three predictions drawn from the simple view were assessed in a longitudinal sample of English-Spanish bilingual children in first through fourth grade.
Abstract: A simple view of reading was outlined that consisted of two components, decoding and linguistic comprehension, both held to be necessary for skilled reading. Three predictions drawn from the simple view were assessed in a longitudinal sample of English-Spanish bilingual children in first through fourth grade. The results supported each prediction: (a) The linear combination of decoding and listening comprehension made substantial contributions toward explaining variation in reading comprehension, but the estimates were significantly improved by inclusion of the product of the two components; (b) the correlations between decoding and listening comprehension tended to become negative as samples were successively restricted to less skilled readers; and (c) the pattern of linear relationships between listening and reading comprehension for increasing levels of decoding skill revealed constant intercept values of zero and positive slope values increasing in magnitude. These results support the view that skill in reading can be simply characterized as the product of skill in decoding and linguistic comprehension. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the simple view for the practice of reading instruction, the definition of reading disability, and the notion of literacy.
2,274 citations
TL;DR: Comprehensive lifestyle changes may be able to bring about regression of even severe coronary atherosclerosis after only 1 year, without use of lipid-lowering drugs.
2,010 citations
TL;DR: Enterococci are important human pathogens that are increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents, including resistance to cephalosporins, clindamycin, tetracycline, and penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as oxacillin, among others.
Abstract: Enterococci are important human pathogens that are increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents. These organisms were previously considered part of the genus Streptococcus but have recently been reclassified into their own genus, called Enterococcus. To date, 12 species pathogenic for humans have been described, including the most common human isolates, Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium. Enterococci cause between 5 and 15% of cases of endocarditis, which is best treated by the combination of a cell wall-active agent (such as penicillin or vancomycin, neither of which alone is usually bactericidal) and an aminoglycoside to which the organism is not highly resistant; this characteristically results in a synergistic bactericidal effect. High-level resistance (MIC, greater than or equal to 2,000 micrograms/ml) to the aminoglycoside eliminates the expected bactericidal effect, and such resistance has now been described for all aminoglycosides. Enterococci can also cause urinary tract infections; intraabdominal, pelvic, and wound infections; superinfections (particularly in patients receiving expanded-spectrum cephalosporins); and bacteremias (often together with other organisms). They are now the third most common organism seen in nosocomial infections. For most of these infections, single-drug therapy, most often with penicillin, ampicillin, or vancomycin, is adequate. Enterococci have a large number of both inherent and acquired resistance traits, including resistance to cephalosporins, clindamycin, tetracycline, and penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as oxacillin, among others. The most recent resistance traits reported are penicillinase resistance (apparently acquired from staphylococci) and vancomycin resistance, both of which can be transferred to other enterococci. It appears likely that we will soon be faced with increasing numbers of enterococci for which there is no adequate therapy.
1,817 citations
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: This chapter presents a self-contained introduction to the theory of logic programming, which discusses the causal dependence between various concepts and notions and presents the notion of SLD-resolution, which is central to the subject of logic Programming.
Abstract: Publisher Summary
This chapter focuses on logic programming, which is closely related to PROLOG. Logic programming constitutes the theoretical framework of PROLOG. This close connection led to the adoption of logic programming as the basis for the influential Japanese Fifth Generation Project. The power of logic programming stems from two reasons. First, it is an extremely simple formalism. It also relies on mathematical logic, which developed its own methods and techniques and which provides a rigorous mathematical framework. The chapter presents a self-contained introduction to the theory of logic programming. It also discusses the causal dependence between various concepts and notions and presents the notion of SLD-resolution, which is central to the subject of logic programming.
1,659 citations
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In the H&H program the quest for phonetic invariance is replaced by another research task: Explicating the notion of sufficient discriminability and defining the class of speech signals that meet that criterion.
Abstract: The H&H theory is developed from evidence showing that speaking and listening are shaped by biologically general processes. Speech production is adaptive. Speakers can, and typically do, tune their performance according to communicative and situational demands, controlling the interplay between production-oriented factors on the one hand, and output-oriented constraints on the other. For the ideal speaker, H&H claims that such adaptations reflect his tacit awareness of the listener’s access to sources of information independent of the signal and his judgement of the short-term demands for explicit signal information. Hence speakers are expected to vary their output along a continuum of hyper- and hypospeech. The theory suggests that the lack of invariance that speech signals commonly exhibit (Perkell and Klatt 1986) is a direct consequence of this adaptive organization (cf MacNeilage 1970). Accordingly, in the H&H program the quest for phonetic invariance is replaced by another research task: Explicating the notion of sufficient discriminability and defining the class of speech signals that meet that criterion.
1,574 citations
TL;DR: This article sets forth a theory of the effects that computer-assisted communication and decision-aiding technologies have on organizational design, intelligence, and decision making, as contrasted with those that affect the production of goods and services.
Abstract: This article sets forth a theory of the effects that computer-assisted communication and decision-aiding technologies have on organizational design, intelligence, and decision making. Several components of the theory are controversial and in need of critical empirical investigation. The article focuses on those technology-prompted changes in organizational design that affect the quality and timeliness of intelligence and decision making, as contrasted with those that affect the production of goods and services.
1,307 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented an evolutionary and information-processing rationale and predicted that faces representing the average value of the population would be consistently judged as attractive and showed that the composite faces became more attractive as more faces were entered.
Abstract: Scientists and philosophers have searched for centuries for a parsimonious answer to the question of what constitutes beauty. We approached this problem from both an evolutionary and information-processing rationale and predicted that faces representing the average value of the population would be consistently judged as attractive. To evaluate this hypothesis, we digitized samples of male and female faces, mathematically averaged them, and had adults judge the attractiveness of both the individual faces and the computer-generated composite images. Both male (three samples) and female (three samples) composite faces were judged as more attractive than almost all the individual faces comprising the composites. A strong linear trend also revealed that the composite faces became more attractive as more faces were entered. These data showing that attractive faces are only average are consistent with evolutionary pressures that favor characteristics close to the mean of the population and with cognitive process...
1,220 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the consequences of spontaneously broken chiral symmetry for the forces among two or more nucleons were derived using phenomenological lagrangians, and the results were used to derive the consequences for the chiral forces among nucleons.
1,184 citations
TL;DR: The present work indicates that these two tendencies are not highly correlated and that they bear different relations both to other personality traits and to the manner in which certain basic cognitive processes are executed.
Abstract: The 3 studies reported here were designed to clarify the nature of the personality trait of impulsivity. Two types of impulsivity were distinguished. Dysfunctional impulsivity is the tendency to act with less forethought than most people of equal ability when this tendency is a source of difficulty; most previous work on impulsivity appears to have focused on this trait. Functional impulsivity, in contrast, is the tendency to act with relatively little forethought when such a style is optimal. The present work indicates that these two tendencies are not highly correlated and that they bear different relations both to other personality traits and to the manner in which certain basic cognitive processes are executed. Language: en
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied 111 publicly traded firms that either file for bankruptcy or privately restructure their debt between 1979 and 1985 and found that corporate default leads to significant changes in the ownership of firms' residual claims and in the allocation of rights to manage corporate resources.
TL;DR: The analytic hierarchy process AHP is flawed as a procedure for ranking alternatives in that the rankings produced by this procedure are arbitrary as discussed by the authors, and the key to correcting this flaw is the synthesis of the AHP with the concepts of multiattribute utility theory.
Abstract: The analytic hierarchy process AHP is flawed as a procedure for ranking alternatives in that the rankings produced by this procedure are arbitrary. This paper provides a brief review of several areas of operational difficulty with the AHP, and then focuses on the arbitrary rankings that occur when the principle of hierarchic composition is assumed. This principle requires that the weights on the higher levels of a hierarchy can be determined independently of the weights on the lower levels. Virtually all of the published examples of the use of the AHP to evaluate alternatives relative to a set of criteria have assumed this principle. The key to correcting this flaw is the synthesis of the AHP with the concepts of multiattribute utility theory.
TL;DR: In this article, a multistage model was proposed to calculate the simultaneous variations in trace element concentrations and radiogenic and stable isotopic compositions that occur during water-rock interaction.
01 Jan 1990
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The chapter describes the framework of linear temporal logic, which has been widely employed in the specification and verification of programs and explains how temporal logic structures can be used to model concurrent programs using non-determinism and fairness.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses temporal and modal logic. The chapter describes a multiaxis classification of systems of temporal logic. The chapter describes the framework of linear temporal logic. In both its propositional and first-order forms, linear temporal logic has been widely employed in the specification and verification of programs. The chapter describes the competing framework of branching temporal logic, which has seen wide use. It also explains how temporal logic structures can be used to model concurrent programs using non-determinism and fairness. The chapter also discusses other modal and temporal logics in computer science. The chapter describes the formal syntax and semantics of Propositional Linear Temporal Logic (PLTL). The chapter also describes the formal syntax and semantics for two representative systems of propositional branching-time temporal logics.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the incentives of financially distressed firms to restructure their debt privately rather than through formal bankruptcy, and find that firms more likely to reduce their debt have more intangible assets, owe more debt to banks, and owe fewer lenders.
TL;DR: This paper found that consumers with no brand awareness tended to sample more brands and selected the high-quality brand on the final choice significantly more often than those with brand awareness, when quality differences exist among competing brands, consumers may pay a price for employing simple choice heuristics such as brand awareness in the interest of economizing time and effort.
Abstract: Results of a controlled experiment on the role of brand awareness in the consumer choice process showed that brand awareness was a dominant choice heuristic among awareness-group subjects. Subjects with no brand awareness tended to sample more brands and selected the high-quality brand on the final choice significantly more often than those with brand awareness. Thus, when quality differences exist among competing brands, consumers may “pay a price” for employing simple choice heuristics such as brand awareness in the interest of economizing time and effort. However, building brand awareness is a viable strategy for advertising aimed at increasing brand-choice probabilities.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses methods for Studying Changes in Organizational Design and Effectiveness using Longitudinal Field Research and a Primer of Sequence Methods was written by Andrew van de Ven and George P Huber.
Abstract: Introduction - Andrew H Van de Ven and George P Huber Longitudinal Field Research Methods for Studying Processes of Organization Change Images of Imaging - Stephen R Barley Notes on Doing Longitudinal Field Work A Dual Methodology for Case Studies - Dorothy Leonard-Barton Synergistic Use of a Longitudinal Single Site with Replicated Multiple Sites Building Theories from Case Study Research - Kathleen M Eisenhardt Longitudinal Field Research on Change - Andrew M Pettigrew Theory and Practice Studying Changes in Organizational Design and Effectiveness - William H Glick et al Retrospective Event Histories and Periodic Assessments Methods for Studying Innovation Development in the Minnesota Innovation Research Program - Andrew H Van de Ven and Marshall Scott Poole Alternate Approaches to Integrating Longitudinal Case Studies - Robert D McPhee A Primer of Sequence Methods - Andrew Abbott An Empirical Taxonomy of Implementation Processes Based on Sequences of Events in Information System Development - Rajiv Sabherwal and Daniel Robey Theoretical and Analytical Issues in Studying Organizational Processes - Peter R Monge Organizations Reacting to Hyperturbulence - Alan D Meyer, James B Goes and Geoffrey R Brooks
TL;DR: This paper developed a nonlinear simultaneous equation model to weigh explanations of three general sorts: the political information to which people are exposed, their ability to assimilate and organize such information, and theirmotivation to do so.
Abstract: Debates over the political sophistication of mass publics smolder on. The more fundamental question, however, is why people become as politically sophisticated or unsophisticated as they do. This paper develops a nonlinear simultaneous equation model to weigh explanations of three general sorts: the politicalinformation to which people are exposed, theirability to assimilate and organize such information, and theirmotivation to do so. The estimates suggest that interest and intelligence, representing motivation and ability, have major effects, but that education and media exposure, the big informational variables, do not. I consider the reasons and sketch some implications for the sophistication of mass publics, for the study of sophistication and other “variables of extent,” and for democratic theory.
TL;DR: In this paper, a panel-data framework is used to model firm-specific technical inefficiency which is allowed to vary over time, and the estimation method suggested uses a parametric production function and cost-minimization hypothesis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Ricci-flat Kahler metric is calculated in the vicinity of the nodes for the conifold, the resolution and the deformation, and it is shown that, owing to a topological obstruction, the manifold obtained as the result of independently resolving and deforming the nodes of a conifolds in general cannot be Kahler.
TL;DR: Two materials for amperometric biosensors based on a cross-linkable poly(vinylpyridine) complex of [Os-(bpy)2Cl]+2+ that communicates electrically with flavin adenine dinucleotide redox centers of enzymes such as glucose oxidase are described.
Abstract: Oxidoreductases, such as glucose oxidase, can be electrically wired to electrodes by electrostatic complexing or by covalent binding of redox polymers so that the electrons flow from the enzyme, through the polymer, to the electrode. We describe two materials for amperometric biosensors based on a cross-linkable poly(vinylpyridine) complex of (Os-(bpy){sub 2}Cl){sup +/2+} that communicates electrically with flavin adenine dinucleiotide redox centers of enzymes such as glucose oxidase. The uncomplexed pyridines of the poly(vinylpyridine) are quaternized with two types of groups, one promoting hydrophilicity (2-bromoethanol or 3-bromopropionic acid), the other containing an active ester (N-hydroxysuccinimide) that forms amide bonds with both lysines on the enzyme surface and with an added polyamine cross-linking agent (tri-ethylenetetraamine, trien). In the presence of glucose oxidase and trien this polymer forms rugged, cross-linked, electroactive films on the surface of electrodes, thereby eliminating the requirement for a membrane for containing the enzyme and redox couple. The glucose response time of the resulting electrodes is less than 10 s. The glucose response under N{sub 2} shows an apparent Michaelis constant, K{sub m}{prime} = 7.3 mM, and limiting current densities, j{sub max}, between 100 and 800 {mu}A/cm{sup 2}. Currents are decreased by 30-50% in air-saturated solutions because of competitionmore » between O{sub 2} and the Os(III) complex for electrons from the reduced enzyme. Rotating ring disk experiments in air-saturated solutions containing 10 mM glucose show that about 20% of the active enzyme is electrooxidized via the Os(III) complex, while the rest is oxidized by O{sub 2}. These results suggest that only part of the active enzyme is in electrical contact with the electrode.« less
TL;DR: Polyhedral Cone-Ratio Data Envelopment Analysis Models generalizing the CCR Ratio Model are developed for situations with a finite number of DMUs and employing polyhedral cones of virtual multipliers as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, share-price responses to 95 announcements of increased research and development (R&D) spending are significantly positive on average, even when the announcement occurs in the face of an earnings decline.
TL;DR: In this article, the thermally-induced solid-liquid phase separation process is discussed in terms of the solution thermodynamics of the binary mixture and the crystallization kinetics, and poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes are presented as examples.
TL;DR: It is shown how the estimates for the additive genetic covariance function and the selection gradient function can be used to predict the evolutionary change in a population's mean growth trajectory.
Abstract: We present methods for estimating the parameters of inheritance and selection that appear in a quantitative genetic model for the evolution growth trajectories and other "infinite-dimensional" traits that we recently introduced. Two methods for estimating the additive genetic covariance function are developed, a "full" model that fully fits the data and a "reduced" model that generates a smoothed estimate consistent with the sampling errors in the data. By decomposing the covariance function into its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, it is possible to identify potential evolutionary changes in the population's mean growth trajectory for which there is (and those for which there is not) genetic variation. Algorithms for estimating these quantities, their confidence intervals, and for testing hypotheses about them are developed. These techniques are illustrated by an analysis of early growth in mice. Compatible methods for estimating the selection gradient function acting on growth trajectories in natural or domesticated populations are presented. We show how the estimates for the additive genetic covariance function and the selection gradient function can be used to predict the evolutionary change in a population's mean growth trajectory.
TL;DR: In this article, the relative importance of factors influencing the efficiency and rates of photo-excited state induced electron transfer is discussed. But the focus of this paper is not on the details of photosynthesis, but rather on recent developments in model systems.
Abstract: — Given the pre-eminent roles of photoinduced electron transfer and energy transfer as primary events in photobiology, it is incumbent on practitioners of the science to understand those principles which govern these elementary events. Recent developments in both theory and experiment on photoinduced electron transfer have allowed for important insights into understanding the factors governing such steps. For example, shown in Fig. 1 is a representation of the positions of the chromophores in the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, as determined from crystallographic measurements (Chang et al., 1986), showing that its three dimensional arrangement within an intact membrane is analogous to that observed earlier in Rhodopseudomonas viridis (Deisenhofer et al., 1984). In both systems, the critical event of photosynthesis is the transfer of an electron from the photoexcited special pair of bacteriochlorophylls located at the top via the pheophytin at the far right to the quinone at the bottom which acts as an ultimate repository for the separated charge. Of great importance is a determination of those factors which govern the efficiency and the rate of electron transfer through this photoinduced cascade and a better understanding of how this fixed, prearranged structure maximizes the efficiency of photochemical energy storage.
Although the reaction center represents nature's most graphic and most detailed connection between the experimental and theoretical models of photoinduced electron transfer, much of the physical insight into this process has been developed on simpler organic molecules. Rattier than focusing on the details of photosynthesis, this article will concentrate on recent developments in model systems which evaluate the relative importance of factors influencing the efficiency and rates of excited state induced electron transfer. We introduce these concepts at a level appropriate for the scientifically literate biologist who has not heretofore been concerned with such details. Since this is an overview article, few citations of the original literature will appear, and the interested reader should refer to any number of excellent topical reviews which consider specific aspects of photoinduced electron transfer for further investigation (Fox and Chanon, 1989; Pac and Oshitani, 1989).
TL;DR: This review considers the following information about the unweighted soleus muscle: electromyogram activity, amount and type of protein lost, capillarization, oxidative capacity, glycolytic enzyme activities, fiber cross section, contractile properties, glucose uptake, sensitivity to insulin, protein synthesis and degradation rates, glucocorticoid receptor numbers, responses of specific mRNAs, and changes in metabolite concentrations.
Abstract: The unweighting model is a unique whole animal model that will permit the future delineation of the mechanism(s) by which gravity maintains contractile mass in postural (slow-twitch) skeletal muscl...