Showing papers by "University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston published in 1979"
TL;DR: Binding levels of tritium-LSD, presumably associated with postsynaptic 5HT receptors, were reduced 40% to 50% in samples from schizophrenics in three independent studies, whereas no other consistent alteration was observed in levels of binding associated with other receptors or in the activity of GAD.
Abstract: • Frontal cerebral cortex brain samples from schizophrenics and controls have been assayed for binding associated with muscarinic cholinergic, serotonin (5HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and β-adrenergic receptors as well as for the activity of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Binding levels of tritium-LSD, presumably associated with postsynaptic 5HT receptors, were reduced 40% to 50% in samples from schizophrenics in three independent studies, whereas no other consistent alteration was observed in levels of binding associated with other receptors or in the activity of GAD. This change in receptor binding levels does not seem to be attributable to postmortem changes, to influences of drugs received by the patients, or to demographic features of the patient populations.
256 citations
TL;DR: The data reported herein suggest a relationship between the HA type III phenotype and virulence (enteropathogenicity) in both the EPEC and FEEC serogroups.
Abstract: A hemagglutination (HA)-typing system has been developed for the presumptive identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) possessing the colonization factor antigens (CFA) CFA/I or CFA/II. E. coli isolates are grown on CFA agar and tested for mannose-sensitive (MS) or mannose-resistant (MR) HA of human, bovine, chicken, and guinea pig erythrocytes. CFA/I-positive ETEC exhibit MRHA with human, bovine, and chicken erythrocytes, but no HA with guinea pig erythrocytes. CFA/II-positive ETEC produce HA (MRHA) only with bovine and chicken erythrocytes. Common pili appear to be the primary MS-hemagglutinin of E. coli because the prototype strain K-12 exhibits HA (MSHA) with all but bovine erythrocytes. However, only 6.6% (23 of 351) of E. coli belonging to the classical enteropathogenic E. coli serogroups (EPEC) possessed the same HA pattern as strain K-12; 42% of the EPEC cultures (146 of 351) were similar to K-12 in producing MSHA with chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes and no HA with bovine erythrocytes, but different in that these produced either no HA or MRHA with human erythrocytes. These EPEC-associated HA patterns were assigned to a separate category, termed HA type III. Non-EPEC serogroups associated with sporadic diarrhea (i.e., the facultatively enteropathogenic E. coli, or FEEC) and 41% (19 of 46) of available Salmonella isolates also produced HA type III patterns. This observation is of considerable interest because many FEEC possess somatic antigens cross-reactive with Salmonella. Although the biochemical basis for this result has not been established, the data reported herein suggest a relationship between the HA type III phenotype and virulence (enteropathogenicity) in both the EPEC and FEEC serogroups. We propose that HA typing be used in conjunction with serotyping of E. coli to determine the degree of association of HA type III E. coli with sporadic diarrhea in infants and young children.
224 citations
TL;DR: The results of several studies conducted along the upper Texas Gulf coast, where a substantial amount of quantitative virological data were collected, are compared to bacteriological indicators and other environmental factors on a statistical basis and indicate these standards do not reflect the occurrence of enteroviruses, and perhaps other human pathogenic viruses, in marine waters.
Abstract: The results of several studies conducted along the upper Texas Gulf coast, where a substantial amount of quantitative virological data were collected, are compared to bacteriological indicators and other environmental factors on a statistical basis. Variables common to all these studies were anlayzed by multivariate regression. Although multivariate analysis indicated that the number of viruses detected in water was related to rainfall, salinity, and total coliforms in the water, the amount of variation in the number of viruses accounted for by these factors was not large enough to make them good predictors. Enteroviruses were detected 43 per cent of the time in recreational waters considered acceptable as judged by coliform standards, and 44 per cent of the time when judged by fecal coliform standards. Enteroviruses were detected 35 per cent of the time in waters which met acceptable standards for shellfish-harvesting. Our failure to correlate the occurrence of enteroviruses in marine waters with indicat...
204 citations
TL;DR: An underlying disorder of dopamine and serotonin metabolism in Tourette syndrome is suggested, as both baseline and accumulated levels of HVA after probenecid were decreased.
Abstract: Biogenic amine metabolism in the central nervous system of 9 children with Tourette syndrome was evaluated by quantitation of their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid by a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) were measured in CSF before and after oral administration of probenecid. Dopamine metabolism appeared defective, as both baseline and accumulated levels of HVA after probenecid were decreased. Serotonin metabolism also appeared defective in some patients with low baseline and low accumulated levels of 5-HIAA after probenecid. Taken together with other clinical features of this disease, the results suggest an underlying disorder of dopamine and serotonin metabolism in Tourette syndrome.
184 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that in the goldfish retina, GAD is localised in specific interneurones: type H1 horizontal cells and probably type Ab pyriform amacrine cells, which have been shown to be both pre- and postsynaptic to red-sensitive cones and red- sensitive centre-depolarising bipolar cells, respectively.
Abstract: A DIRECT way to examine whether certain neurones may use γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter is to determine by immunocytochemistry if L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for GABA synthesis, is localised in these cells. We have been studying GABA-ergic pathways in the goldfish retina by autoradiographic and biochemical methods1–3. It would therefore be of interest to localise the GAD-containing cells in this system immunocytochemically. However, although GAD has been purified from mouse brain4 and antibodies against the enzyme have been obtained, these antibodies do not cross-react with the GAD found in neural tissues of teleosts5. Thus, before immunocytochemical studies of GAD-containing neurones in the goldfish retina were possible, we had to purify GAD from teleost brain and obtain a specific antibody against this enzyme. Such an antibody has now been obtained6. We show here that in the goldfish retina, GAD is localised in specific interneurones: type H1 horizontal cells and probably type Ab pyriform amacrine cells. These cell types have been shown to be both pre- and postsynaptic to red-sensitive cones and red-sensitive centre-depolarising bipolar cells, respectively3,7–9.
154 citations
TL;DR: The number of self-incompatibility alleles in plants can be studied in a much simpler way by the method used in this paper, and it is shown that the allele frequencies in a finite population may deviate considerably from 1/n.
Abstract: Mathematical theories of the population dynamics of sex-determining alleles in honey bees are developed. It is shown that in an infinitely large population the equilibrium frequency of a sex allele is 1/n, where n is the number of alleles in the population, and the asymptotic rate of approach to this equilibrium is 2/(3n) per generation. Formulae for the distribution of allele frequencies and the effective and actual numbers of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population are derived by taking into account the population size and mutation rate. It is shown that the allele frequencies in a finite population may deviate considerably from 1/n. Using these results, available data on the number of sex alleles in honey bee populations are discussed. It is also shown that the number of self-incompatibility alleles in plants can be studied in a much simpler way by the method used in this paper. A brief discussion about general overdominant selection is presented.
147 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study was undertaken to establish the normal values of peak expiratory flow rate using the WPFM in three ethnic groups, and significant differences of WPFR were noted among the three races, and between boys and girls.
137 citations
TL;DR: A new index of species abundance ( ISA) is described that is calculated for individual species and encompasses numerical abundance and spatial distribution and is described along with an analysis of the components of the ISA and a discussion of practical applications.
Abstract: A new index of species abundance ( ISA ) is described that is calculated for individual species and encompasses numerical abundance and spatial distribution. Data for calculating the ISA is arranged in a two-way table with species composing the rows and columns representing collection sites. The data of the index are ranks and the species in each column are ranked by numerical abundance, with average ranks used for tied scores. A value a is obtained by multiplying the number of zero cells in all columns for each row, by c . One is added to the single largest assigned rank in the columns to obtain c . The sum of ranks, Rj is the summation of assigned ranks in all columns for each row. The ISA is calculated with the formula, $\tt\ ISA = \frac{\text{a}+R_j}{\text{K}}$
A formula is presented for a standardized ISA , giving indices between 0 and 1. An estimator of standard error for the ISA is described along with an analysis of the components of the ISA and a discussion of practical applications.
102 citations
TL;DR: The relatively benign nature of this disease, the usual failure to obtain cultures of superficial skin infections, and the accumulation of seven cases in less than two years suggest this disease is more common than previously recognized.
Abstract: Seven patients with primary cutaneous nocardiosis were seen during a 20-month period. Six patients had a history of local trauma to an extremity or did frequent yard work. The spectrum of clinical disease included cellulitis, pustules, pyoderma, or lymphocutaneous syndrome mimicking sporotrichosis. Evidence of Nocardia infection elsewhere was absent, and no patient had a serious underlying disease. Nocardia brasiliensis was isolated from four cases, and N asteroides was identified in the other three patients. In two patients, disease resolved without chemotherapy, while a short course of a sulfonamide with or without trimethoprim therapy was successful in the remaining cases. The relatively benign nature of this disease, the usual failure to obtain cultures of superficial skin infections, and our accumulation of seven cases in less than two years suggest this disease is more common than previously recognized. ( JAMA 242:333-336, 1979)
97 citations
TL;DR: Canonical correlation analysis revealed that socioeconomic status was more related to fatness than to patterning, and principal components analysis is a useful multivariate alternative for quantitative studies of anthropometric patterning.
Abstract: Skinfold measurements (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and medial calf) in four samples (376 boys, 352 girs, 338 men and 380 women from rural Colombia) were subjected to principal components analysis to identify components of obesity and relative fat patterning. Three components emerged which were similar in the four samples: a first component of fatness explaining 70-80% of the variance and two fat pattern components each explaining 10-15% of the variance: trunk-extremity and upper-lower body. Fatness and the trunk-extremity pattern components changed with age in children (7-12 years), but none of the components changed with age in adults (25-60+). The fatter tended to be more patterned in both age groups. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that socioeconomic status was more related to fatness than to patterning. With the exception of brothers, all first degree relatives (sib, parent-off-spring) and spouses were correlated in fatness. Some of the correlations between relatives--usually sibs, but not spouses--were also significant for the pattern components, suggesting a genetic basis for the known stability of this characteristic (Garn, '55a). Principal components analysis is a useful multivariate alternative for quantitative studies of anthropometric patterning.
94 citations
TL;DR: Seven isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:8, recovered during an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness, were examined for enterotoxin production and physical characteristics plus limited ultrafiltration studies suggest that the enterot toxin is a low-molecular-weight substance.
Abstract: Seven isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:8, recovered during an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness, were examined for enterotoxin production. All seven strains were enterotoxigenic in the suckling mouse model, and three of five isolates tested produced keratoconjunctivitis in the guinea pig eye model (Sereny test). Enterotoxin was detected in broth supernatant fluid after 12 h of incubation at 25 degrees C. The toxin was not inactivated by exposure to 121 degrees C for 30 min or by storage at 4 or -40 degrees C for at least 5 months. The enterotoxin was also acid stable and methanol soluble. Methanol extraction did not affect its heat stability or enterotoxic activity in suckling mice. These physical characteristics plus limited ultrafiltration studies suggest that the enterotoxin is a low-molecular-weight substance. Y. enterocolitica enterotoxin resembles Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin in heat and pH stability, methanol solubility, and enterotoxic activity in suckling mice. However, its role in the pathogenesis of human diarrhea has not been established.
TL;DR: Some neurons generally considered to be interneurons are indeed projection neurons of the hippocampus, and displayed HRP positivity when investigated by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique.
TL;DR: The distribution, density and uptake of twenty elements by aquatic invertebrates inhabiting a drainage system, that received excessive coal ash effluent (275 JTU of turbidity) at one end and thermal loading (44.5°C) at the other end, was studied for 15 months.
Abstract: The distribution, density and uptake of twenty elements by aquatic invertebrates inhabiting a drainage system, that received excessive coal ash effluent (275 JTU of turbidity) at one end and thermal loading (44.5°C) at the other end, was studied for 15 months. The ash settling basin filled during the first eight months of sampling which resulted in the release of ash effluent directly into the receiving system. Density of invertebrates was lowest in the 300 m stream between the ash basin and swamp and highest 1200 m beyond the stream-swamp confluence where ash influence was minimal. Invertebrate density was lowest in the stations where turbidity from ash effluent was greatest. The most tolerant invertebrates to coal ash stress were odonates (Libellula sp. and Enallagma sp.), crayfish (Procambarus sp.), amphipods (Gammarus sp.) and gastropods (Physa. sp.), and midges (Chironomidae) when the basin was filling. During the period of ash overflow, all groups were either reduced in numbers or absent. In the thermally stressed station, Libellula sp. was the predominant invertebrate sampled when water temperature ranged from 25.5–45.5°C (257-1=28.7°C) all aquatic invertebrates were limited in numbers and density when temperature exceeded the lower and upper ranges of 10.0–38.0°C.
TL;DR: Physicians' concordance with the recommendations of psychiatric consultants regarding the use of psychotropic medications in a general hospital was retrospectively examined in an outcome study and suggests both the potential of and need for outcome studies in consultation work.
Abstract: • Physicians' concordance with the recommendations of psychiatric consultants regarding the use of psychotropic medications in a general hospital was retrospectively examined in an outcome study. Using medical records in a series of 200 consecutive consultations, the authors found 68% of all psychotropic recommendations resulted in physician responses rated concordant and 24% nonconcordant. Resultant concordance ratings are presented according to category of recommendation (that is, start, adjust, continue, or discontinue) and drug groupings. The data suggest that drug group is not a critical variable in physician concordance. Responses did differ by category of recommendation. Further study of physician concordance is desirable. The work suggests both the potential of and need for outcome studies in consultation work.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated for the first time that corpora lutea function to control gravidity and shelling in a reptile and a corpus luteum hormone responsible for this control is suggested.
TL;DR: In this article, an adaptive procedure is proposed in the case that the proportions of different species in the population, as well as their number, are unknown; simulations suggest that this procedure performs exceedingly well irrespective of the composition p of the population.
Abstract: A population is searched by selecting with replacement one of its members at a time and noting the species that it represents. The search may continue indefinitely, but there is a cost of c units for each selection. If the search is terminated with n draws and j species have been discovered, we receive a payoff h(j) - cn, where the reward function h is nondecreasing. For a given class of such reward functions the optimal stopping time is obtained. An adaptive procedure is proposed in the case that the proportions of different species in the population, as well as their number, are unknown; simulations suggest that this procedure performs exceedingly well irrespective of the composition p of the population. Finally, statistical applications are developed for the problem of inference based on randomly occurring data.
TL;DR: The PETT VI is a multislice positron emission tomograph designed for small field studies as discussed by the authors, with features such as wobble and rotate motions, bimodal resolution, cesium flouride scintillators, fast timing circuits and dual buffer histogram memories.
Abstract: PETT VI is a circular ring, multislice positron emission tomograph designed for small field studies. Features such as wobble and rotate motions, bimodal resolution, cesium flouride scintillators, fast timing circuits and dual buffer histogram memories allow a flexible data acquisition environment. Efficient modularized software concepts are implemented to facilitate concurrent tasks of data acquisition, processing and display. The ability to effectively manage high count rate situations and collect continuous time frames makes PETT VI ideally suited for dynamic studies.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the sudden and relatively severe decrease in QRS voltage with the onset of CHF limits the value of this ECG criterion for predicting early Adriamycin toxicity, and caution should be exercised in the interpretation of QRS Voltage changes in patients with significant pleural effusion.
Abstract: The electrocardiograms of 146 patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast were reviewed before, during, and after the patients received Adriamycin (Doxorubicin) chemotherapy (AD). The most significant electrocardiographic change occurred in the amplitude of the QRS voltage. Seven patients developed cardiomyopathy after AD and showed a significant decrease in QRS voltage. This decrease, however, was more severe at the onset of congestive heart failure that at conclusion of Adriamycin. In 35 patients with pleural effusion, there was an inverse relation between the extent of the effusion and the amplitude of QRS voltage in the absence of congestive heart failure. These results indicate that 1) the sudden and relatively severe decrease in QRS voltage with the onset of CHF limits the value of this ECG criterion for predicting early Adriamycin toxicity, and 2) caution should be exercised in the interpretation of QRS voltage changes in patients with significant pleural effusion.
TL;DR: The use of intravenous hyperalimentation with 30% dextrose-amino acid solution produces prolonged positive nitrogen (N) balance, weight gain, and normal growth and development, with minimal metabolic complications in adult patients.
Abstract: The use of intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) with 30% dextrose-amino acid solution produces prolonged positive nitrogen (N) balance, weight gain, and normal growth and development, with minimal metabolic complications. Several investigators have recently reported liver fatty metamorphosis with an associated increase in serum liver enzymes during IVH, particularly noticeable in premature infants. However, this effect has not been clearly defined in adult patients, especially in regard to the composition of the solution, the kcs:N ratio of the infused solution, and caloric requirements of the patient. A series of 42 patients were given a standard IVH formula (25% dextrose—4.5% crystalline amino acids) administered continuously through a central venous catheter whose tip was positioned in the superior vena cava. These patients were divided into 3 groups: Group I (27) who had no documented liver pathology. Group II (15) who had liver disease documented by liver biopsy or liver scan, and Group III (9) who we...
TL;DR: Postnatal changes in the pH of gastric secretions, gastric motility, serum gastrin concentration, and response of the stomach to pentagastrin administration were studied in 15 beagle puppies from birth to 5 wk of age.
Abstract: Postnatal changes in the pH of gastric secretions, gastric motility, serum gastrin concentration, and response of the stomach to pentagastrin administration were studied in 15 beagle puppies from birth to 5 wk of age. Motility was monitored manometrically via twin-lumen catheters 3--6 h postprandially. Mean gastric pH was stable at 5.85 until the 7th postnatal day when pH decreased to 3.45; pH then increased to a mean value of 4.95 through the 18th day. Antral contractions increased from 0.2 contractions per min on the day of birth to a maximum 2.3 contractions per min on the 11th day and then gradually declined. Pentagastrin (8.0 microgram/kg sc) had no effect on gastric pH or motility until the 2nd postnatal wk. Pentagastrin inhibited the rate and peak pressure of antral contractions from the 2nd through the 5th wk. Mean serum gastrin concentrations in six puppies were greater than values for adult dogs, attaining a preweaning maximum on the 9th day.
TL;DR: A prototype computed radiography system was evaluated for its efficacy as an independent diagnostic modality and preliminary measurements of high contrast resolution, low contrast perceptibility, and dose suggest that CR can be an effective diagnostic imaging modality by itself.
Abstract: A prototype computed radiography (CR) system was evaluated for its efficacy as an independent diagnostic modality. Preliminary measurements of high contrast resolution, low contrast perceptibility, and dose were obtained. Clinical examinations including skull, abdomen, liver, gallbladder, biliary system, spine, and extremities were performed as an adjunct to either computed tomography or CR. The data suggest that CR can be an effective diagnostic imaging modality by itself. Advantages over conventional radiography include high scatter rejection, low patient dose, wide dynamic range, and good low contrast sensitivity for large objects; disadvantages, its long exposure time and relatively poor high contrast spatial resolution.
TL;DR: The present results have been applied to study the controversial problem of how deleterious mutations may affect the testing of the neutral mutation hypothesis, and the main findings are that the low- and intermediate-frequency parts of the frequency spectrum of neutral alleles are little affected by the presence of deleters, though the high-frequency part may be changed drastically.
Abstract: In order to assess the effect of deleterious mutations on various measures of genic variation, approximate formulas have been developed for the frequency spectrum, the mean number of alleles in a sample, and the mean homozygosity; in some particular cases, exact formulas have been obtained. The assumptions made are that two classes of mutations exist, neutral and deleterious, and that selection is strong enough to keep deleterious alleles in low frequencies, the mode of selection being either genic or recessive. The main findings are: (1) If the expected value (q) of the sum of the frequencies of deleterious alleles is about 10% or less, then the presence of deleterious alleles causes only a minor reduction in the mean number of neutral alleles in a sample, as compared to the case of q = 0. Also, the low- and intermediate-frequency parts of the frequency spectrum of neutral alleles are little affected by the presence of deleterious alleles, though the high-frequency part may be changed drastically. (2) The contribution of deleterious mutations to the expected total number of alleles in a sample can be quite large even if q is only 1 or 2%. (3) The mean homozygosity is roughly equal to (1—2q)/(1+θ1), where θ1 is twice the number of new neutral mutations occurring in each generation in the total population. Thus, deleterious mutations increase the mean heterozygosity by about 2q/(1+θ1). The present results have been applied to study the controversial problem of how deleterious mutations may affect the testing of the neutral mutation hypothesis.
TL;DR: Changes with altitude and ethnicity (Spanish-Aymara ancestry) in body proportions of permanent residents of an altitudinal gradient in northern Chile were independent in spite of a correlation of ethnicity and altitude in Andean populations.
Abstract: Recent studies of the effects of hypoxia on human growth and adult size have focused mainly on the variability of single measurements. In this paper we explore changes with altitude and ethnicity (Spanish-Aymara ancestry) in body proportions of permanent residents of an altitudinal gradient (0-4000 meters) in northern Chile. Body proportion or shape is assessed by anthropometric indices and principal components of 14 bone measurements. Ethnicity independent of altitude had its major effect on proportions and a lesser effect on size. Aymara had larger relative sitting heights, broader builds and prominent facial development as compared to non-Aymara (Spanish). Altitude also affected head and chest proportions during growth. On the whole, the effects of altitude and Aymara ancestry on the measurements and indices were independent (not necessarily of similar direction or magnitude), in spite of a correlation of ethnicity and altitude in Andean populations.
TL;DR: An inherited human karyological variant (14p+) has been studied with a number of cytochemical techniques and the short arm of this variant chromosome 14 is nearly as long as the long arm, giving the chromosome a submetacentric to metacentric appearance.
Abstract: An inherited human karyological variant (14p+) has been studied with a number of cytochemical techniques. The short arm of this variant chromosome 14 is nearly as long as the long arm, giving the chromosome a submetacentric to metacentric appearance. In conventionally Giemsa-stained preparations, a maximum of three secondary constrictions can be observed in the marker arm. The secondary constrictions are silver-positive in Ag-NOR preparations. However, the entire arm stains deeply in N-banded preparations. The 14p+ arm also Q-negative, C-negative, G-negative, and R-positive with an almost homogeneous texture. The difference between N-banding and silver staining is interpreted as the result of gene activities of the ribosomal cistrons.
TL;DR: The studies show that there are also major reproductive and urinary effects of perinatal estradiol in male rodents, and male humans should be closely monitored for similar sequelae after early life exposure to est radiol.
Abstract: Preputial and vaginal stone formation and a variety of other severe effects on the reproductive tract were observed in 5- and 1 0-month-old Balb/c mice after injection of 50 �g estradiol-1 713/day for the first 5 days of life. Weight and frequency of stones in females increased with age and urine pH. Urine pH and weight of stones increased but frequency of stones decreased with age in males. Vaginal calculi contained more calcium, but their elemental composition was otherwise similar to preputial stones. Crystalline structure varied with age and sex and the shift from apatite to struvite coincided with the presence of inflammation in both sexes. A syndrome of infertility, severe genital infection, testicular atrophy and necrosis, seminal vesicle and prostatic atrophy, formation of epididymal cysts and senile epithelial hyperplasia and dysplasia was also present in males. Stone deposition was not dependent on the presence of urine stasis. Female mice injected with testosterone as newborns developed small concretions in the vaginal fornix in 37% of animals by 10 months of age. Similar urinary and reproductive tract abnormalities are induced by perinatal estrogen in female humans and rodents. Our studies show that there are also major reproductive and urinary effects of perinatal estradiol in male rodents. Male humans should be closely monitored for similar sequelae after early life exposure to estradiol.
TL;DR: A questionnaire survey attempted to define the prevalence of symptoms characteristic of the "Chinese restaurant syndrome" (CRS) in the general adult population, and most respondents who were "aware" of the syndrome and most of those who believed they had experienced it reported non-specific symptoms.
Abstract: A questionnaire survey attempted to define the prevalence of symptoms characteristic of the "Chinese restaurant syndrome" (CRS) in the general adult population. Forty-three per cent of 3,222 respondents associated unpleasant symptoms with specific foods and eating environments; however, only 1 to 2 per cent reported symptoms characteristic of the CRS, and only 0.19 per cent associated these characteristic symptoms with consumption of Chinese food. Most respondents who were "aware" of the syndrome and most of those who believed they had experienced it reported non-specific symptoms. If the word "syndrome" is to be used to describe symptoms attributed to specific food ingredients, the limits of the "syndrome" must be specified.
TL;DR: A function of the negative feedback from horizontal cells to photoreceptors is to improve the frequency response of the retina, which is influenced by light stimulation and inhibited by the absence of Na + or Ca ++ in the medium.
TL;DR: Comparison of the individual amino acids removed from the uterine circulation with those which enter the umbilical circulation, however, suggests that metabolic conversions which involve glutamate and glycine occur in the placenta.