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Showing papers by "University of Texas Medical Branch published in 1973"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The nature of host resistance factors in human milk and epidemiologic studies regarding infections and mortality rates in breastfed and nonbreastfed babies are discussed, with a view to establishing whether human milk does have protective effects.

282 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1973-Stroke
TL;DR: The data would indicate the need for a critical study of the causes of intracranial hemorrhages, and re-evaluation of the true relationship of systemic hypertension to such strokes, and the widespread dogma that hypertension is the outstanding cause of nontraumatic brain hemorrhage no longer seems warranted.
Abstract: A detailed clinicopathological study of the causes and locations of massive nontraumatic brain hemorrhage in 144 patients is reported. A cause of the hemorrhage, such as an aneurysm, angioma, arteritis, neoplasm or a blood dyscrasia (leukemia, hemophilia), was proved in two-thirds (95) of these patients. Twelve normotensive patients had no cause found to explain their hemorrhage. Systemic hypertension, generally mild, defined as a pre-ictal pressure of > 140/90 or by excessive heart weight, was present in 58 of the 144 patients. Twenty-one of these 58 hypertensive patients had a clear discernible cause for their brain hemorrhage (i.e., leukemia, metastatic carcinoma, angioma, aneurysm), whereas no satisfactory morphological cause could be found in only 37. Thus, in only about one-fourth of our patients could any serious claim be made that hypertension was the cause of the hemorrhage. Our data would indicate the need for a critical study of the causes of intracranial hemorrhages, and re-evaluation of the t...

231 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Summary of Experiments Showing Generation of T Cells from Precursor Cells under the Influence of Thymic and Nonthymlc Agents Material tested for inducer activity Criterion of T cell induction Source Mouse thymus Mouse spleen.
Abstract: Summary of Experiments Showing Generation of T Cells from Precursor Cells under the Influence of Thymic and Nonthymlc Agents Material tested for inducer activity Criterion of T cell induction Source Mouse thymus Mouse spleen Description* Expression of TL or Thy-1 antigen Fr 2 (KK) Fr 2 (KK) Medium II: in I: in vitro~ nu/nu mice§ Induced cells % 20 <10 20,40 Mouse thymus Calf thymus Calf thymus Calf thymus Calf thymus Calf spleen Calf muscle Rat thymus Chicken thymus Human thymus Fr 3 Fr 2 Ft 3 5 6 Ft 3 Fr 3 Ft 2 Fr 2 Ft 3 20-23 <10 <10 m Calf thymus¶ (AG) 40-45 (KK) 20-25 (AG) 40-45 (AG) 25-30 (AG) 18-22 (AG) 40-45 (AG) 40-45 (KK) 20-25 (KK) 25-30 (AG) 25-30 20 25 20-25 15-19 < 10, < l0 25 10 30 <10 Appearance of helper effect in vitroll cAMP DB-cAMP Poly A:U Endotoxin BSA, Medium Ft 2 (KK) + Aminophylline Fr 2 (KK) + Insulin Fr 2 (KK) + Medium PFC/culture 5th exp 24 ~10 Because of space limitations, details of materials and methods can be indicated for the most part only by key references to where full descriptions can be found * Fr = fraction (KK) = fraction prepared by Dr K Komuro according to Goldstein

220 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The purpose of this report is to discuss individually the results that support specific aspects of the action of cyclic AMP at the morphological and molecular levels.
Abstract: A number of investigations have implied in recent years that a relationship exists between adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and the growth of cells . Numerous experimental systems have been used to examine several different cell types. The result has been some definitive information about how cells divide, what role cyclic AMP plays in cell replication, and which periods of the cell cycle are affected by cyclic AMP . This review article will primarily consider the role of cyclic AMP in mammalian cells in culture in both resting and dividing states . The examination of cultured cells has the advantage that the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP and the enzyme activities which may be influenced either directly or indirectly by this cyclic nucleotide can be examined as a function of a reasonably welldefined chemical medium. Furthermore, the role that cyclic AMP exerts in cells that have been shifted from the resting to the dividing state may be assessed. Because of the many different approaches that have been used, some of the information obtained appears to be contradictory (although it still suggests a role for cyclic AMP in cellular proliferation) . The purpose of this report is to discuss individually the results that support specific aspects of the action of cyclic AMP at the morphological and molecular levels .

198 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The locations of the cell bodies of origin of a pathway ascending in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus of the cat spinal cord were mapped and the somatotopic organization was oriented with respect to rostrocaudal and dorso-ventral axes as determined for the adult hindlimb by reference to its fetal development.
Abstract: The locations of the cell bodies of origin of a pathway ascending in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus of the cat spinal cord were mapped. It is presumed that the pathway is the spino-cervical tract. The locations of the neurons were determined by recording the antidromic action potentials in the lumbosacral enlargement evoked by stimulation of their axons at the third cervical segment, and then histologically reconstructing the recording sites. The cells were found to be scattered throughout laminae 4–6 of the dorsal horn, although most were in laminae 4 and 5. The conduction velocities of the axons ranged from 7 to 90 m/sec (mean 44 m/sec). A somatotopic relationship was observed between the locations of the cells within the dorsal horn and the distributions of their peripheral receptive fields. This somatotopic organization was oriented with respect to rostrocaudal and dorso-ventral axes as determined for the adult hindlimb by reference to its fetal development. The axes become distorted during development, but are still recognizable in the adult. Cells receiving afferent input from skin derived from rostral portions of the limb, including the medial surface of the adult foot, are located rostrally in the cord. The caudal limb, which includes the lateral surface of the foot in the adult, is represented caudally in the spinal cord. The dorsal limb or extensor surface projects to the lateral part of the dorsal horn, while the ventral limb or flexor surface is represented medially.

111 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
06 Jul 1973-Science
TL;DR: Direct shear-wave arrivals from seismtic events originating on the far side of the moon are not observed at some of the stations of the Apollo seismic network, suggesting that the material in the lunar interior at a depth of 1000 to 1100 kilometers is more dissipative for seismic shear waves than the lithosphere above.
Abstract: Direct shear-wave arrivals from seismic events originating on the far side of the moon are not observed at some of the stations of the Apollo seismic network. These data suggest that the material in the lunar interior at a depth of 1000 to 1100 kilometers is more dissipative for seismic shear waves than the lithosphere above, and possibly exists in a partially molten state akin to the earth's asthenosphere.

98 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Variations in batch potencies were observed, but little variation in reactivity among different endotoxin preparations was noted, and lysate quality appeared diminished in 1972 as compared with 1971.
Abstract: Limulus amoebocyte lysate was prepared from a total of 180 crabs during 1971 and 1972 by using a slightly modified lysate preparation procedure. Marked variability of lysate potency was noted both years. In addition, lysate quality appeared diminished in 1972 as compared with 1971. Different lysate batches were evaluated for potency by using a variety of endotoxin preparations. Variations in batch potencies were observed, but little variation in reactivity among different endotoxin preparations was noted. Use of potent lysate batches allowed detection of endotoxin concentrations as low as 100 pg/ml. No endotoxinlike activity was observed from 11 different strains of yeast by use of the Limulus assay.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The surfaces of palatal shelves from carefully staged A/Jax mouse embryos were examined with the scanning electron microscope prior to and duringPalatal fusion and may represent an expression of the acquisition of a potential to fuse similar to that proposed for palatal fusion in vitro.
Abstract: The surfaces of palatal shelves from carefully staged A/Jax mouse embryos were examined with the scanning electron microscope prior to and during palatal fusion. No change was observed in the appearance of cells covering the oral and nasal surfaces of the shelves. A change was observed, however, in the region of presumptive fusion, and was detectable on vertical shelves just prior to transposition. This change initially involved surface cells along the future medial edge of the shelf at the level of the second to third rugae. It was characterized by a loss of distinct cellular boundaries, the appearance of intercellular gaps caused by apparent retraction of adjacent cells, and a progressive accumulation of filamentous material at the surface. These alterations spread posteriorly along the medial edge of the shelf during transposition and fusion. While it was impossible to determine the precise nature of the surface change from S.E.M. data alone, the fact that it both preceded closure and was restricted to the region of subsequent contact and fusion between the shelves suggests it may be a prerequisite for normal palatal fusion and may represent an expression of the acquisition of a potential to fuse similar to that proposed for palatal fusion in vitro.

80 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the similarities and differences between prototypes of alcoholic and narcotic addict MMPI profiles were examined using a discriminant function analysis, showing that neither group is really homogeneous but alco...
Abstract: The similarities and differences between prototypes of alcoholic and narcotic addict MMPI profiles were examined using a discriminant function analysis. Neither group is really homogeneous but alco...

70 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Symptoms were often minimal, even in the face of marked sinus involvement, and persistent rhinorrhea, cough, and otitis media were the most common findings.
Abstract: A study was undertaken to evaluate sinusitis in infants and children and to correlate the clinical and radiographic findings. Symptoms were often minimal, even in the face of marked sinus involvement, and persistent rhinorrhea, cough, and otitis media were the most common findings. Symptoms such as fever, localized tenderness, and pain were much less frequently encountered, and indeed, were conspicuous by their absence. Radiographic examination was found to be valuable both in assessing the initial extent of involvement and in following the response to therapy, but probably is not necessary in every case.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The Limulus in vitro endotoxin assay was evaluated as a possible method for the prompt detection of significant gram-negative bacteriuria in children and indicates that the Limulus assay is a simple, accurate method for rapid presumptive detection in patients where an immediate diagnosis is needed.
Abstract: The Limulus in vitro endotoxin assay was evaluated as a possible method for the prompt detection of significant gram-negative bacteriuria in children. This assay is capable of detecting endotoxin associated with intact cell walls of viable gram-negative bacteria as well as free endotoxin. Quantitative results are obtained following a 1-h incubation of Limulus lysate and 10-fold dilutions of otherwise untreated urine. A standard curve of Limulus activity and viable cell counts of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in urine demonstrated that a positive Limulus reaction at a dilution of 1:100 or 1:1,000 indicated a colony count of at least 100,000 bacteria/ml. A positive Limulus reaction only from undiluted urine or at a dilution of 1:10 indicated less than 100,000 cells/ml. These experimental observations were confirmed by comparing the Limulus test with quantitative plate counts on 209 urine specimens from a mixed pediatric population. These results indicate that the Limulus assay is a simple, accurate method for rapid presumptive detection of gram-negative bacteriuria in patients where an immediate diagnosis is needed. This test would also seem promising for screening large patient populations for bacteriuria or for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of urinary tract infections.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Limulus in vitro endotoxin assay was evaluated as a possible method for the prompt detection of significant gram-negative bacteriuria in children and indicates that the Limulus assay is a simple, accurate method for rapid presumptive detection in patients where an immediate diagnosis is needed.
Abstract: The Limulus in vitro endotoxin assay was evaluated as a possible method for the prompt detection of significant gram-negative bacteriuria in children. This assay is capable of detecting endotoxin associated with intact cell walls of viable gram-negative bacteria as well as free endotoxin. Quantitative results are obtained following a 1-h incubation of Limulus lysate and 10-fold dilutions of otherwise untreated urine. A standard curve of Limulus activity and viable cell counts of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in urine demonstrated that a positive Limulus reaction at a dilution of 1:100 or 1:1,000 indicated a colony count of at least 100,000 bacteria/ml. A positive Limulus reaction only from undiluted urine or at a dilution of 1:10 indicated less than 100,000 cells/ml. These experimental observations were confirmed by comparing the Limulus test with quantitative plate counts on 209 urine specimens from a mixed pediatric population. These results indicate that the Limulus assay is a simple, accurate method for rapid presumptive detection of gram-negative bacteriuria in patients where an immediate diagnosis is needed. This test would also seem promising for screening large patient populations for bacteriuria or for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of urinary tract infections.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The investigation suggests that at least 6% of children have a significant neurodevelopmental disorder and a comprehensive school-entrant examination increases the value of the school doctor's work.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effect of glucagon on basal and food-stimulated gastrin release, measured by radioimmunoassay, was studied in normal persons, patients with duodenal ulcer, Patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and Heidenhain pouch dogs.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, HeLa cells were grown in the presence of nitrous oxide (N2O) under pressure (80 lb/in2) and the chromosomes displayed a typical colchicine metaphase (c-metaphase) configuration when examined by light microscopy.
Abstract: When HeLa cells were grown in the presence of nitrous oxide (N2O) under pressure (80 lb/in2) mitosis was inhibited and the chromosomes displayed a typical colchicine metaphase (c-metaphase) configuration when examined by light microscopy When the cells were returned to a 37°C incubator, mitosis was resumed and the cells entered G1 synchronously Ultrastructural studies of N2O-blocked cells revealed a bipolar spindle with centriole pairs at each pole Both chromosomal and interpolar (pole-to-pole) microtubules were also present Thus, N2O, unlike most c-mitotic agents, appeared to have little or no effect upon spindle microtubule assembly However, the failure of chromo somes to become properly aligned onto the metaphase plate indicated an impairment in normal prometaphase movement The alignment of spindle microtubules was frequently atypical with some chromosomal microtubules extending from kinetochores to the poles, while others extended out at acute angles from the spindle axis These ultrastructural studies indicated that N2O blocked cells at a stage in mitosis more advanced than that produced by Colcemid or other c-mitotic agents Like Colcemid, however, prolonged arrest in mitosis with N2O led to an increased incidence of multipolar spindles

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The normal sleep pattern suggests that the lack of growth hormone output seen in emotional deprivation and short stature is not related to disturbed sleep, and suggests a temporal correlation between catch-up growth and growth hormones output.
Abstract: Growth hormone response to arginine, insulin hypoglycemia and sleep was studied during separate hospitalizations in a child with emotional deprivation and short stature. During both study periods growth hormone response to arginine and hypoglycemia was low on admission to the hospital and high after 6 weeks. There was no growth hormone response to slow wave sleep in the first sleep cycle at the time of the second hospital admission but the response to sleep was normal after 6 weeks of hospitalization. These studies suggest a temporal correlation between catch-up growth and growth hormone output. The normal sleep pattern suggests that the lack of growth hormone output seen in emotional deprivation and short stature is not related to disturbed sleep.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is established that a sterol 24‐hydroxylase system is present in bovine cerebral cortex.
Abstract: The presence of cholest-5-ene-3β, 24-diol (cerebrosterol) in samples of human, bovine, and rabbit brains has been established by isolation of the sterol therefrom and identification by comparison of physical properties. Cholest-5-ene-3β, 24-diol was present at the level of 66.5 sg/g of dried tissue in human brain, 42.9 μg/g in cattle brain, and 89.5 pg/g in rabbit brain. Cholest-5-ene-3β, 24-diol was the only readily detectable hydroxycholesterol derivative in these brain tissues and was concentrated in the 105,000 g pellet (microsomal fraction) of both human and bovine cerebral cortex, with no demonstrable amounts of the sterol present in nuclear or mitochondrial fractions. Incubation of [1,2-3H]- or of [4-14C]-cholesterol with the 105,000 g microsomal pellet from bovine cerebral cortical homogenates demonstrated 0.1-0.38 per cent conversions to radioactive cholest-5-ene-3β, 24-diol, isolated and purified as the 3β, 24-dibenzoate. The bioconversion required oxygen, and a stimulation of hydroxylation by added NADPH2 was demonstrated. Our observations establish that a sterol 24-hydroxylase system is present in bovine cerebral cortex.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: When injected into male and female Charles River CD-1 albino mice the low molecular weight fractions from Sephadex G-25, and after ultrafiltration the UM-05 residue of these fractions, demonstrated significant effects on the reproductive system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A threshold level for the uptake of gastrin by the small intestine is suggested, because loss of catabolic mechanisms for gastrin may be responsible for gastric acid hypersecretion seen frequently after massive resection of the small bowel.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: complex multifaceted alterations in metabolism occurred in rabbits produced in rabbits by infection with Diplococcus pneumoniae, it is doubtful that any one of these could be responsible for death, but the role played by these changes as a whole is unknown.
Abstract: role of metabolic alterations was investigated. Bacteremia was produced in rabbits by infection with Diplococcus pneumoniae, and the animals were grouped by severity of the disease as determined by progressive increments in the level of bacteremia, concentration of lactate in whole blood, and change in body temperature. Adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate in blood, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle were normal. Hepatic glycogen was variably decreased, and 45% of the animals were hypoglycemic despite normal hepatic glucogenesis. Concentrations of lactate in heart and liver increased. In-vitro oxidation of glucose, acetate, and pyruvate decreased in liver only. Glycolysis was normal in liver, heart, and muscle, but it was markedly increased in the lung. Hepatic synthesis of the triglyceride from acetate increased markedly. Hepatic microsomal protein synthesis apparently was normal, but amino acids in plasma, liver and skeletal muscle were increased. Complex multifaceted alterations in metabolism occurred. It is doubtful that any one of these could be responsible for death, but the role played by these changes as a whole is unknown.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Proliferation of large fibroblast-like cells, apparently originating from adjacent striated muscle, occurred in the mouse but was absent in the rat and rabbit, another significant, variation in the reaction of the mouse to polyurethane when compared to that in the rats and rabbit.
Abstract: The local reaction to polyurethane (Thurane foam-rigid type) varies significantly in the subcutaneous tissue of the mouse, rat, and rabbit. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes concentrated at the periphery of the particles of polyurethane in the mouse in conspicuous numbers for as long as 550 days. In the rat leucocytes were infrequent and in the rabbit they were absent. The mechanism by which this variation occurs is unknown. It is suggested that it may be attributed to an electrical phenomena with variations in different hosts. There was an accumulation of pigment in the local inflammatory reaction apparently resulting from a degeneration of the polyurethane as well as degeneration of erythrocytes. The amount of this pigment varied significantly in the mouse, rat, and rabbit. Proliferation of large fibroblast-like cells, apparently originating from adjacent striated muscle, occurred in the mouse but was absent in the rat and rabbit, another significant, variation in the reaction of the mouse to polyurethane when compared to that in the rat and rabbit.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1973-Chest
TL;DR: Ventilatory function was studied immediately before and 20 minutes after inhalation in patients having chronic lung disease, who were being treated with inhaled antibiotics, and polymyxin was associated with significant deterioration in function.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Genetic influence was tested by comparing the susceptibility of two well-established strains of rats that had been developed for “maze brightness” (TMB) and TMD, finding that the spontaneous durations of IR in TMB rats averaged approximately double those of TMD rats, and the time required to induce the state was significantly shorter.
Abstract: Several lines of evidence suggested that genetic factors influenced immobility reflex (IR) behavior, known commonly as “animal hypnosis,” a relatively unresponsive state of reversible immobility. Genetic influence was tested by comparing the susceptibility of two well-established strains of rats (Tryon) that had been developed for “maze brightness” (TMB) and “maze dullness” (TMD). The spontaneous durations of IR in TMB rats averaged approximately double those of TMD rats, and the time required to induce the state in TMB rats was significantly shorter. Correlated with the high IR susceptibility of the TMB rats was a pronounced lack of exploration in a novel environment. As another test of the hypothesis, selective inbreeding of Wistar rats led to the development of two strains, one highly susceptible and the other relatively insusceptible in the third and fourth generations. Testing revealed statistically significant differences between the two strains in terms of average duration of IR, average induction time, the percentage of susceptibility, the percentage which met the criteria for a high degree of susceptibility, and the percentage in each strain which were insusceptible.

DOI
01 Apr 1973
TL;DR: The range of heart rate variability at rest and during sleep (sinus arrhythmia) reflects the manner in which autonomic activity is brought to bear in regulating the heart beat.
Abstract: Evidence that the excursion of rhythmic heart rate variability (sinus arrhythmia) may be manipulated by altering the subject’s state of concentration, prompted a study of effects associated with different stages of sleep. There were 9 healthy subjects, ages 16–69, and one 55-year-old subject (C.P.) with a myocardial infarction history. Awake and during sleep the excursion of heart rate variability was greatest among the younger subjects, decreasing progressively with age. C.P. displayed rhythmic heart rate variability only when asleep. In light sleep (Stages 1 and 2) all subjects, with the exception of the 69-year-old, whose rate remained almost fixed throughout the night, displayed rhythmic heart rate variability, roughly synchronous with respiration. Neither the elderly subjeot nor C.P. entered into deep sleep (Stages 3 and 4). Among the other subjects, deep sleep was marked by a precise correlation between the frequency of respiration and heart rate variability. In REM sleep, however, in all subjects, there was often a total dissociation between respiration and rhythmic heart rate variability. There were periods of no heart rate variability with continuing regular respiration and of rhythmic heart rate variability with spontaneous breath holding. In the presence of heart rate variability during REM, C.P. displayed frequent ectopic beats, but ectopic beats were nearly absent in REM periods characterized by a steady, unvarying heart rate. The range of heart rate variability at rest and during sleep (sinus arrhythmia) reflects the manner in which autonomic activity is brought to bear in regulating the heart beat. The study of the behavior of sinus arrhythmia may offer a way to anticipate the occurrence of dangerous cardiac dysarrhythmias and sudden death, especially during sleep.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Interneurons in the L6–L7 spinal segments were examined for convergence of input froh hind limb cutaneous nerves and the ipsilateral greater splanchnic nerve in anesthetized cats to indicate a causal relationship.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An aqueous extract of bovine pineal glands, partially purified by chromatography and ultrafiltration to exclude melatonin, was tested for it's ability to inhibit serum and pituitary LH in orchidectomized rats and significantly inhibited the 24 and 96 hour post-castration rise of serum LH.