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Institution

University of Texas Medical Branch

EducationGalveston, Texas, United States
About: University of Texas Medical Branch is a education organization based out in Galveston, Texas, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Virus. The organization has 22033 authors who have published 38268 publications receiving 1517502 citations. The organization is also known as: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston & UTMB.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hypothesis that high-dose pentobarbital is an effective adjunctive therapy, but that it is indicated in only a small subset of patients with severe head injury is supported.
Abstract: ✓ In a five-center study, 73 patients with severe head injury and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) were randomly assigned to receive either a regimen that included high-dose pentobarbital or one that was otherwise similar but did not include pentobarbital The results indicated a 2:1 benefit for those treated with the drug with regard to ICP control When patients were stratified by prerandomization cardiac complications, the advantage increased to 4:1 A multiple logistic model considering treatment and selected baseline variables indicated a significant positive treatment effect of barbiturates, a significant effect of time from injury to randomization, and an interaction of treatment with cardiovascular complications However, of 925 patients potentially eligible for randomization, only 12% met ICP randomization criteria The results support the hypothesis that high-dose pentobarbital is an effective adjunctive therapy, but that it is indicated in only a small subset of patients with severe head in

541 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings indicate that ghrelin is an important stomach hormone sensitive to nutritional intake; gh Relin may link enteric nutrition with secretion of GH, insulin, and gastrin.
Abstract: Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor was characterized recently from extracts of rat stomach. We describe the enteric distribution of ghrelin, ontogeny of stomach ghrelin gene expression, effects of dietary and endocrine manipulations, and vagotomy on stomach ghrelin mRNA and peptide levels and secretion in the rat. Ghrelin expression was examined by Northern blotting. Tissue and plasma ghrelin levels were measured by RIA. A gradient of ghrelin production occurs in the rat gastrointestinal tract with the highest ghrelin expression and peptide levels in the mucosal layer of the stomach-fundus and the lowest levels in the colon. Ghrelin was not detectable in the fetal stomach and increased progressively after birth especially during the second and third postnatal weeks. Plasma ghrelin levels also increased in parallel with stomach ghrelin levels postnatally. Exogenous GH treatment decreased stomach ghrelin expression significantly. A high-fat diet decreased plasma ghrelin levels, whereas a low-protein diet increased plasma ghrelin levels significantly. Intravenous administration of ghrelin stimulates gastrin and insulin secretion. Our findings indicate that ghrelin is an important stomach hormone sensitive to nutritional intake; ghrelin may link enteric nutrition with secretion of GH, insulin, and gastrin.

541 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fluoxetine 20 mg daily appears to be well tolerated and effective for acute treatment of MDD in child and adolescent outpatients.
Abstract: Background: This report presents results from the acute treatment phase of a clinical trial designed to confirm efficacy of a fixed dose of 20 mg of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD). Method: After a 3-week screening period, 122 children and 97 adolescents with MDD ( DSM-IV ) were randomly assigned to placebo or fluoxetine. After a 1-week placebo lead-in, fluoxetine-treated patients received fluoxetine 10 mg/day for 1 week, then fluoxetine 20 mg/day for 8 weeks. Results: Fluoxetine was associated with greater mean improvement in Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) score than placebo after 1 week ( p p p = .093). Significantly more fluoxetine-than placebo-treated patients completed acute treatment ( p = .001). There were no significant differences between treatment groups in discontinuations due to adverse events ( p = .408). Conclusions: Fluoxetine 20 mg daily appears to be well tolerated and effective for acute treatment of MDD in child and adolescent outpatients. Fluoxetine is the only antidepressant that has demonstrated efficacy in two placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials of pediatric depression.

539 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1995-Stroke
TL;DR: Data support the occurrence of neurite growth followed by synaptogenesis in the neocortex, ipsilateral and contralateral to neocortical ischemia, in a pattern that corresponds both spatially and temporally with behavioral recovery.
Abstract: Background and Purpose Neuroanatomical plasticity is well described in lesions of the hippocampus but remains a subject of some controversy in the neocortex. The purpose of the present study was to measure the neocortical distribution and density of expression of proteins known to be involved in neurite growth or synaptogenesis and to correlate the neocortical expression with behavioral recovery after a focal neocortical infarction. Focal neocortical infarction creates a circumscribed lesion in the neocortex that provides a denervation stimulus for neurite growth and synaptogenesis. Methods Unilateral neocortical ischemia was induced in male spontaneously hypertensive Wistar rats (n=4 per time point) by permanent occlusion of the distal middle cerebral artery and ipsilateral common carotid artery. To determine the spatial and temporal distribution of neurite growth and/or synaptogenesis, GAP-43, a growth-associated protein expressed on axonal growth cones, and synaptophysin, a calcium-binding protein foun...

539 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Francine E. Garrett-Bakelman1, Francine E. Garrett-Bakelman2, Manjula Darshi3, Stefan J. Green4, Ruben C. Gur5, Ling Lin6, Brandon R. Macias, Miles J. McKenna7, Cem Meydan1, Tejaswini Mishra6, Jad Nasrini5, Brian D. Piening8, Brian D. Piening6, Lindsay F. Rizzardi9, Kumar Sharma3, Jamila H. Siamwala10, Jamila H. Siamwala11, Lynn Taylor7, Martha Hotz Vitaterna12, Maryam Afkarian13, Ebrahim Afshinnekoo1, Sara Ahadi6, Aditya Ambati6, Maneesh Arya, Daniela Bezdan1, Colin M. Callahan9, Songjie Chen6, Augustine M.K. Choi1, George E. Chlipala4, Kévin Contrepois6, Marisa Covington, Brian Crucian, Immaculata De Vivo14, David F. Dinges5, Douglas J. Ebert, Jason I. Feinberg9, Jorge Gandara1, Kerry George, John Goutsias9, George Grills1, Alan R. Hargens11, Martina Heer15, Martina Heer16, Ryan P. Hillary6, Andrew N. Hoofnagle17, Vivian Hook11, Garrett Jenkinson9, Garrett Jenkinson18, Peng Jiang12, Ali Keshavarzian19, Steven S. Laurie, Brittany Lee-McMullen6, Sarah B. Lumpkins, Matthew MacKay1, Mark Maienschein-Cline4, Ari Melnick1, Tyler M. Moore5, Kiichi Nakahira1, Hemal H. Patel11, Robert Pietrzyk, Varsha Rao6, Rintaro Saito11, Rintaro Saito20, Denis Salins6, Jan M. Schilling11, Dorothy D. Sears11, Caroline Sheridan1, Michael B. Stenger, Rakel Tryggvadottir9, Alexander E. Urban6, Tomas Vaisar17, Benjamin Van Espen11, Jing Zhang6, Michael G. Ziegler11, Sara R. Zwart21, John B. Charles, Craig E. Kundrot, Graham B. I. Scott22, Susan M. Bailey7, Mathias Basner5, Andrew P. Feinberg9, Stuart M. C. Lee, Christopher E. Mason, Emmanuel Mignot6, Brinda K. Rana11, Scott M. Smith, Michael Snyder6, Fred W. Turek12, Fred W. Turek10 
12 Apr 2019-Science
TL;DR: Given that the majority of the biological and human health variables remained stable, or returned to baseline, after a 340-day space mission, these data suggest that human health can be mostly sustained over this duration of spaceflight.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION To date, 559 humans have been flown into space, but long-duration (>300 days) missions are rare (n = 8 total). Long-duration missions that will take humans to Mars and beyond are planned by public and private entities for the 2020s and 2030s; therefore, comprehensive studies are needed now to assess the impact of long-duration spaceflight on the human body, brain, and overall physiology. The space environment is made harsh and challenging by multiple factors, including confinement, isolation, and exposure to environmental stressors such as microgravity, radiation, and noise. The selection of one of a pair of monozygotic (identical) twin astronauts for NASA’s first 1-year mission enabled us to compare the impact of the spaceflight environment on one twin to the simultaneous impact of the Earth environment on a genetically matched subject. RATIONALE The known impacts of the spaceflight environment on human health and performance, physiology, and cellular and molecular processes are numerous and include bone density loss, effects on cognitive performance, microbial shifts, and alterations in gene regulation. However, previous studies collected very limited data, did not integrate simultaneous effects on multiple systems and data types in the same subject, or were restricted to 6-month missions. Measurement of the same variables in an astronaut on a year-long mission and in his Earth-bound twin indicated the biological measures that might be used to determine the effects of spaceflight. Presented here is an integrated longitudinal, multidimensional description of the effects of a 340-day mission onboard the International Space Station. RESULTS Physiological, telomeric, transcriptomic, epigenetic, proteomic, metabolomic, immune, microbiomic, cardiovascular, vision-related, and cognitive data were collected over 25 months. Some biological functions were not significantly affected by spaceflight, including the immune response (T cell receptor repertoire) to the first test of a vaccination in flight. However, significant changes in multiple data types were observed in association with the spaceflight period; the majority of these eventually returned to a preflight state within the time period of the study. These included changes in telomere length, gene regulation measured in both epigenetic and transcriptional data, gut microbiome composition, body weight, carotid artery dimensions, subfoveal choroidal thickness and peripapillary total retinal thickness, and serum metabolites. In addition, some factors were significantly affected by the stress of returning to Earth, including inflammation cytokines and immune response gene networks, as well as cognitive performance. For a few measures, persistent changes were observed even after 6 months on Earth, including some genes’ expression levels, increased DNA damage from chromosomal inversions, increased numbers of short telomeres, and attenuated cognitive function. CONCLUSION Given that the majority of the biological and human health variables remained stable, or returned to baseline, after a 340-day space mission, these data suggest that human health can be mostly sustained over this duration of spaceflight. The persistence of the molecular changes (e.g., gene expression) and the extrapolation of the identified risk factors for longer missions (>1 year) remain estimates and should be demonstrated with these measures in future astronauts. Finally, changes described in this study highlight pathways and mechanisms that may be vulnerable to spaceflight and may require safeguards for longer space missions; thus, they serve as a guide for targeted countermeasures or monitoring during future missions.

538 citations


Authors

Showing all 22143 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Stuart H. Orkin186715112182
Eric R. Kandel184603113560
John C. Morris1831441168413
Joseph Biederman1791012117440
Richard A. Gibbs172889249708
Timothy A. Springer167669122421
Gabriel N. Hortobagyi1661374104845
Roberto Romero1511516108321
Charles B. Nemeroff14997990426
Peter J. Schwartz147647107695
Clifford J. Woolf14150986164
Thomas J. Smith1401775113919
Edward C. Holmes13882485748
Jun Lu135152699767
Henry T. Lynch13392586270
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202330
2022196
20211,616
20201,487
20191,298
20181,152