Showing papers by "University of the Witwatersrand published in 2018"
Gregory A. Roth1, Gregory A. Roth2, Degu Abate3, Kalkidan Hassen Abate4 +1025 more•Institutions (333)
TL;DR: Non-communicable diseases comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2).
5,211 citations
Jeffrey D. Stanaway1, Ashkan Afshin1, Emmanuela Gakidou1, Stephen S Lim1 +1050 more•Institutions (346)
TL;DR: This study estimated levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017 and explored the relationship between development and risk exposure.
2,910 citations
TL;DR: The global costs of diabetes and its consequences are large and will substantially increase by 2030 and policy makers need to take urgent action to prepare health and social security systems to mitigate the effects of diabetes.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE Despite the importance of diabetes for global health, the future economic consequences of the disease remain opaque. We forecast the full global costs of diabetes in adults through the year 2030 and predict the economic consequences of diabetes if global targets under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and World Health Organization Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013–2020 are met. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We modeled the absolute and gross domestic product (GDP)-relative economic burden of diabetes in individuals aged 20–79 years using epidemiological and demographic data, as well as recent GDP forecasts for 180 countries. We assumed three scenarios: prevalence and mortality 1 ) increased only with urbanization and population aging (baseline scenario), 2 ) increased in line with previous trends (past trends scenario), and 3 ) achieved global targets (target scenario). RESULTS The absolute global economic burden will increase from U.S. $1.3 trillion (95% CI 1.3–1.4) in 2015 to $2.2 trillion (2.2–2.3) in the baseline, $2.5 trillion (2.4–2.6) in the past trends, and $2.1 trillion (2.1–2.2) in the target scenarios by 2030. This translates to an increase in costs as a share of global GDP from 1.8% (1.7–1.9) in 2015 to a maximum of 2.2% (2.1–2.2). CONCLUSIONS The global costs of diabetes and its consequences are large and will substantially increase by 2030. Even if countries meet international targets, the global economic burden will not decrease. Policy makers need to take urgent action to prepare health and social security systems to mitigate the effects of diabetes.
591 citations
TL;DR: The first green chemistry metrics, the E factor (kgs waste/kg product) and atom economy (mol wt of product/sum of mol wts of starting materials), were introduced in the early 1990s and were actually green chemistry avant la lettre as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The first green chemistry metrics—the E factor (kgs waste/kg product) and atom economy (mol wt of product/sum of mol wts of starting materials)—were introduced in the early 1990s and were actually green chemistry avant la lettre. In the last two decades, these two metrics have been adopted worldwide by both academia and industry. The E factor has been refined to distinguish between simple and complete E factors, for example, and to define the system boundaries. Other mass-based metrics such as process mass intensity (PMI) and reaction mass efficiency (RME) have been proposed. However, mass-based metrics need to be augmented by metrics which measure the environmental impact of waste, such as life cycle assessment (LCA), and metrics for assessing the economic viability of products and processes. The application of such metrics in measuring the sustainability of processes for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and other fine chemicals is discussed in detail. Mass-based metrics alone are not sufficient to mea...
543 citations
Haramaya University1, Université de Montréal2, Université de Moncton3, University of Ibadan4, National Heart Foundation of Australia5, University of La Frontera6, University of Cuenca7, University of Waterloo8, University of the Republic9, Ghent University10, National Taiwan University11, Karolinska Institutet12, University of Ottawa13, Technische Universität München14, University of Cape Town15, University of the Witwatersrand16, Swansea University17, Lithuanian Sports University18, Emory University19, University of Los Andes20, Central University of Venezuela21, Hong Kong Baptist University22, Qatar Airways23, University of Tartu24, University of Regina25, Mahidol University26, The Chinese University of Hong Kong27, Pennington Biomedical Research Center28, University of Queensland29, Seoul National University30, Queen's University31, Linköping University32, University of Medicine and Health Sciences33, University of Guadalajara34, Shanghai University of Sport35, National University of Science and Technology36, University of Primorska37, University of Porto38, University of Ghana39, University of Strathclyde40, Carlos III Health Institute41, University of Girona42, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina43, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven44, University of South Australia45, University of Southern Denmark46, University of Auckland47, Bath Spa University48, University of Ljubljana49, Tribhuvan University50, Utrecht University51, J. F. Oberlin University52, University of Botswana53, Stamford University Bangladesh54, National Chung Hsing University55, University of Warsaw56
TL;DR: The present study provides rich new evidence showing that the situation regarding the physical activity of children and youth is a concern worldwide and strategic public investments to implement effective interventions to increase physical activity opportunities are needed.
Abstract: Background: Accumulating sufficient moderate to vigorous physical activity is recognized as a key determinant of physical, physiological, developmental, mental, cognitive, and social health among children and youth (aged 5–17 y). The Global Matrix 3.0ofReportCardgradesonphysicalactivitywasdevelopedtoachieveabetterunderstandingoftheglobalvariationinchildand youth physical activity and associated supports. Methods: Work groups from 49 countries followed harmonized procedures to develop their Report Cards by grading 10 common indicators using the best available data. The participating countries were divided into 3 categories using the United Nations’ human development index (HDI) classification (low or medium, high, and very high HDI). Results: A total of 490 grades, including 369 letter grades and 121 incomplete grades, were assigned by the 49 work groups. Overall, an average grade of “C−,”“D+,” and “C−” was obtained for the low and medium HDI countries, high HDI countries, and very high HDI countries, respectively. Conclusions: The present study provides rich new evidence showing that the situation regarding the physical activity of children and youth is a concern worldwide. Strategic public investments to implement effective interventions to increase physical activity opportunities are needed.
502 citations
University College London1, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation2, International Organization for Migration3, American University of Beirut4, Peking University5, St George's, University of London6, Imperial College London7, University of Giessen8, Cayetano Heredia University9, University of Southampton10, University of Oslo11, Columbia University12, Johns Hopkins University13, University of Melbourne14, Royal Children's Hospital15, Public Health Foundation of India16, University of the Witwatersrand17, University of London18
TL;DR: The most prominent dialogue focuses almost exclusively on migration from LMICs to high-income countries (HICs), where nationalist movements assert so-called cultural sovereignty by delineating an us versus them rhetoric, creating a moral emergency.
449 citations
TL;DR: Empicizumab prophylaxis administered subcutaneously once weekly or every 2 weeks led to a significantly lower bleeding rate than no proPHylaxis among persons with hemophilia A without inhibitors; more than half of the participants who received prophYLaxis had no treated bleeding events.
Abstract: Background Emicizumab is a bispecific monoclonal antibody that bridges activated factor IX and factor X to replace the function of missing activated factor VIII, thereby restoring hemostas...
414 citations
Lancaster University1, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária2, Stockholm Environment Institute3, Environmental Change Institute4, Virginia Tech5, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology6, University of Hong Kong7, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi8, Federal University of Pará9, Manchester Metropolitan University10, University of Pretoria11, University of the Witwatersrand12, University of Liverpool13, University of Western Australia14
TL;DR: The immense biodiversity of tropical ecosystems is threatened by multiple interacting local and global stressors that can only be addressed by the concerted efforts of grassroots organizations, researchers, national governments and the international community.
Abstract: The tropics contain the overwhelming majority of Earth's biodiversity: their terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems hold more than three-quarters of all species, including almost all shallow-water corals and over 90% of terrestrial birds However, tropical ecosystems are also subject to pervasive and interacting stressors, such as deforestation, overfishing and climate change, and they are set within a socio-economic context that includes growing pressure from an increasingly globalized world, larger and more affluent tropical populations, and weak governance and response capacities Concerted local, national and international actions are urgently required to prevent a collapse of tropical biodiversity
402 citations
TL;DR: How to identify ROH in genome-wide microarray and sequence data, their distribution in human populations and their application to the understanding of inbreeding depression and disease risk are discussed.
Abstract: Long runs of homozygosity (ROH) arise when identical haplotypes are inherited from each parent and thus a long tract of genotypes is homozygous. Cousin marriage or inbreeding gives rise to such autozygosity; however, genome-wide data reveal that ROH are universally common in human genomes even among outbred individuals. The number and length of ROH reflect individual demographic history, while the homozygosity burden can be used to investigate the genetic architecture of complex disease. We discuss how to identify ROH in genome-wide microarray and sequence data, their distribution in human populations and their application to the understanding of inbreeding depression and disease risk.
400 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum is reported, and the results are translated into exclusion limits in models with pair-produced weakly interacting dark-matter candidates, large extra spatial dimensions, and supersymmetric particles in several compressed scenarios.
Abstract: Results of a search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum are reported. The search uses proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected in 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events are required to have at least one jet with a transverse momentum above 250 GeV and no leptons (e or μ). Several signal regions are considered with increasing requirements on the missing transverse momentum above 250 GeV. Good agreement is observed between the number of events in data and Standard Model predictions. The results are translated into exclusion limits in models with pair-produced weakly interacting dark-matter candidates, large extra spatial dimensions, and supersymmetric particles in several compressed scenarios.
358 citations
TL;DR: Persistent and severe PND substantially raises the risk for adverse outcome on all child measures, and meeting criteria for depression both early and late in the postnatal year should alert health care professionals to a depression that is likely to be persistent and to be associated with an especially elevated risk of multiple adverse child outcomes.
Abstract: Importance Maternal postnatal depression (PND) is common and associated with adverse child outcomes. These effects are not inevitable, and it is critical to identify those most at risk. Previous work suggests that the risks of adverse outcomes are increased when PND is severe and persistent, but this has not been systematically studied. Objective To examine the association between differing levels of persistence and severity of PND and long-term child outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants The sample for this observational study comprised participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the United Kingdom. Three thresholds of PND severity—moderate, marked, and severe—were defined using the self-rated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Depression was defined as persistent when the EPDS score was above the threshold level at both 2 and 8 months after childbirth. For each of these severity and persistence categories, the following were examined: (1) the trajectories of later EPDS scores (6 time points between 21 months and 11 years after childbirth) and (2) child outcomes—behavioral problems at 3.5 years of age, school-leaving mathematics grades at 16 years of age, and depression at 18 years of age. Data analysis was conducted from July 12, 2016, to February 8, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Child behavioral problems at 3.5 years of age using the Rutter total problems scale, school-leaving mathematics grades at 16 years of age extracted from records of external national public examinations, and offspring depression at 18 years of age using the Clinical Interview Schedule–Revised. Results For the 9848 mothers in the sample, the mean (SD) age at delivery was 28.5 (4.7) years. Of the 8287 children, 4227 (51%) were boys and 4060 (49%) were girls. Compared with women with PND that was not persistent and women who did not score above the EPDS threshold, for all 3 severity levels, women with persistent PND showed elevated depressive symptoms up to 11 years after childbirth. Whether persistent or not, PND doubled the risk of child behavior disturbance. The odds ratio (OR) for child behavioral disturbance for mothers with moderate PND was 2.22 (95% CI, 1.74-2.83), for mothers with marked PND was 1.91 (95% CI, 1.36-2.68), and for mothers with severe PND was 2.39 (95% CI, 1.78-3.22). Persistence of severe PND was particularly important to child development, substantially increasing the risk for behavioral problems at 3.5 years of age (OR, 4.84; 95% CI, 2.94-7.98), lower mathematics grades at 16 years of age (OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.26-5.57), and higher prevalence of depression at 18 years of age (OR, 7.44; 95% CI, 2.89-19.11). Conclusions and Relevance Persistent and severe PND substantially raises the risk for adverse outcome on all child measures. Meeting criteria for depression both early and late in the postnatal year, especially when the mood disturbance is severe, should alert health care professionals to a depression that is likely to be persistent and to be associated with an especially elevated risk of multiple adverse child outcomes. Treatment for this group should be prioritized.
TL;DR: A global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends and a estimates of health-related SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous.
University Medical Center Utrecht1, PATH2, University of the Witwatersrand3, Carlos III Health Institute4, University of Washington5, National Institutes of Health6, University of Texas at Austin7, Seattle Children's Research Institute8, Nationwide Children's Hospital9, Johns Hopkins University10, University of Colorado Denver11, World Health Organization12, Rochester General Health System13, University of Edinburgh14, King's College London15, University of Padua16, University of Manchester17, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency18, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul19
TL;DR: This Review provides a comprehensive overview of RSV vaccine candidates and mAbs in clinical development to prevent one of the most common and severe infectious diseases in young children and older adults worldwide.
Abstract: The global burden of disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is increasingly recognised, not only in infants, but also in older adults (aged ≥65 years). Advances in knowledge of the structural biology of the RSV surface fusion glycoprotein have revolutionised RSV vaccine development by providing a new target for preventive interventions. The RSV vaccine landscape has rapidly expanded to include 19 vaccine candidates and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in clinical trials, reflecting the urgency of reducing this global health problem and hence the prioritisation of RSV vaccine development. The candidates include mAbs and vaccines using four approaches: (1) particle-based, (2) live-attenuated or chimeric, (3) subunit, (4) vector-based. Late-phase RSV vaccine trial failures highlight gaps in knowledge regarding immunological protection and provide lessons for future development. In this Review, we highlight promising new approaches for RSV vaccine design and provide a comprehensive overview of RSV vaccine candidates and mAbs in clinical development to prevent one of the most common and severe infectious diseases in young children and older adults worldwide.
TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental concepts of vector beams, summarise the various approaches to control them in the laboratory, and give a concise overview of the many applications they have spurned.
Abstract: Vector beams, and in particular vector vortex beams, have found many applications in recent times, both as classical fields and as quantum states. While much attention has focused on the creation and detection of scalar optical fields, it is only recently that vector beams have found their place in the modern laboratory. In this review, we outline the fundamental concepts of vector beams, summarise the various approaches to control them in the laboratory, and give a concise overview of the many applications they have spurned.
Christopher J L Murray1, Charlton S K H Callender1, Xie Rachel Kulikoff1, Vinay Srinivasan1 +1092 more•Institutions (424)
TL;DR: This work estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods and used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data.
TL;DR: The PBO long- lasting insecticidal net and non-pyrethroid indoor residual spraying interventions showed improved control of malaria transmission compared with standard long-lasting insecticidal nets where pyrethroid resistance is prevalent and either intervention could be deployed to good effect.
TL;DR: A dual strategy that targets specific groups actively planning a pregnancy, while improving the health of the population more broadly is proposed, and it is suggested that speedy and scalable benefits to public health might be achieved through strategic engagement with the private sector.
University of Washington1, Haramaya University2, Jimma University3, Sapienza University of Rome4, Tehran University of Medical Sciences5, McGill University6, Cairo University7, Arak University of Medical Sciences8, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University9, College of Health Sciences, Bahrain10, Debre markos University11, University of Hohenheim12, Wollega University13, Cornell University14, Kathmandu University15, Dongguk University16, South African Medical Research Council17, University of South Florida18, University of Ibadan19, Obafemi Awolowo University20, Cardiff University21, McMaster University22, Central Food Technological Research Institute23, Baylor College of Medicine24, Public Health Foundation of India25, Higher National Veterinary School26, University of Toronto27, Washington University in St. Louis28, United States Department of Veterans Affairs29, University of the Witwatersrand30, Aster31, Taipei Medical University32, National Taiwan University33
TL;DR: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 is presented.
Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard1, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center2, Janssen Pharmaceutica3, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research4, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine5, University of Massachusetts Medical School6, Los Alamos National Laboratory7, Duke University8, University of the Witwatersrand9, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center10, Brigham and Women's Hospital11, National Institutes of Health12, Makerere University Walter Reed Project13, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative14, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa15, United States Department of the Army16, Mahidol University17, University of Colorado Denver18
TL;DR: All vaccine regimens demonstrated favourable safety and tolerability and immunogenicity and protective efficacy against a series of six repetitive, heterologous, intrarectal challenges with a rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived challenge stock of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-SF162P3).
Geneva College1, Imperial College London2, University of Gothenburg3, Sahlgrenska University Hospital4, University of Milan5, National Institutes of Health6, University of Western Ontario7, Emory University8, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute9, Leipzig University10, University of Toronto11, University of Graz12, Heidelberg University13, University of Copenhagen14, Copenhagen University Hospital15, University of the Witwatersrand16, University of Düsseldorf17, University of São Paulo18, Hartford Hospital19, Hacettepe University20, State University of New York System21, Columbia University22
TL;DR: Long-term statin treatment is remarkably safe with a low risk of clinically relevant adverse effects as defined above, and the established cardiovascular benefits of statin therapy far outweigh the risk of adverse effects.
Abstract: Aims
To objectively appraise evidence for possible adverse effects of long-term statin therapy on glucose homeostasis, cognitive, renal and hepatic function, and risk for haemorrhagic stroke or cataract.
TL;DR: Evidence on the variations in prevalence by state, age group, and rural vs urban location is critical to effectively target diabetes and hypertension prevention, screening, and treatment programs to those most in need.
Abstract: Importance Understanding how diabetes and hypertension prevalence varies within a country as large as India is essential for targeting of prevention, screening, and treatment services. However, to our knowledge there has been no prior nationally representative study of these conditions to guide the design of effective policies. Objective To determine the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in India, and its variation by state, rural vs urban location, and individual-level sociodemographic characteristics. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a cross-sectional, nationally representative, population-based study carried out between 2012 and 2014. A total of 1 320 555 adults 18 years or older with plasma glucose (PG) and blood pressure (BP) measurements were included in the analysis. Exposures State, rural vs urban location, age, sex, household wealth quintile, education, and marital status. Main Outcomes and Measures Diabetes (PG level ≥126 mg/dL if the participant had fasted or ≥200 mg/dL if the participant had not fasted) and hypertension (systolic BP≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP≥90 mm Hg). Results Of the 1 320 555 adults, 701 408 (53.1%) were women. The crude prevalence of diabetes and hypertension was 7.5% (95% CI, 7.3%-7.7%) and 25.3% (95% CI, 25.0%-25.6%), respectively. Notably, hypertension was common even among younger age groups (eg, 18-25 years: 12.1%; 95% CI, 11.8%-12.5%). Being in the richest household wealth quintile compared with being in the poorest quintile was associated with only a modestly higher probability of diabetes (rural: 2.81 percentage points; 95% CI, 2.53-3.08 and urban: 3.47 percentage points; 95% CI, 3.03-3.91) and hypertension (rural: 4.15 percentage points; 95% CI, 3.68-4.61 and urban: 3.01 percentage points; 95% CI, 2.38-3.65). The differences in the probability of both conditions by educational category were generally small (≤2 percentage points). Among states, the crude prevalence of diabetes and hypertension varied from 3.2% (95% CI, 2.7%-3.7%) to 19.9% (95% CI, 17.6%-22.3%), and 18.0% (95% CI, 16.6%-19.5%) to 41.6% (95% CI, 37.8%-45.5%), respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Diabetes and hypertension prevalence is high in middle and old age across all geographical areas and sociodemographic groups in India, and hypertension prevalence among young adults is higher than previously thought. Evidence on the variations in prevalence by state, age group, and rural vs urban location is critical to effectively target diabetes and hypertension prevention, screening, and treatment programs to those most in need.
TL;DR: The performance of the missing transverse momentum reconstruction with the ATLAS detector is evaluated using data collected in proton–proton collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 2015.
Abstract: The performance of the missing transverse momentum ( ETmiss ) reconstruction with the ATLAS detector is evaluated using data collected in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 2015. To reconstruct ETmiss , fully calibrated electrons, muons, photons, hadronically decaying τ-leptons , and jets reconstructed from calorimeter energy deposits and charged-particle tracks are used. These are combined with the soft hadronic activity measured by reconstructed charged-particle tracks not associated with the hard objects. Possible double counting of contributions from reconstructed charged-particle tracks from the inner detector, energy deposits in the calorimeter, and reconstructed muons from the muon spectrometer is avoided by applying a signal ambiguity resolution procedure which rejects already used signals when combining the various ETmiss contributions. The individual terms as well as the overall reconstructed ETmiss are evaluated with various performance metrics for scale (linearity), resolution, and sensitivity to the data-taking conditions. The method developed to determine the systematic uncertainties of the ETmiss scale and resolution is discussed. Results are shown based on the full 2015 data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.2fb-1 .
TL;DR: A comparison between probabilistic and deterministic detection schemes is presented showing that the former, while ubiquitous, negates the very benefit of increased dimensionality in quantum communication while reducing signal in classical communication links.
Abstract: Vector vortex beams are structured states of light that are nonseparable in their polarisation and spatial mode, they are eigenmodes of free-space and many fiber systems, and have the capacity to be used as information carriers for both classical and quantum communication. Here, we outline recent progress in our understanding of these modes, from their creation to their characterization and detection. We then use these tools to study their propagation behavior in free-space and optical fiber and show that modal cross-talk results in a decay of vector states into separable scalar modes, with a concomitant loss of information. We present a comparison between probabilistic and deterministic detection schemes showing that the former, while ubiquitous, negates the very benefit of increased dimensionality in quantum communication while reducing signal in classical communication links. This work provides a useful introduction to the field as well as presenting new findings and perspectives to advance it further.
TL;DR: In this article, a search was performed for resonant and non-resonant Higgs boson pair production in the $ \upgamma \ upgamma b\overline{b} $ final state.
Abstract: A search is performed for resonant and non-resonant Higgs boson pair production in the $ \upgamma \upgamma b\overline{b} $ final state. The data set used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb$^{−1}$ of proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. No significant excess relative to the Standard Model expectation is observed. The observed limit on the non-resonant Higgs boson pair cross-section is 0.73 pb at 95% confidence level. This observed limit is equivalent to 22 times the predicted Standard Model cross-section. The Higgs boson self-coupling (κ$_{λ}$ = λ$_{HHH}$/λ$_{HHH}^{SM}$ ) is constrained at 95% confidence level to −8.2 < κ$_{λ}$ < 13.2. For resonant Higgs boson pair production through $ X\to HH\to \upgamma \upgamma b\overline{b} $ , the limit is presented, using the narrow-width approximation, as a function of m$_{X}$ in the range 260 GeV < m$_{X}$ < 1000 GeV. The observed limits range from 1.1 pb to 0.12 pb over this mass range.
University of Leicester1, University of Edinburgh2, Stockholm Environment Institute3, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences4, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill5, China Meteorological Administration6, Norwegian Meteorological Institute7, Forschungszentrum Jülich8, University of Maryland, College Park9, University of the Witwatersrand10, Norwegian Institute for Air Research11, Chinese Academy of Sciences12
TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantified the present-day global and regional distributions (2010-2014) and trends for five ozone metrics relevant for short-term and long-term human exposure, including 4 th highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone (4MDA8), number of days with MDA8 > 70 ppb (NDGT70), SOMO35 (annual Sum of Ozone Means Over 35 ppb), and two seasonally averaged metrics (3MMDA1; AVGMDA8).
Abstract: This study quantifies the present-day global and regional distributions (2010–2014) and trends (2000–2014) for five ozone metrics relevant for short-term and long-term human exposure These metrics, calculated by the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report, are: 4 th highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone (4MDA8); number of days with MDA8 > 70 ppb (NDGT70), SOMO35 (annual Sum of Ozone Means Over 35 ppb) and two seasonally averaged metrics (3MMDA1; AVGMDA8) These metrics were explored at ozone monitoring sites worldwide, which were classified as urban or non-urban based on population and nighttime lights data Present-day distributions of 4MDA8 and NDGT70, determined predominantly by peak values, are similar with highest levels in western North America, southern Europe and East Asia For the other three metrics, distributions are similar with North–South gradients more prominent across Europe and Japan Between 2000 and 2014, significant negative trends in 4MDA8 and NDGT70 occur at most US and some European sites In contrast, significant positive trends are found at many sites in South Korea and Hong Kong, with mixed trends across Japan The other three metrics have similar, negative trends for many non-urban North American and some European and Japanese sites, and positive trends across much of East Asia Globally, metrics at many sites exhibit non-significant trends At 59% of all sites there is a common direction and significance in the trend across all five metrics, whilst 4MDA8 and NDGT70 have a common trend at ~80% of all sites Sensitivity analysis shows AVGMDA8 trends differ with averaging period (warm season or annual) Trends are unchanged at many sites when a 1995–2014 period is used; although fewer sites exhibit non-significant trends Over the longer period 1970–2014, most Japanese sites exhibit positive 4MDA8/SOMO35 trends Insufficient data exist to characterize ozone trends for the rest of Asia and other world regions
TL;DR: In this paper, the mass of the $W$ boson was measured based on proton-proton collision data recorded in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC.
Abstract: A measurement of the mass of the $W$ boson is presented based on proton-proton collision data recorded in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, and corresponding to 4.6 fb$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity. The selected data sample consists of $7.8 \times 10^6$ candidates in the $W\rightarrow \mu
u$ channel and $5.9 \times 10^6$ candidates in the $W\rightarrow e
u$ channel. The $W$-boson mass is obtained from template fits to the reconstructed distributions of the charged lepton transverse momentum and of the $W$ boson transverse mass in the electron and muon decay channels, yielding \begin{eqnarray} m_W &=& 80370 \pm 7 \, (\textrm{stat.}) \pm 11 \, (\textrm{exp. syst.}) \pm 14 \, (\textrm{mod. syst.}) \, \textrm{MeV} &=& 80370 \pm 19 \, \textrm{MeV}, \end{eqnarray} where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second corresponds to the experimental systematic uncertainty, and the third to the physics-modelling systematic uncertainty. A measurement of the mass difference between the $W^+$ and $W^-$ bosons yields $m_{W^+}-m_{W^-} = -29 \pm 28$ MeV.
TL;DR: A retrospective cohort analysis of routinely reported data in the context of high HIV and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis prevalence showed that bedaquiline-based treatment regimens were associated with a large reduction in mortality in patients with drug- resistant tuberculosis, compared with the standard regimen.
TL;DR: Theseus as mentioned in this paper is a space mission concept aimed at exploiting Gamma-Ray Bursts for investigating the early Universe and at providing a substantial advancement of multi-messenger and time-domain astrophysics.
TL;DR: Interventions to engage men in maternal and newborn health can increase care-seeking, improve home care practices, and support more equitable couple communication and decision-making for maternal and childbirth health.
Abstract: Background
Emerging evidence and program experience indicate that engaging men in maternal and newborn health can have considerable health benefits for women and children in low- and middle-income countries. Previous reviews have identified male involvement as a promising intervention, but with a complex evidence base and limited direct evidence of effectiveness for mortality and morbidity outcomes.
Objective
To determine the effect of interventions to engage men during pregnancy, childbirth and infancy on mortality and morbidity, as well as effects on mechanisms by which male involvement is hypothesised to influence mortality and morbidity outcomes: home care practices, care-seeking, and couple relationships.
Methods
Using a comprehensive, highly sensitive mapping of maternal health intervention studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2012, we identified interventions that have engaged men to improve maternal and newborn health. Primary outcomes were care-seeking for essential services, mortality and morbidity, and home care practices. Secondary outcomes relating to couple relationships were extracted from included studies.
Results
Thirteen studies from nine countries were included. Interventions to engage men were associated with improved antenatal care attendance, skilled birth attendance, facility birth, postpartum care, birth and complications preparedness and maternal nutrition. The impact of interventions on mortality, morbidity and breastfeeding was less clear. Included interventions improved male partner support for women and increased couple communication and joint decision-making, with ambiguous effects on women’s autonomy.
Conclusion
Interventions to engage men in maternal and newborn health can increase care-seeking, improve home care practices, and support more equitable couple communication and decision-making for maternal and newborn health. These findings support engaging men as a health promotion strategy, although evidence gaps remain around effects on mortality and morbidity. Findings also indicate that interventions to increase male involvement should be carefully designed and implemented to mitigate potential harmful effects on couple relationship dynamics.
University of Sydney1, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences2, Defenders of Wildlife3, University of California, Berkeley4, Paul Smith's College5, University of Ljubljana6, University of Oxford7, University of the Witwatersrand8, Yale University9, Oregon State University10, University of Washington11, Deakin University12, Wildlife Conservation Society13, Norwegian University of Life Sciences14, University of Wisconsin-Madison15
TL;DR: Evidence of effectiveness should be a prerequisite to policy making or large-scale funding of any method or, at a minimum, should be measured during implementation, and an appropriate evidence base is needed.
Abstract: Carnivore predation on livestock often leads people to retaliate Persecution by humans has contributed strongly to global endangerment of carnivores Preventing livestock losses would help to achieve three goals common to many human societies: preserve nature, protect animal welfare, and safeguard human livelihoods Between 2016 and 2018, four independent reviews evaluated >40 years of research on lethal and nonlethal interventions for reducing predation on livestock From 114 studies, we find a striking conclusion: scarce quantitative comparisons of interventions and scarce comparisons against experimental controls preclude strong inference about the effectiveness of methods For wise investment of public resources in protecting livestock and carnivores, evidence of effectiveness should be a prerequisite to policy making or large-scale funding of any method or, at a minimum, should be measured during implementation An appropriate evidence base is needed, and we recommend a coalition of scientists and managers be formed to establish and encourage use of consistent standards in future experimental evaluations