Showing papers by "University of Tokyo published in 1994"
Tohoku University1, University of Zurich2, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory3, Stanford University4, College of William & Mary5, University of Urbino6, CERN7, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics8, University of California, Irvine9, Cornell University10, Argonne National Laboratory11, ETH Zurich12, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research13, Hillsdale College14, Spanish National Research Council15, Ohio State University16, University of Notre Dame17, Kent State University18, University of California, San Diego19, University of California, Berkeley20, University of Minnesota21, University of Alabama22, University of Helsinki23, Los Alamos National Laboratory24, California Institute of Technology25, George Washington University26, Syracuse University27, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory28, Oklahoma State University–Stillwater29, University of Washington30, Max Planck Society31, Boston University32, University of California, Los Angeles33, Royal Holloway, University of London34, Université Paris-Saclay35, University of Pennsylvania36, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign37, University of Bristol38, University of Tokyo39, University of Delaware40, Carnegie Mellon University41, University of California, Santa Cruz42, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology43, Heidelberg University44, Florida State University45, University of Mainz46, University of Edinburgh47, Brookhaven National Laboratory48, Durham University49, University of Lausanne50, Massachusetts Institute of Technology51, University of Southampton52, Nagoya University53, University of Oxford54, Northwestern University55, University of British Columbia56, Columbia University57, Lund University58, University of Sheffield59, University of California, Santa Barbara60, Iowa State University61, University of Alberta62, University of Cambridge63
TL;DR: This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics using data from previous editions, plus 2205 new measurements from 667 papers, and features expanded coverage of CP violation in B mesons and of neutrino oscillations.
Abstract: This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2205 new measurements from 667 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. This edition features expanded coverage of CP violation in B mesons and of neutrino oscillations. For the first time we cover searches for evidence of extra dimensions (both in the particle listings and in a new review). Another new review is on Grand Unified Theories. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http://pdg.lbl.gov.
5,143 citations
TL;DR: Two familial AD cortices with the mutation of beta-amyloid protein precursor 717 (beta APP717) (Val to Ile) showed a remarkable predominance of A beta 42(43)-positive, A beta 40-negative plaques.
1,675 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the reconnection region as the site of particle acceleration, suggesting that the basic physics of the magnetic reconnection process may be common to both types of flares.
Abstract: SOLAR flares are thought to be the result of magnetic reconnection — the merging of antiparallel magnetic fields and the consequent release of magnetic energy. Flares are classified into two types1: compact and two-ribbon. The two-ribbon flares, which appear as slowly-developing, long-lived large loops, are understood theoretically2–6 as arising from an eruption of a solar prominence that pulls magnetic field lines upward into the corona. As the field lines form an inverted Y-shaped structure and relax, the reconnection of the field lines takes place. This view has been supported by recent observations7–10. A different mechanism seemed to be required, however, to produce the short-lived, impulsive compact flares. Here we report observations made with the Yohkoh11 Hard X-ray Telescope12 and Soft X-ray Telescope13, which show a compact flare with a geometry similar to that of a two-ribbon flare. We identify the reconnection region as the site of particle acceleration, suggesting that the basic physics of the reconnection process (which remains uncertain) may be common to both types of flare.
1,121 citations
TL;DR: Despite continued enforced overproduction of cyclins and cdk4, the assembly of cyclin D-cdk4 complexes and the appearance of their kinase activities remained dependent upon serum stimulation, indicating that upstream regulators must govern formation of the active enzymes.
Abstract: D-type cyclin-dependent kinase activities have not so far been detected in mammalian cells. Lysis of rodent fibroblasts, mouse macrophages, or myeloid cells with Tween 20 followed by precipitation with antibodies to cyclins D1, D2, and D3 or to their major catalytic partner, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4), yielded kinase activities in immune complexes which readily phosphorylated the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) but not histone H1 or casein. Virtually all cyclin D1-dependent kinase activity in proliferating macrophages and fibroblasts could be attributed to cdk4. When quiescent cells were stimulated by growth factors to enter the cell cycle, cyclin D1-dependent kinase activity was first detected in mid G1, reached a maximum near the G1/S transition, and remained elevated in proliferating cells. The rate of appearance of kinase activity during G1 phase lagged significantly behind cyclin induction and correlated with the more delayed accumulation of cdk4 and formation of cyclin D1-cdk4 complexes. Thus, cyclin D1-associated kinase activity was not detected during the G0-to-G1 transition, which occurs within the first few hours following growth factor stimulation. Rodent fibroblasts engineered to constitutively overexpress either cyclin D1 alone or cyclin D3 together with cdk4 exhibited greatly elevated cyclin D-dependent kinase activity, which remained absent in quiescent cells but rose to supraphysiologic levels as cells progressed through G1. Therefore, despite continued enforced overproduction of cyclins and cdk4, the assembly of cyclin D-cdk4 complexes and the appearance of their kinase activities remained dependent upon serum stimulation, indicating that upstream regulators must govern formation of the active enzymes.
1,097 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that mice homozygous for targeted disruption of the IRS-1 gene were born alive but were retarded in embryonal and postnatal growth and the exis-tence of both IRS- 1-dependent and IRS-2-independent pathways for signal transduction of insulin and IGFs is suggested.
Abstract: INSULIN receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is the major substrate of insulin receptor and IGF-1 receptor tyrosine kinases; it has an apparent relative molecular mass of 160–190,000 (Mr, 160–190K) on SDS polyacrylamide gel1–3. Tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS-1 binds the 85K subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase4,5 which may be involved in the translocation of glucose transporters6,7 and the abundant src homology protein (ASH)/Grb28,9 which may be involved in activation of p2lras and MAP kinase cascade10. IRS-1 also has binding sites for Syp11 and Nck12 and other src homology 2 (SH2) signalling molecules10. To clarify the physiological roles of IRS-1 in vivo, we made mice with a targeted disruption of the IRS-1 gene locus. Mice homozygous for targeted disruption of the IRS-1 gene were born alive but were retarded in embryonal and postnatal growth. They also had resistance to the glucose-lowering effects of insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-2. These data suggest the exis-tence of both IRS-1-dependent and IRS-1-independent pathways for signal transduction of insulin and IGFs.
1,050 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that ET-1 is essential for normal mouse development and may also play a physiological role in cardiovascular homeostasis.
Abstract: The endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene was disrupted in mouse embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination to generate mice deficient in ET-1. These ET-1-/- homozygous mice die of respiratory failure at birth and have morphological abnormalities of the pharyngeal-arch-derived craniofacial tissues and organs. ET-1+/- heterozygous mice, which produce lower levels of ET-1 than wild-type mice, develop elevated blood pressure. These results suggest that ET-1 is essential for normal mouse development and may also play a physiological role in cardiovascular homeostasis.
995 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that activation of wortmannin-sensitive PI 3-kinase plays a pivotal role in the intracellular signaling pathways arising from the insulin receptor autophosphorylation and leading to certain metabolic responses.
937 citations
01 Dec 1994
TL;DR: A novel task instruction method for future intelligent robots that learns reusable task plans by watching a human perform assembly tasks is presented, which results in a hierarchical task plan describing the higher level structure of the task.
Abstract: A novel task instruction method for future intelligent robots is presented, In our method, a robot learns reusable task plans by watching a human perform assembly tasks. Functional units and working algorithms for visual recognition and analysis of human action sequences are presented. The overall system is model based and integrated at the symbolic level. Temporal segmentation of a continuous task performance into meaningful units and identification of each operation is processed in real time by concurrent recognition processes under active attention control. Dependency among assembly operations in the recognized action sequence is analyzed, which results in a hierarchical task plan describing the higher level structure of the task. In another workspace with a different initial state, the system re-instantiates and executes the task plan to accomplish an equivalent goal. The effectiveness of our method is supported by experimental results with block assembly tasks. >
748 citations
TL;DR: The results argue against the suggested role of tau in axonal elongation but confirm that it is crucial in the stabilization and organization of axonal microtubules in a certain type of axon.
Abstract: The tau gene encodes a protein (Tau) that is a major neuronal microtubule-associated protein localized mostly in axons. It has microtubule-binding and tubulin-polymerizing activity in vitro and is thought to make short crossbridges between axonal microtubules. Further, tau-transfected non-neuronal cells extend long axon-like processes in which microtubule bundles resembling those in axons are formed. In contrast, tau antisense oligonucleotides selectively suppress axonal elongation in cultured neurons. Thus tau is thought to be essential for neuronal cell morphogenesis, especially axonal elongation and maintenance. To test this hypothesis, we used gene targeting to produce mice lacking the tau gene. We show that the nervous system of tau-deficient mice appears to be normal immunohistologically. Furthermore, axonal elongation is not affected in cultured neurons. But in some small-calibre axons, microtubule stability is decreased and microtubule organization is significantly changed. We observed an increase in microtubule-associated protein 1A which may compensate for the functions of tau in large-calibre axons. Our results argue against the suggested role of tau in axonal elongation but confirm that it is crucial in the stabilization and organization of axonal microtubules in a certain type of axon.
748 citations
TL;DR: The DRPLA patients had an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat in a gene on the short arm of chromosome 12 that showed a close correlation with age of onset of symptoms and disease severity.
Abstract: Dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by combined systemic degeneration of the dentatofugal and pallidofugal pathways. We investigated a candidate gene and found that DRPLA patients had an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat in a gene on the short arm of chromosome 12. The repeat size varied from 7–23 in normal individuals. In patients one allele was expanded to between 49–75 repeats or occasionally even more. Expansion was usually associated with paternal transmission and only occasionally with maternal transmission. Repeat size showed a close correlation with age of onset of symptoms and disease severity. We conclude that DRPLA is the seventh genetic disorder known to be associated with expansion of an unstable trinucleotide repeat.
718 citations
TL;DR: The Geotail spacecraft carries a high-resolution Magnetic Field Experiment to provide magnetic field data in the frequency range below 50 Hz as mentioned in this paper, which includes dual fluxgate magnetometers and a search coil magnetometer.
Abstract: The Geotail spacecraft carries a high-resolution Magnetic Field Experiment to provide magnetic field data in the frequency range below 50 Hz. This experiment includes dual fluxgate magnetometers and a search coil magnetometer. Fluxgate sensors are mounted at distances of 4 m and 6 m from the spacecraft on a deployable mast to reduce spacecraft-generated noises. Both outboard and inboard fluxgate magnetometers have 7 automatically switchable ranges from ±16 nT to ±65536 nT (full scale) and resolutions equivalent to a 15-bit A/D conversion in each range. The basic sampling rate for the A/D conversion is 128 Hz for both magnetometers
TL;DR: Unlike the conventional methods that label the 5' end of cDNAs, this method specifically labels the capped end of the mRNAs with a synthetic r-oligo prior to first-strand cDNA synthesis.
TL;DR: The problem of model selection, or determination of the number of hidden units, can be approached statistically, by generalizing Akaike's information criterion (AIC) to be applicable to unfaithful models with general loss criteria including regularization terms.
Abstract: The problem of model selection, or determination of the number of hidden units, can be approached statistically, by generalizing Akaike's information criterion (AIC) to be applicable to unfaithful (i.e., unrealizable) models with general loss criteria including regularization terms. The relation between the training error and the generalization error is studied in terms of the number of the training examples and the complexity of a network which reduces to the number of parameters in the ordinary statistical theory of AIC. This relation leads to a new network information criterion which is useful for selecting the optimal network model based on a given training set. >
TL;DR: The antiquity and primitive morphology of A. ramidus suggests that it represents a long-sought potential root species for the Hominidae.
Abstract: Seventeen hominoid fossils recovered from Pliocene strata at Aramis, Middle Awash, Ethiopia make up a series comprising dental, cranial and postcranial specimens dated to around 4.4 million years ago. When compared with Australopithecus afarensis and with modern and fossil apes the Aramis fossil hominids are recognized as a new species of Australopithecus--A. ramidus sp. nov. The antiquity and primitive morphology of A. ramidus suggests that it represents a long-sought potential root species for the Hominidae.
TL;DR: Data suggested that KIF1B works as a monomeric motor for anterograde transport of mitochondria, and purified K1F1B could transport mitochondria along microtubules in vitro.
TL;DR: Infrared, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance studies show a drastic reduction of icosahedral symmetry, as might occur if the C60 molecules are linked, in accord with the reduced solubility of the pressure-induced phases.
Abstract: The fullerene C60 can be converted into two different structures by high pressure and temperature. They are metastable and revert to pristine C60 on reheating to 300°C at ambient pressure. For synthesis temperatures between 300° and 400°C and pressures of 5 gigapascals, a nominal face-centered-cubic structure is produced with a lattice parameter ao = 13.6 angstroms. When treated at 500° to 800°C at the same pressure, C60 transforms into a rhombohedral structure with hexagonal lattice parameters of ao = 9.22 angstroms and co = 24.6 angstroms. The intermolecular distance is small enough that a chemical bond can form, in accord with the reduced solubility of the pressure-induced phases. Infrared, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance studies show a drastic reduction of icosahedral symmetry, as might occur if the C60 molecules are linked.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the resistivity changes with the magnitude of temperature or field-induced magnetization in a single crystal of La 1-x Sr x MnO 3 near the critical composition (x ≈ 0.17).
Abstract: Giant magnetotransport phenomena including the field-induced nonmetal-metal transition have been found in single crystals of La 1- x Sr x MnO 3 near the critical composition ( x ≈0.17) for the nonmetal-metal transition and in the temperature region around the magnetic phase transition. Change of the resistivity shows a universal curve as a function of the magnitude of temperature- or field-induced magnetization, the most of which agrees with the prediction by the D =∞ and S =∞ Kondo lattice model with strong ferromagnetic (Hund) coupling.
TL;DR: The low energy particle (LEP) instrument onboard GEOTAIL is designed to make comprehensive observations of plasma and energetic electrons and ions with fine temporal resolution in the terrestrial magnetosphere (mainly magnetotail) and in the interplanetary medium as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The low energy particle (LEP) instrument onboard GEOTAIL is designed to make comprehensive observations of plasma and energetic electrons and ions with fine temporal resolution in the terrestrial magnetosphere (mainly magnetotail) and in the interplanetary medium. It consists of three units of sensors (LEP-EA, LEP-SW and LEP-MS) and a common electronics (LEP-E). The Energy-per-charge Analyzers (EA) measure three-dimensional velocity distributions of electrons (with EA-e) and ions (with EA-i), simultaneously and separately, over the. energy-per-charge range of several eV/q to 43 keV/q. Emphasis in the EA design is laid on the large geometrical factor to measure tenuous plasma in the magnetotail with sufficient counting statistics in the high-time-resolution measurement. On the other hand, the Solar Wind ion analyzer (SW) has smaller geometrical factor, but fine angular and energy resolutions, to measure energy-per-charge spectra of the solar wind ions. In both EA and SW sensors, the complete three-dimensional velocity distributions can only be obtained in a period of four spins, while the velocity moments up to the third order are calculated onboard every spin period (nominally, 3 sec). The energetic-ion Mass Spectrometer (MS) can provide three-dimensional determinations of the ion composition. In this paper, we describe the instrumentation and present some examples of the inflight measurements.
TL;DR: Diabetes mellitus associated with the A-->G mutation at position 3243 of mitochondrial leucine transfer RNA represents a subtype of diabetes found in both patients with IDDM and patients with NIDDM in Japan.
Abstract: Background Several families have been described in which a mutation of mitochondrial DNA, the substitution of guanine for adenine (A-to-G) at position 3243 of leucine transfer RNA, is associated with diabetes mellitus and deafness. The prevalence, clinical features, and pathophysiology of diabetes with this mutation are largely undefined. Methods We studied 55 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and a family history of diabetes (group 1), 85 patients with IDDM and no family history of diabetes (group 2), 100 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and a family history of diabetes (group 3), and 5 patients with diabetes and deafness (group 4) for the mutation. We also studied the prevalence and characteristics of diabetes in 39 patients with a syndrome consisting of mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes who were known to have the mutation and 127 of their relatives (group 5). Results We identified 16 unrelated patients w...
TL;DR: In this article, the Kamiokande detector was used to study the atmospheric (v μ + v μ ) (v e + v e ) ratio in the multi-GeV energy range.
TL;DR: Findings suggest that H2O2 acts as a mediator for the TGF-beta 1-induced transcription of egr-1 gene.
Abstract: TGF-beta 1 controls the expression of numerous genes, including early response and cellular matrix genes. However, the signal-transducing mechanism underlying this regulation of gene expression is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether redox regulation plays a role in the TGF-beta 1 signal transduction in the mouse osteoblastic cell line (MC3T3-E1). The overall intracellular oxidized state of the cells, when measured using 29,79-dichlorofluorescin diacetate by laser-scanning confocal microscopy, was increased transiently after the addition of TGF-beta 1. This increase was abolished by the addition of oxygen radical scavengers such as catalase and N-acetylcysteine. In a variant cell line lacking the TGF-beta 1 receptor, the intracellular oxidized state was not modulated by treatment with TGF-beta 1. We then examined the expression of early growth response-1 (egr-1) gene, which is inducible by TGF-beta 1 and H2O2. Radical scavengers inhibited the induction of egr-1 by TGF-beta 1, but not that by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate. A nuclear run-on assay indicated that this inhibition was at the transcriptional level. From transient expression experiments using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene linked to serially deleted egr-1 gene 59-upstream region, the CArG element in the 59 flanking region of egr-1 was identified as an essential sequence in the transcriptional activation for both TGF-beta 1 and H2O2 stimulation. These findings suggest that H2O2 acts as a mediator for the TGF-beta 1-induced transcription of egr-1 gene.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify a protein encoded by the causative gene (LIS-1) for Miller-Dieker lissencephaly, a human brain malformation manifested by a smooth cerebral surface and abnormal neuronal migration.
Abstract: PLATELET-ACTIVATING factor (PAF) is involved in a variety of biological and pathological processes1 and PAF acetylhydrolase, which inactivates PAF by removing the acetyl group at the sn-2 position, is widely distributed in plasma and tissue cytosols2,3. One isoform of PAF acetylhydrolase present in bovine brain cortex is a heterotrimer comprising subunits with relative molecular masses of 45K, 30K and 29K (ref. 4). We have now isolated the comple-mentary DNA for the 45K subunit. Sequence analysis revealed a striking identity (99%) of the subunit with a protein encoded by the causative gene (LIS-1) for Miller-Dieker lissencephaly5, a human brain malformation manifested by a smooth cerebral surface and abnormal neuronal migration. This indicates that the LIS-1 gene product is a human homologue of the 45K subunit of intracellular PAF acetylhydrolase. Our results raise the possibility that PAF and PAF acetylhydrolase are important in the formation of the brain cortex during differentiation and development.
TL;DR: Results strongly suggest that LMB primarily inhibits the function of the crm1 gene which is required for maintaining higher order chromosome structures, correct gene expression, and cell growth in the fission yeast.
01 May 1994
TL;DR: A 17 GHz radio interferometer dedicated for solar observations was constructed in two years at Nobeyama, Nagano as discussed by the authors, which consists of eighty-four 80cm-diameter antennas arranged in a tee-shaped array extending 490 m in east-west and 220 m in north-south directions.
Abstract: A new 17-GHz radio interferometer dedicated for solar observations was constructed in two years at Nobeyama, Nagano It consists of eighty-four 80-cm-diameter antennas arranged in a tee-shaped array extending 490 m in east-west and 220 m in north-south directions Since late June of 1992, radio full-disk images of the Sun have been observed for 8 h every day The spatial resolution is 10" and the temporal resolution is 1 s and also 50 ms for selected events Every 10 s correlator data are synthesized into images in real time and displayed on a monitor screen The array configuration is optimized to observe the whole Sun with high spatial and temporal resolution and a high dynamic range of images Image quality of better than 20 dB is realized by incorporation of technical advances in hardware and software, such as (1) low-loss phase-stable optical-fiber cables for local reference signal and IF signals, (2) newly developed phase-stable local oscillators, (3) custom CMOS gate-array LSTs of 1-b quadraphase correlators for 4/spl times/4 combinations, and (4) new image processing techniques to suppress large sidelobe effects due to the solar disk and extended sources >
TL;DR: It is concluded that wortmannin abolished the formyl peptide-induced stimulation of neutrophils as a result of the inhibition of PI 3-kinase, thus evidenced with the use of wortmanin will be expanded to other cellular signaling systems.
TL;DR: The method maintained the viral infectivity after 10-fold concentration and seemed to remove more than 99.9% of carried-over proteins, and it was shown that the buffers for dialyzing the purified virions influenced the stability of infectivity.
Abstract: Recently, the adenovirus expression vector attracts much attention for the application to gene therapy and the method to purify and concentrate adenovirus without loss of infectivity has become very important, especially for animal experiments and gene therapy of humans. In this report, we show a simple and efficient method for purifying infectious adenovirus. The method consists of sequential centrifugation in CsCl step gradients without loss of infectivity and can be completed in one day. The method maintained the viral infectivity after 10-fold concentration and seemed to remove more than 99.9% of carried-over proteins. We showed also that the buffers for dialyzing the purified virions influenced the stability of infectivity. The buffers of 10 mM HEPES-1 mM EDTA-10% glycerol and PBS(-)-10% glycerol resulted in higher stability than did 10 mM HEPES-1 mM MgCl2-10% glycerol. The method is may be useful in many applications of recombinant adenovirus.
TL;DR: Results indicate that in mice Mos plays a role in the second meiotic metaphase arrest, but does not seem to be essential for the initiation of oocyte maturation, spermatogenesis or somatic cell cycle.
Abstract: IN Xenopus the c-mos proto-oncogene product (Mos) is essential for the initiation of oocyte maturation1, for the progression from meiosis I to meiosis II2,3 and for the second meiotic metaphase arrest, acting as an essential component of the cytostatic factor CSF4,5. Its function in mouse oocytes is unclear6–9, however, as is the biological significance of c-mos mRNA expression in testes1,10 and several somatic tissues1,10,11. We have generated c-mos-deficient mice by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. These mice grew at the same rate as their wild-type counterparts and reproduction was normal in the males, but the fertility of the females was very low. The c-mos-deficient female mice developed ovarian teratomas at a high frequency. Oocytes from these females matured to the second meiotic metaphase both in vivo and in vitro, but were activated without fertilization. The results indicate that in mice Mos plays a role in the second meiotic metaphase arrest, but does not seem to be essential for the initiation of oocyte maturation, spermatogenesis or somatic cell cycle.
TL;DR: In this paper, a system of functional relations among a commuting family of row-to-row transfer matrices in solvable lattice models is studied and the role of exact sequences of the finite-dimensional quantum group modules is clarified.
Abstract: We study a system of functional relations among a commuting family of row-to-row transfer matrices in solvable lattice models. The role of exact sequences of the finite-dimensional quantum group modules is clarified. We find a curious phenomenon where the solutions of those functional relations also solve the so-called thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations in the high temperature limit for sl(r+1) models. Based on this observation, we propose possible functional relations for models associated with all the simple Lie algebras. We show that these functional relations certainly fulfill strong constraints coming from the fusion procedure analysis. The application to the calculations of physical quantities will be presented in the subsequent paper.
TL;DR: High-resolution microscopic analysis and detailed structural analysis have indicated clearly that differences in the amino-terminal projection region of MAPs can determine differential organization of MT bundles, and thus influence the characteristic organization of microtubule domains in dendrites and axons.
TL;DR: In this article, a method for determining axial dispersion coefficient in fiber beds based on bed properties is introduced, which is an important factor in determining breakthrough behavior of the bed, and the state of the art in activated carbon fiber (ACF) development in Japanese industry and emerging applications are reviewed.