Showing papers by "University of Toronto published in 1979"
TL;DR: The EAT was validated using 2 groups of female anorexia nervosa patients and female control subjects and total EAT score was significantly correlated with criterion group membership, suggesting a high level of concurrent validity.
Abstract: Data on the development of a 40-item measure of the symptoms in anorexia nervosa are reported. The scale (EAT) is presented in a 6-point, forced choice, self-report format which is easily administered and scored. The EAT was validated using 2 groups of female anorexia nervosa patients (N = 32 and 33) and female control subjects (N = 34 and 59). Total EAT score was significantly correlated with criterion group membership (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001), suggesting a high level of concurrent validity. There was very little overlap in the frequency distributions of the 2 groups and only 7% of the normal controls scored as high as the lowest anorexic patient. Female obese and male subjects also scored significantly lower on the EAT than anorexics. Recovered anorexic patients scored in the normal range on the test, suggesting that the EAT is sensitive to clinical remission.
3,351 citations
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors established global convergence for a class of adaptive control algorithms applied to discrete time MIMO deterministic linear systems and showed that the algorithms will ensure that the system inputs and outputs remain bounded for all time and that the output tracking error converges to zero.
Abstract: This paper establishes global convergence for a class of adaptive control algorithms applied to discrete time multi-input multi-output deterministic linear systems. It is shown that the algorithms will ensure that the system inputs and outputs remain bounded for all time and that the output tracking error converges to zero.
874 citations
TL;DR: This paper explores the truism that people think about what they say and proposes that, to satisfy their own goals, people often plan their speech acts to affect their listeners' beliefs, goals, and emotional states.
721 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrated that moving displays of happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger and disgust were recognized more accurately than static displays of the white spots at the apex of the expressions, indicating that facial motion, in the absence of information about the shape and position of facial features, is informative about these basic emotions.
Abstract: In order to investigate the role of facial movement in the recognition of emotions, faces were covered with black makeup and white spots. Video recordings of such faces were played back so that only the white spots were visible. The results demonstrated that moving displays of happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger and disgust were recognized more accurately than static displays of the white spots at the apex of the expressions. This indicated that facial motion, in the absence of information about the shape and position of facial features, is informative about these basic emotions. Normally illuminated dynamic displays of these expressions, however, were recognized more accurately than displays of moving spots. The relative effectiveness of upper and lower facial areas for the recognition of these six emotions was also investigated using normally illuminated and spots-only displays. In both instances the results indicated that different facial regions are more informative for different emitions. The movement patterns characterizing the various emotional expressions as well as common confusions between emotions are also discussed.
637 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a network analytic approach to the community question in order to separate the study of communities from neighborhoods, and find that both the saved and liberated arguments proposed viable network patterns under appropriate conditions, for social systems as well as individuals.
Abstract: We propose a network analytic approach to the community question in order to separate the study of communities from the study of neighborhoods. Three arguments about the community question-that "community" has been "lost," "saved," or "liberated"-are reviewed for their development, network depictions, imagery, policy implications, and current status. The lost argument contends that communal ties have become attenuated in industrial bureaucratic societies; the saved argument contends that neighborhood communities remain as important sources of sociability, support and mediation with formal institutions; the liberated argument maintains that while communal ties still flourish, they have dispersed beyond the neighborhood and are no longer clustered in solidary communities. Our review finds that both the saved and liberated arguments proposed viable network patterns under appropriate conditions, for social systems as well as individuals.
619 citations
TL;DR: In this article, physically attractive or unattractive male and female communicator-subjects delivered a persuasive message to target-subjec ts of each sex, and the results indicated that attractive (vs. unattractive) communicators induced significantly greater persuasion on both a verbal and behavioral measure of target agreement.
Abstract: In a field setting, physically attractive or unattractive male and female communicator-subjects delivered a persuasive message to target-subjec ts of each sex. Results indicated that attractive (vs. unattractive) communicators induced significantly greater persuasion on both a verbal and behavioral measure of target agreement. In addition, female targets indicated greater agreement than did male targets. Data gathered from communicator-subjects during an earlier laboratory session indicated that physically attractive and unattractive communicators differed with respect to several communication skills and other attributes relevant to communicator persuasiveness, including grade point average, Scholastic Aptitude Test scores, and several measures of self-evaluati on. These findings suggest that attractive individuals may be more persuasive than unattractive persons partly because they possess characteristics that dispose them to be more effective communicators. Experimental evidence regarding the effect of communicator physical attractiveness on persuasion is equivocal. Although two studies have demonstrated that attractiveness can significantly enhance a male communicator's persuasiveness with both male and female message recipients (Horai, Naccari, & Fatoullah, 1974; Snyder & Rothbart, 1971), the majority of published experiments have failed to obtain significant attractiveness effects or have obtained interactions between attractiveness and other variables (Chaiken, Eagly, Sejwacz, Gregory, & Christensen, 1978; Mills & Aronson, 1965; Blass, Alperstein, & Block, Note 1). For example, Mills and Aronson (196S), using a female communicator and male recipients, found no overall effect of communicator attractiveness on persuasion.
574 citations
TL;DR: Subclinical signs associated with dysfunction occurred more frequently than did awareness of symptoms, and limited mouth opening was associated with dull occlusal sounds, pain on opening the mouth, and sounds in TMJs.
Abstract: The prevalence of mandibular dysfunction in a sample of university students was determined with use of questionnaires and clinical examinations. Questionnaires and clinical examinations were used to determine the prevalence of signs and symptoms of mandibular dysfunction in a sample of nonpatients. Analysis of data showed that a higher percentage of the sample of students showed subclinical signs than symptoms. Differences in the prevalence of mandibular dysfunction between men and women were studied to account for the appearance of more women than men in clinical populations.
572 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three experiments were reported that involve responding to the meaning or position of a word (above or below) presented above or below a fixation point, and the relative frequency of conflicting trials was varied.
Abstract: Three experiments are reported that involve responding to the meaning or position of a word (Above or Below) presented above or below a fixation point. Position and word meaning conflicted (Above/below or Below/above) or were compatible (Above/above or Below/below), and the relative frequency of conflicting trials was varied. Experiment 1 required responses to the word and its position. Compatibility and frequency had no effect in the spatial task, but interacted strongly in the word task: Compatible stimuli were processed faster when conflicting trials were rare (20% conflicting), but conflicting stimuli were processed faster when they were frequent (80% conflicting). Experiments 2 and 3 used the word task only and extended these findings to intermediate (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% conflicting) and more extreme (10%, 20%, 80%, and 90% conflicting) frequencies, respectively. The advantage for conflicting stimuli when they were frequent was taken as evidence for a strategy involving dividing attention between reported and unreported dimensions.
560 citations
452 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the need to identify the boundaries of increasingly complex product markets has spawned a number of analytical methods based on customer behavior or judgments, and various methods are compared and compared.
Abstract: The need to identify the boundaries of increasingly complex product-markets has spawned a number of analytical methods based on customer behavior or judgments. The various methods are compared and ...
436 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a relativistic generalisation of the Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham density functional formalism is presented, in which the many-body effects are included in the formalism via energy functionals analogous to the exchange-correlation functionals of the non-relativistic formalism.
Abstract: A relativistic generalisation of the Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham density functional formalism is presented. Single-particle equations, analogous to those suggested for the non-relativistic formalism are introduced. These equations may take two forms, one analogous to the Dirac-Slater and the other analogous to Dirac-Fock relativistic self-consistent field equations. The complicated relativistic many-body effects are included in the formalism via energy functionals analogous to the exchange-correlation functionals of the non-relativistic formalism. The local density approximation for these functionals is discussed and explicit expressions are given for relativistic corrections. The relation of these corrections to the Breit interaction is mentioned. The description of magnetic effects in the relativistic formalism is discussed briefly.
TL;DR: This note presents an improvement to LeLann's algorithm for finding the largest (or smallest) of a set of uniquely numbered processes arranged in a circle, in which no central controller exists and the number of processes is not known a priori.
Abstract: This note presents an improvement to LeLann's algorithm for finding the largest (or smallest) of a set of uniquely numbered processes arranged in a circle, in which no central controller exists and the number of processes is not known a priori. This decentralized algorithm uses a technique of selective message extinction in order to achieve an average number of message passes of order (n log n) rather than O(n2).
TL;DR: The main attributes of MSK, such as constant envelope, spectral efficiency, error rate performance of binary PSK, and self-synchronizing capability will all be explained on the basis of the modulation format.
Abstract: The ever increasing demand for digital transmission channels, in the radio frequency (RF) band presents a potentially serious problem of spectral congestion and is likely to cause severe adjacent and cochannel interference problems. This has, in recent years, led to the investigation of a wide variety of techniques for solving the problem of spectral congestion. Some solutions to this problem include: 1) new allocations at high frequencies; 2) better management of existing allocations; 3) the use of frequency-reuse techniques such as the use of narrow-beam antennas and dual polarizing systems; 4) the use of efficient source encoding techniques; and 5) the use of spectrally efficient modulation techniques [l]. This article will consider the last approach and analyze, in particular, a modulation scheme known as minimum shift keying (MSK). The MSK signal format will be explained and its relation to other schemes such as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), offset QPSK (OQPSK), and frequency shift keying (FSK) pointed out. The main attributes of MSK, such as constant envelope, spectral efficiency, error rate performance of binary PSK, and self-synchronizing capability will all be explained on the basis of the modulation format.
TL;DR: Plasma membrane vesicles were isolated from colchicine-resistant mutant lines and sensitive wild type and revertant lines of Chinese hamster ovary cells after controlled cell disruptions indicating an increased fragility of the drug-re- sistant mutants.
TL;DR: The concurrent memory load technique identifies attention demands with interactions between reaction-time-task parameters and the size of the load as mentioned in this paper, and the interaction between memory load and number of alternatives interacted early in practice, but the interaction diminished over days, and the effects were additive on Day 6.
Abstract: The concurrent-memory-load technique identifies attention demands with interactions between reaction-time-task parameters and the size of the load. Three experiments with a total of 18 undergraduates are reported in which a multiple-choice reaction time task involving 2, 4, and 8 stimulus-response (S-R) alternatives was performed alone and in the retention interval of a short-term memory task involving ordered recall of 8 digits. In Exp I assignment of stimulus letters to response buttons (S-R mapping) was consistent for 6 days but varied on the 7th. Memory load and number of alternatives interacted early in practice, but the interaction diminished over days, and the effects were additive on Day 6. When the S-R mapping changed on Day 7, the interaction returned. In Exp II, S-R mapping varied daily for 6 days, and the interaction remained stable throughout practice. In Exp III, S-R mapping was consistent for 6 days and varied on the 7th, but the memory task was not introduced until Days 6 and 7. The interaction between memory load and number of alternatives was stronger on Day 7, after the mapping had changed, than it was on Day 6, after practice with consistent mapping. (69 ref)(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
TL;DR: This paper found that people who watch a lot of television are more likely to fear their environment than are those who report being less frequent viewers of television, but the average within-area correlation was insignificant, suggesting that when acicual incidence of crime is controlled for, there is no overall relationship between television viewing and fear of being a victim of crime.
Abstract: Previous findings have suggested that people who watch a lot of television are more likely to fear their environment than are those who report being less frequent viewers of television. From this simple correlation, previous authors have suggested that television causes people to overestimate the amount of danger that exists in their own neighborhoods. The present study attempted to replicate this finding and to determine if the apparent effect was due to a previously uncontrolled factor: the actual incidence of crime in the neighborhood. Respondents to a door-to-door survey indicated their media usage and estimated the likelihood of their being a victim of violence. Neighborhoods were chosen so as to include a high- and a low-crime area in downtown Toronto and a high- and a low-crime area in Toronto’s suburbs. Pooling across the four areas sampled, the previous findings were replicated. However, the average within-area correlation was insignificant, suggesting that when acicual incidence of crime is controlled for, there is no overall relationship between television viewing and fear of being a victim of crime. A multiple regression analysis and a canonical correlation analysis confirmed these findings.
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated how the structure of a solid surface affects the contact angle that a liquid forms on the solid, and the level of structure considered there included features that are not macroscopically observed, such as microheterogeneities, or minute peaks, pits, hills, and grooves.
Abstract: The previous chapter was largely theoretical, in that it dealt with the interpretation of contact angle results in terms of solid surface energies. It also delved into the question of how the structure of a solid surface affects the contact angle that a liquid forms on the solid. The level of structure considered there included features that are not macroscopically observed, such as microheterogeneities, or minute peaks, pits, hills, and grooves in various geometries. Their existence may be inferred from certain observations, such as contact angle hysteresis, and sometimes they can be observed directly, e.g., with the optical or electron microscope.
TL;DR: Electroacupuncture analgesia induced by low frequency stimulation may be mediated by endorphins while high frequency stimulation is not endorphinergic but may be partly due to serotonin.
TL;DR: The authors showed that episodic information has an effect on semantic (lexical) decisions and argued against a functional separation of the semantic and episodic memory systems, and examined the utility of semantic-episodic distinction in some detail.
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: An information-processing approach to cerebral function is not altogether new. as discussed by the authors pointed out that the early functional wiring diagrams of the cortex that appeared in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries bear more than a superificial resemblance to the flow diagrams that are still in vogue in many circles in cognitive psychology.
Abstract: An information-processing approach to cerebral function is not altogether new. It would not be distorting the truth too much to say that the initial functional wiring diagrams of the cortex that appeared in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries bear more than a superificial resemblance to the flow diagrams that are still in vogue in many circles in cognitive psychology (see Fig. 1). Admittedly, some of the early neurological “localizers” or “diagram makers” had, by our standards, unsophisticated views of psychology and a simplistic notion of the physiological and philsophical problems regarding the localization of function in the nervous system. In fact, some of the functional subsystems, such as writing, reading, and music centers, which they localized in the cortex may remind us more of phrenology than of current information-processing systems. Nevertheless, if we ignore the surface details and terminology of those early functional-anatomical models and attend, instead, to the general assumptions concerning the organization of cognitive processes that underlie them, we will notice a kinship to modern information-processing theory. The early neurologists viewed cognition as the outcome of interactions among functionally and structurally separable subsystems whose operations, to put it in today’s terms, transform, decode, classify, interpret, store, retrieve, and produce information. The purpose of their enterprise was to fractionate cognitive behavior into the appropiate subsystems, describe their mode of operation, and determine the nature of their interaction. These assumptions and program of research apply equally well to proponents of the information-processing approach to cognition.
TL;DR: The crime passionnel belongs to that tradition: in law it is a kind of “brief-insanity defence,” and in common parlance to be philosophical about life's trials is to be decently unemotional about them.
Abstract: Ira Brevis furor, said the Latins: anger is a brief bout of madness. There is a long tradition that views all emotions as threats to rationality. The crime passionnel belongs to that tradition: in law it is a kind of “brief-insanity defence.” We still say that “passion blinds us;” and in common parlance to be philosophical about life's trials is to be decently unemotional about them. Indeed many philosophers have espoused this view, demanding that Reason conquer Passion. Others — from Hume to the Emotivists — have appeared to reverse this hierarchy (“reason is and ought to be nothing but the slave of the passions).” But those philosophers who refuse to join in the general denigration of emotion as irrational usually share the presupposition that the role of rationality is limited to the calculation of means. In so far as emotions (often confused with desires) are concerned with the determination of ends, they remain, on this view, beyond the pale of rationality. Modern decision theorists have worked out schemes to assess the rationality of desires, as well as actions, against the background of beliefs and other desires.1 But these schemes leave no room at all for emotions, except, by implication, as disrupters of the rational process.
TL;DR: Hatchery-reared, 0+ age smallmouth bass of 55–107 mm total length were “wintered” from September 1975 to May 1976, and data indicated that there may be critical percentages of dry weight/wet weight and ignitable weight/dry weight below which these fish will die.
Abstract: Hatchery-reared, 0+ age smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) of 55–107 mm total length were “wintered” from September 1975 to May 1976. Temperature regimes were modelled on those of the natural environment and final temperatures were 2, 4, and 6 C. Final wintering temperature did not noticeably influence mortality rates. Long fish survived the period of low temperature better than did shorter ones. Body ratios of dry weight/wet weight, lipid weight/dry weight, and ignitable weight/dry weight all decreased during wintering, and the data indicated that there may be critical percentages of dry weight/wet weight and ignitable weight/dry weight below which these fish will die.
TL;DR: In this article, an obstruction theory is developed to decide when an isomorphism of rational cohomology can be realized by a rational homotopy equivalence (either between rationally nilpotent spaces, or between commutative graded differential algebras).
TL;DR: Benzoyl ecgonine, a major metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis, was not produced enzymatically in either serum or liver; the rate of spontaneous formation at physiological pH suggests that this metabolite may arise nonenzymally in the body.
Abstract: The hydrolysis of cocaine and its N-demethylated product, norcocaine, by esterases was examined in liver and serum. Both liver and serum enzymatically formed ecgonine methyl ester from cocaine. The liver enzyme had a much lower affinity for cocaine than that of serum, indicating that a different form of esterase was present in liver. The liver enzyme had a similar affinity for both norcocaine and cocaine. Likewise, the serum enzyme showed similar affinities for both substrates. The Vmax estimates, however, were consistently higher for norcocaine than cocaine in both liver and serum. Benzoyl ecgonine, a major metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis, was not produced enzymatically in either serum or liver; the rate of spontaneous formation at physiological pH suggests that this metabolite may arise nonenzymatically in the body.
TL;DR: A simple growth model for unicellular algae is used to show that environmentally induced changes in cellular composition can be explained in terms of controlled adjustments acting to maximize the specific growth rate.
TL;DR: In this article, a disseminated sulfide ore is idealized by a system of electronically conducting metallic spheres randomly dispersed in an electrolytically conducting host medium, and the electric fields at the electrolyte-metal interface cause these to engage in electrochemical reactions making possible charge transfer across the in...
Abstract: A disseminated sulfide ore is idealized by a system of electronically conducting metallic spheres randomly dispersed in an electrolytically conducting host medium. When an external electric field is applied, the transport of cations and anions in the interphase region near the metal‐electrolyte interface will involve both drift and diffusion flux densities. The flow of ions to or from the metal‐electrolyte interface causes an excess or deficit of inactive ions to accumulate there, since the metal is neither a source nor sink for these ions. These inactive ions are loosely held to the metallic particles by image forces, and concentration gradients build up which oppose the migration of these ions due to electric fields. In addition to the inactive anions and cations, a minor concentration of active cations is assumed to exist in the electrolytic medium, and the electric fields at the electrolyte‐metal interface cause these to engage in electrochemical reactions making possible charge transfer across the in...
TL;DR: The radial spoke defect is considered to be the congenital anomaly responsible for dysfunction of the mucociliary clearance mechanism in these three patients and of the immotile sperm in one of the them.
Abstract: We studied the fine structure of respiratory-tract cilia in three siblings with chronic respiratory disease, comparing them with those from a patient with Kartagener's syndrome who had dynein-deficient cilia and with control patients who had chronic bronchitis or chronic sinusitis. Electron microscopy of the siblings revealed a new abnormality in the ciliary axoneme — namely, lack of the radial spokes. Their cilia showed an eccentric central pair of tubules but otherwise had a normal central sheath, outer-doublet microtubules, nexin links and dynein arms. The cilia were immotile. Mucociliary clearance was completely lacking in the three siblings and in the patient with Kartagener's syndrome, but was normal in their parents and unaffected siblings. Sperm from the male sibling showed identical structural abnormalities and were immotile. We consider the radialspoke defect to be the congenital anomaly responsible for dysfunction of the mucociliary clearance mechanism in these three patients and of th...
TL;DR: For instance, RAMOVITCH and LANDO as mentioned in this paper observed 34 pairs of same-sex siblings for two 1-hour periods in their homes and found that older children initiated agonistic and prosocial acts more often than their younger siblings.
Abstract: ABRAMOVITCH, RONA; CORTER, CARL; and LANDO, BELLA. Sibling Interaction in the Home. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1979, 50, 997-1003. 34 pairs of same-sex siblings were observed for two 1-hour periods in their homes. The younger siblings averaged 20 months of age, and the age interval between siblings was either large (2.5-4 years) or small (1-2 years). The sex of the dyad affected agonistic and prosocial behavior but not imitation. Males were more physically aggressive. Older females were more prosocial in their behavior than any of the other groups. Age of the children within the dyad affected agonistic, prosocial, and imitative behavior. Older children initiated agonistic and prosocial acts more often than their younger siblings. Younger siblings imitated their older siblings more often. The interval between siblings had little effect on the patterning of interaction. The findings of sex and age patterns and the high levels of interaction in all groups are discussed in terms of the potential importance of sibling interaction for social development.
TL;DR: In this paper, the ground-state baryons were discussed in a quark model with flavor-independent confinement and color hyperfine interactions, including the effects of wave-function distortions for unequal quark masses as well as interband mixing via the hyperfine interaction.
Abstract: We discuss the ground-state baryons $N$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, $\ensuremath{\Xi}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{*}$, ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{*}$, and $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ in a quark model with flavor-independent confinement and color hyperfine interactions. We include the effects of wave-function distortions for unequal quark masses as well as interband mixing via the hyperfine interactions and find good agreement with the observed masses.