Showing papers by "University of Toronto published in 1990"
TL;DR: The authors briefly survey forms of narrative inquiry in educational studies and outline certain criteria, methods, and writing forms, which they describe in terms of beginning the story, living the story and selecting stories to construct and reconstruct narrative plots.
Abstract: Although narrative inquiry has a long intellectual history both in and out of education, it is increasingly used in studies of educational experience. One theory in educational research holds that humans are storytelling organisms who, individually and socially, lead storied lives. Thus, the study of narrative is the study of the ways humans experience the world. This general concept is refined into the view that education and educational research is the construction and reconstruction of personal and social stories; learners, teachers, and researchers are storytellers and characters in their own and other's stories. In this paper we briefly survey forms of narrative inquiry in educational studies and outline certain criteria, methods, and writing forms, which we describe in terms of beginning the story, living the story, and selecting stories to construct and reconstruct narrative plots. Certain risks, dangers, and abuses possible in narrative studies are discussed. We conclude by describing a two-part r...
4,981 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors integrate the literature on interorganizational relationships into six generalizable determinants of relationship formation, and apply these determinants to the prediction of six types of inter-organizational relations, and suggest that alternative theoretical perspectives on relationship formation provide important but only partial insights into why organizations enter into relationships with one another.
Abstract: This article integrates the literature on interorganizational relationships into six generalizable determinants of relationship formation, applies these determinants to the prediction of six types of interorganizational relations, and proposes hypotheses for future research that specify the conditions under which each determinant will he more likely to predict different types of relations. These determinants provide the basis for a general theory of interorganizational relationships and suggest that alternative theoretical perspectives on relationship formation provide important but only partial insights into why organizations enter into relationships with one another.
2,337 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is converging for the proposition that priming is an expression of a perceptual representation system that operates at a pre-semantic level; it emerges early in development, and access to it lacks the kind of flexibility characteristic of other cognitive memory systems.
Abstract: Priming is a nonconscious form of human memory, which is concerned with perceptual identification of words and objects and which has only recently been recognized as separate from other forms of memory or memory systems. It is currently under intense experimental scrutiny. Evidence is converging for the proposition that priming is an expression of a perceptual representation system that operates at a pre-semantic level; it emerges early in development, and access to it lacks the kind of flexibility characteristic of other cognitive memory systems. Conceptual priming, however, seems to be based on the operations of semantic memory.
2,214 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the extended Vasicek model is shown to be very tracta-ble analytically, and option prices are compared with those obtained using a number of other models.
Abstract: This article shows that the one-state-variableinterest-rate models of Vasicek (1977) and Cox,Ingersoll, and Ross (1985b) can be extended sothat they are consistent with both the current termstructure of interest rates and either the currentvolatilities of all spot interest rates or the currentvolatilities of all forward interest rates. Theextended Vasicek model is shown to be very tracta-ble analytically. The article compares option pricesobtained using the extended Vasicek model withthose obtained using a number of other models.
2,132 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the Multidimensional Coping Inventory is a valid and highly reliable multidimensional measure of coping styles.
Abstract: Several existing self-report measures of coping and the relevant research using these instruments are reviewed. Many of these coping measures suffer from a variety of psychometric weaknesses. A self-report instrument, the Multidimensional Coping Inventory (MCI), was constructed that identifies 3 types of coping styles: task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance-oriented coping. Support for the multidimensional nature of the MCI is presented, along with support for the reliability of the MCI coping scales. Two studies are presented that assessed the validity of the MCI. The 1st study assessed the construct validity of the MCI by comparing it with the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. The 2nd study also assessed the criterion validity of the MCI by comparing it with measures of depression, anxiety, Type A behaviour, neuroticism, and extraversion. Overall, the results suggest that the MCI is a valid and highly reliable multidimensional measure of coping styles.
2,124 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the experimental basis of the philosophy of legislation, the theory of necessity, the doctrine of necessity of necessity in public amateurs, secret bureaucrats, and the principle of large numbers.
Abstract: Acknowledgements 1. The argument 2. The doctrine of necessity 3. Public amateurs, secret bureaucrats 4. Bureaux 5. The sweet despotism of reason 6. The quantum of sickness 7. The granary of science 8. Suicide is a kind of madness 9. The experimental basis of the philosophy of legislation 10. Facts without authenticity, without detail, without control, and without value 11. By what majority? 12. The law of large numbers 13. Regimental chests 14. Society prepares the crimes 15. The astronomical conception of society 16. The mineralogical conception of society 17. The most ancient nobility 18. Cassirer's thesis 19. The normal state 20. As real as cosmic forces 21. The autonomy of statistical law 22. A chapter from Prussian statistics 23. A universe of chance Notes Index.
2,124 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore principles governing the rational balance among an agent's beliefs, goals, actions, and intentions, and show how agents can avoid intending all the foreseen side-effects of what they actually intend.
2,072 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated six potential explanations of why different types of ties provide different kinds of supportive resources: tie strength, contact, group processes, kinship, network members' characteristics, and similarities and dissimilarities between network members in such characteristics.
Abstract: Community ties with friends and relatives are a principal means by which people and households get supportive resources. Quantitative and qualitative data from the second East York study are used to evaluate six potential explanations of why different types of ties provide different kinds of supportive resources: tie strength, contact, group processes, kinship,network members' characteristics, and similarities and dissimilarities between network members in such characteristics. Most relatioships provide specialized support. The kinds of support provided are related more to characteristics of the relationship than to characteristics of the network members themselves. Strong ties provide emotional aid, small services, and companionship. Parents and adult children exchange financial aid, emotional aid, large services, and small services. Physically accessible ties provide services. Women provide emotional aid. Friends, neighbors, and siblings make up about half of all supportive relationships. The ensemble o...
1,903 citations
TL;DR: The genetic localization of this gene, its tissue-specific expression, and the function predicted from its sequence lead us to suggest that it represents the 11p13 Wilms' tumor gene.
1,805 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple framework for evaluating the allocative performance of economies characterized by trading frictions and unemployment is described, which integrates the normative results of earlier diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides bilateral matching-bargaining models of trade coordination and price-setting.
Abstract: This paper describes a simple framework for evaluating the allocative performance of economies characterized by trading frictions and unemployment. This framework integrates the normative results of earlier Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides bilateral matching-bargaining models of trade coordination and price-setting, and consists of a set of general conditions for constrained Pareto efficient resource allocation that are applicable to conventional natural rate models. To illustrate, several conventional models of the labour market are reformulated as matching-bargaining problems and analyzed using this framework.
1,658 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified version of the timescale proposed by Imbrieet et al. for the ODP Site 677 has been proposed, based on the precession signal in the record from ODP site 677 that provides the basis for the revised timescale.
Abstract: Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 677 provided excellent material for high resolution stable isotope analysis of both benthonic and planktonic foraminifera through the entire Pleistocene and upper Pliocene. The oxygen isotope record is readily correlated with the SPECMAP stack (Imbrieet al.1984) and with the record from DSDP 607 (Ruddimanet al.1986) but a significantly better match with orbital models is obtained by departing from the timescale proposed by these authors below Stage 16 (620 000 years). It is the stronger contribution from the precession signal in the record from ODP Site 677 that provides the basis for the revised timescale. Our proposed modification to the timescale would imply that the currently adopted radiometric dates for the Matuyama–Brunhes boundary, the Jaramillo and Olduvai Subchrons and the Gauss–Matuyama boundary underestimate their true astronomical ages by between 5 and 7%.
TL;DR: A survey of the literature on flexibility in manufacturing can be found in this article, where several kinds of flexibilities in manufacturing are defined carefully along with their purposes, the means to obtain them, and some suggested measurements and valuations.
Abstract: This article is an attempt to survey the vast literature on flexibility in manufacturing that has accumulated over the last 10 to 20 years. The survey begins with a brief review of the classical literature on flexibility in economics and organization theory, which provides a background for manufacturing flexibility. Several kinds of flexibilities in manufacturing are then defined carefully along with their purposes, the means to obtain them, and some suggested measurements and valuations. Then we examine the interrelationships among the several flexibilities. Various empirical studies and analytical/optimization models dealing with these flexibilities are reported and discussed. The article concludes with suggestions for some possible future research directions.
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01 Jan 1990TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a model of Decentralized Bargaining with one-time entry in a market with one time entry, based on Nash's Solution and Alternating Offers.
Abstract: Introduction. Bargaining Theory: The Axiomatic Approach. Nash's Solution. The Strategic Approach. A Model of Alternating Offers. The Relation between the Axiomatic and Strategic Approaches. A Strategic Model of Bargaining between Incompletely Informed Players. Models of Decentralized Trade: First Approach Using the Nash Solution. Strategic Bargaining in a Steady State Market. Strategic Bargaining in a Market with One-Time Entry. The Role of the Trading Procedure. The Role of Anonymity. References. Index.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the historical roots of the psychological laboratory, the social structure of psychological experimentation, the triumph of the aggregate, and the role of the subject in psychological research.
Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction 2. Historical roots of the psychological laboratory 3. Divergence of investigative practice: the repudiation of Wundt 4. The social structure of psychological experimentation 5. The triumph of the aggregate 6. Identifying the subject in psychological research 7. Marketable methods 8. Investigative practice as a professional project 9. From quantification to methodolatry 10. Investigating persons 11. The social construction of psychological knowledge Appendix Notes Index.
TL;DR: Statohepatitis (fatty liver hepatitis), histologically identical to alcoholic disease, occurs in some obese patients after jejunoileal bypass, and incidence of steatosis and steatohePatitis correlated with the degree of obesity.
TL;DR: The resulting technique is predominantly linear, efficient, and suitable for parallel processing, and is local in space-time, robust with respect to noise, and permits multiple estimates within a single neighborhood.
Abstract: We present a technique for the computation of 2D component velocity from image sequences. Initially, the image sequence is represented by a family of spatiotemporal velocity-tuned linear filters. Component velocity, computed from spatiotemporal responses of identically tuned filters, is expressed in terms of the local first-order behavior of surfaces of constant phase. Justification for this definition is discussed from the perspectives of both 2D image translation and deviations from translation that are typical in perspective projections of 3D scenes. The resulting technique is predominantly linear, efficient, and suitable for parallel processing. Moreover, it is local in space-time, robust with respect to noise, and permits multiple estimates within a single neighborhood. Promising quantiative results are reported from experiments with realistic image sequences, including cases with sizeable perspective deformation.
TL;DR: The accuracy of pedicular screw placement was assessed in 40 consecutive patients treated with the AO “Fixateur Interne” with improvement in accuracy noted in the latter 25% of screw insertions, reflecting the learning curve associated with this technique.
Abstract: The accuracy of pedicular screw placement was assessed in 40 consecutive patients treated with the AO “Fixateur Interne.” Postoperative CT scans were used to measure canal encroachment from the medial border of the pedicle, the angle of insertion and the point of entry. Eighty-one percent of the scr
TL;DR: The rationale and development of the COPM, an outcome measure designed for use by occupational therapists to assess client outcomes in the areas of self-care, productivity and leisure, are described.
Abstract: The Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, in collaboration with Health and Welfare Canada have developed and published a conceptual model for occupational therapy, the Occupational Performance model. This paper describes the development of an outcome measure, The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), which is designed to be used with these guidelines for client-centred clinical practice. The COPM is an outcome measure designed for use by occupational therapists to assess client outcomes in the areas of self-care, productivity and leisure. Using a semi-structured interview, the COPM is a five step process which measures individual, client-identified problem areas in daily function. Two scores, for performance and satisfaction with performance are obtained. This paper describes the rationale and development of the COPM as wellas information about its use for therapists.
TL;DR: The molecular cloning and characterization of several related cDNAs from which can be deduced the full-length p68 kinase sequence are reported, which predicts a protein of 550 amino acids containing all of the conserved domains specific for members of the protein kinase family.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on memory-based choice situations where changes in a brand's accessibility may affect the probability that it is retrieved and considered for choice, and two experiments are described that manipulate the determinants of brand accessibility and measure consequent effects on retrieval, consideration, choice and evaluation.
Abstract: This article focuses on memory-based choice situations where changes in a brand's accessibility may affect the probability that it is retrieved and considered for choice. In such instances, factors other than evaluation may affect which brands are brought to mind at purchase. Two experiments are described that manipulate the determinants of brand accessibility and measure consequent effects on retrieval, consideration, choice, and evaluation. Results provide evidence for the influence of memory during the brand-choice process. For a brand to be selected in memory-based choice, the consumer must recall that brand and fail to recall other brands that might otherwise be preferred.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an extension of their earlier observations on symmetries in operation in the weak decays of heavy mesons containing a single heavy quark, which allow them to obtain absolutely normalized model-independent predictions in the heavy quarks limit of all of the form factors for the Q1 → Q2 induced weak pseudoscalar and pseudoscalar to vector transitions in terms of a single universal function ξ(t) with ξ (0) = 1.
TL;DR: In this article, a diffusion model for exchange rates with stochastic volatility is proposed and estimated and the parameter estimates are then used to price foreign currency options and the predictions are compared to observed market prices.
TL;DR: A combined analysis of the original data to evaluate the consistency of 12 case-control studies of diet and breast cancer shows a consistent, statistically significant, positive association between breast cancer risk and saturated fat intake in postmenopausal women.
Abstract: We conducted a combined analysis of the original data to evaluate the consistency of 12 case-control studies of diet and breast cancer. Our analysis shows a consistent, statistically significant, positive association between breast cancer risk and saturated fat intake in postmenopausal women (relative risk for highest vs. lowest quintile, 1.46; P less than .0001). A consistent protective effect for a number of markers of fruit and vegetable intake was demonstrated; vitamin C intake had the most consistent and statistically significant inverse association with breast cancer risk (relative risk for highest vs. lowest quintile, 0.69; P less than .0001). If these dietary associations represent causality, the attributable risk (i.e., the percentage of breast cancers that might be prevented by dietary modification) in the North American population is estimated to be 24% for postmenopausal women and 16% for premenopausal women.
01 Feb 1990
TL;DR: This paper will present general methods for constructing secret sharing schemes for any given secret sharing function using the set of monotone functions and tools developed for simplifying the latter set can be applied equally well to the former set.
Abstract: Secret Sharing from the perspective of threshold schemes has been well-studied over the past decade. Threshold schemes, however, can only handle a small fraction of the secret sharing functions which we may wish to form. For example, if it is desirable to divide a secret among four participants A, B, C, and D in such a way that either A together with B can reconstruct the secret or C together with D can reconstruct the secret, then threshold schemes (even with weighting) are provably insufficient.This paper will present general methods for constructing secret sharing schemes for any given secret sharing function. There is a natural correspondence between the set of "generalized" secret sharing functions and the set of monotone functions, and tools developed for simplifying the latter set can be applied equally well to the former set.
TL;DR: A highly sensitive, specific, and quantitative protocol for measuring the levels of MDR1 mRNA in clinical samples, based on the polymerase chain reaction is devised, which was found to be effective in most solid tumors and leukemias tested.
Abstract: The resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs is a major obstacle to successful cancer chemotherapy. In human cells, expression of the MDR1 gene, encoding a transmembrane efflux pump (P-glycoprotein), leads to decreased intracellular accumulation and resistance to a variety of lipophilic drugs (multidrug resistance; MDR). The levels of MDR in cell lines selected in vitro have been shown to correlate with the steady-state levels of MDR1 mRNA and P-glycoprotein. In cells with a severalfold increase in cellular drug resistance, MDR1 expression levels are close to the limits of detection by conventional assays. MDR1 expression has been frequently observed in human tumors after chemotherapy and in some but not all types of clinically refractory tumors untreated with chemotherapeutic drugs. We have devised a highly sensitive, specific, and quantitative protocol for measuring the levels of MDR1 mRNA in clinical samples, based on the polymerase chain reaction. We have used this assay to measure MDR1 gene expression in MDR cell lines and greater than 300 normal tissues, tumor-derived cell lines, and clinical specimens of untreated tumors of the types in which MDR1 expression was rarely observed by standard assays. Low levels of MDR1 expression were found by polymerase chain reaction in most solid tumors and leukemias tested. The frequency of samples without detectable MDR1 expression varied among different types of tumors; MDR1-negative samples were most common among tumor types known to be relatively responsive to chemotherapy.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the role context within which the transition event occurs, specifically, the level of pre-existing chronic stress in the social role, and find that prior role stress reduces the impact of life transition events on mental health for seven of nine events.
Abstract: Major life changes and role transitions are often treated as stressors that create a generalized demand for adjustment by the individual. Empirically, however, these transitions have been shown to produce a wide range of effects on mental health. Two kinds of models have been proposed to explain this variation: differential access to coping resources for dealing with stressful situations, and variation in the characteristics of transitions, such as their undesirability, foreseeability, etc. This paper emphasizes a logically prior issue: the role context within which the transition event occurs, specifically, the level of pre-existing chronic stress in the social role. The model tested envisions life transition events as nonproblematic, or even beneficial to mental health, when preceded by chronic role problems - a case where more "stress" is actually relieffrom existing stress. Nine transition events are studied: job loss, divorce, pre-marital break-up, retirement, widowhood, children moving out of the house, first marriage, job promotion, and having a child. Results support the hypothesis that prior role stress reduces the impact of life transition events on mental health for seven of nine events, with some differences in impact by gender. The findings provide a basic framework for interpreting the effects of varying types of life transitions, and argue against the presumption that life transitions are inherently stressful, suggesting instead a need to specify prior social circumstances that determine whether or not a transition is potentially stressful.
TL;DR: Article de synthese traitant de l'induction enzymatique du cytochrome P450 du rat, extension a une etude interspecifique.
TL;DR: A new 3D hierarchical model of the human face is developed that incorporates a physically-based approximation to facial tissue and a set of anatomically-motivated facial muscle actuators and is efficient enough to produce facial animation at interactive rates on a high-end graphics workstation.
Abstract: We develop a new 3D hierarchical model of the human face. The model incorporates a physically-based approximation to facial tissue and a set of anatomically-motivated facial muscle actuators. Despite its sophistication, the model is efficient enough to produce facial animation at interactive rates on a high-end graphics workstation. A second contribution of this paper is a technique for estimating muscle contractions from video sequences of human faces performing expressive articulations. These estimates may be input as dynamic control parameters to the face model in order to produce realistic animation. Using an example, we demonstrate that our technique yields sufficiently accurate muscle contraction estimates for the model to reproduce expressions from dynamic images of faces.
TL;DR: A translation-invariant back-propagation network is described that performs better than a sophisticated continuous acoustic parameter hidden Markov model on a noisy, 100-speaker confusable vocabulary isolated word recognition task.
TL;DR: Analysis of the cDNAs encoding the rabbit and human forms of the Ca2+ release channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum indicates that 10 potential transmembrane sequences in the COOH-terminal fifth of the molecule and two additional, potential trans membrane sequences nearer to the center of the molecules could contribute to the formation of theCa2+ conducting pore.