Showing papers by "University of Turku published in 1980"
TL;DR: The hypothesis that bile can initiate acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis is supported by the results of this investigation, which created an experimental model for studying the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.
Abstract: Sodium taurocholate injected into the pancreatic duct system of the rat caused acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis. The pancreatic lesions were immediate and characterized by interstitial oedema, extensive necrotic changes of the acinar cells, and haemorrhages during the first 24 h after the injection. In animals surviving 72 h there were marked acinar atrophy and pancreatic fibrosis. The mortality increased according to the amount of sodium taurocholate injected. Except for necrosis of occasional liver cells, other organs examined were histologically normal. This investigation created an experimental model for studying the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. The results support the hypothesis that bile can initiate acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis.
384 citations
TL;DR: The role of phospholipase A in acute pancreatic cancer was discussed in this paper, where it was shown that the role of PHPAS in Acute Pancreatitis is important.
Abstract: (1980). The Role of Phospholipase A in Acute Pancreatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology: Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 641-650.
135 citations
TL;DR: The microscopic changes in hypoglycemia were different from those in anoxia-ischemia suggesting a dissimilar pathogenesis in these states despite the common final pathway of energy failure, as well as suggesting reversibility of these histopathological changes.
Abstract: Profound hypoglycemia causing the disappearance of spontaneous EEG activity was induced by insulin in rats. For analysis of cerebral cortical concentrations of labile phosphates, glycolytic metabolites and amino acids, the brain was frozen in situ. For microscopic analysis of the corresponding cerebral cortical areas the brain was fixed by perfusion. Hypoglycemia with an isoelectric EEG for 30 and 60 min caused severe perturbation of the cerebral energy metabolites. After both 30 and 60 min of isoelectric EEG, two microscopically different types of nerve cell injury were seen. Type I injury was characterized by angulated, darkly stained neurons with perineuronal vacuolation, mainly affecting small neurons in cortical layer 3. Type II injured neurons, mainly larger ones in layers 5–6, were slightly swollen with vacuolation or clearing (depending on the histotechnique used) of the peripheral cytoplasm, but had no nuclear changes. Recovery was induced by glucose injection. Improvement in the cerebral energy state occurred during the 30 min recovery period even after 60 min of hypoglycemia. However, the persisting reduction in the size of adenine nucleotide and amino acid pools after 30 or 180 min recovery suggested that some cells remained damaged. In confirmation many type I injured neurons persisted during the recovery suggesting an irreversible injury. The disappearance of virtually all type II injuries indicated reversibility of these histopathological changes. The microscopic changes in hypoglycemia were different from those in anoxia-ischemia suggesting a dissimilar pathogenesis in these states despite the common final pathway of energy failure. (Less)
117 citations
TL;DR: Most of the 67 anaesthetic deaths were caused by inadequacy of management of fluid balance or respiratory insufficiency, and the primary disease was responsible for approximately 72% of the reported deaths.
Abstract: SUMMARY The mortality associated with 338 934 procedures carried out in 1975 in 100 Finnish hospitals is reported. There were 626 deaths (1/541 or 0.18%). Mortality during the procedure was 1/5059 (0.02%). Twelve patients died primarily of anaesthesia during the procedures and 55 patients later (total anaesthetic mortality 1/5059, 0.02%). The frequency of cardiac arrest was 1/3808 (0.03%). Most of the 67 anaesthetic deaths were caused by inadequacy of management of fluid balance (17 patients) or respiratory insufficiency (15 patients). There were 12 deaths from cardiac complications, five each from technical errors and inadequate supervision after operation. The primary disease was responsible for approximately 72% of the reported deaths.
105 citations
TL;DR: The levels of sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, and xylose in several Finnish wild berries were determined gas chromatographically as discussed by the authors, and the highest amount of xylols occurred in raspberries (Rubus idueus) (approx 400 μg per 1.0g of fresh weight).
Abstract: The levels of sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, and xylose in several Finnish wild berries were determined gas chromatographically. The highest amount of xylitol occurred in raspberries (Rubus idueus) (approx 400 μg per 1.0g of fresh weight). In other fruits the concentrations ranged from 7.5–280 pg per 1.0g of fresh weight. Sorbitol and mannitol occurred most abundantly in Iowan berries (Sorbus aucuparia) (up to 5.3 and 0.38 mg per 1.0g of fresh weight, respectively). The highest amount of xylose was detected in ripe cranberries (Vuccinum oxycoccus) (320 pg per 1.0g of fresh weight). There was no consistent correlation between ripeness and the levels of sugar alcohols, except for sorbitol, the levels of which increased during the ripening of rowan berries.
103 citations
TL;DR: The initial cell injury was caused by the detergent action of the injected bile salt and the acinar cell damage was characterized by mitochondrial swelling, vesiculation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, and dissolution of cellular membranes.
Abstract: Necrotic lesions caused by the intraductal injection of sodium taurocholate in rat pancreas were studied by electron microscopy. The early (1 and 15 min after the injection) ductal cells were often necrotic. The acinar cell damage was characterized by mitochondrial swelling, vesiculation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, and dissolution of cellular membranes. At later time intervals (1, 3, and 6 h) there were necrotic acinar cells with heterogeneous cytoplasmic inclusions representing degenerative cell organelles and their remnants. At 6, 12, and 24 h there were autophagic vacuoles in sublethally damaged acinar cells. The zymogen granules seemed relatively well preserved throughout the experiment. The vascular lesions consisted of endothelial detachment, extravasation of erythrocytes, thrombosis, and poikilocytosis. It was concluded that the initial cell injury was caused by the detergent action of the injected bile salt.
90 citations
TL;DR: The influence of ants on the survival of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa) during an Oporinia autumnata outbreak and their influence on birch growth are reported.
Abstract: The present study reports the influence of ants on the survival of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa) during an Oporinia autumnata (Lep., Geometridae) outbreak. Undamaged “green islands” with a radius of 15–20 m were observed around Formica aquilonia mounds in a defoliated area in Finnish Lapland. The herbivore densities and grazing pressure were shown to be low within this radius. The foraging strategy of ants and their influence on birch growth are discussed.
86 citations
TL;DR: The prediction of the relationship of litter size to body size was derived from the relations of relative litter weight and birth weight to body weight, and there was a negative overall correlation between litter size and body size.
Abstract: A generalized relationship of litter size to mammalian body size was predicted by a graph model. The model was used to generate hypotheses explaining specific features of variation in gestation time, relative litter weight, birth weight, and reproductive capacity. The predictions were tested by means of data from the literature. Mammals were assumed to maximize neonatal survival of offspring to the limits allowed by litter weight per female body weight. Gestation time correlated negatively with the foetal growth rate of relative litter weight. Gestation time did not correlate with the foetal growth rate of individual offspring. Relative litter weight correlated negatively with adult body weight. This relationship was explained by the higher assimilation rate per unit weight relative to metabolic rate in small mammals. Birth weight correlated positively with body weight. However, small mammals produce larger offspring than predicted by the linear relationship of birth weight to body weight in large mammals. There is obviously a minimum birth weight which cannot be decreased without special arrangements for parental care. The prediction of the relationship of litter size to body size was derived from the relations of relative litter weight and birth weight to body weight. In small mammals (less than 1 kg) litter the correlation was negative. When litter size was compared with body length, the correlation was positive in small mammals (less than 30 cm) and negative in large mammals. In both sets of data there was a negative overall correlation between litter size and body size. Reproductive capacity, defined as the number of offspring per season, correlated negatively with life-span.
75 citations
TL;DR: Increased metabolism and an increased apparent volume of distribution of naproxen in severe renal failure, probably caused by decreased serum protein binding of the drug are suggested.
Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of naproxen after a single oral dose of 250 mg has been studied in 8 subjects with normal renal function and 16 patients with varying degrees of chronic renal insufficiency. Unchanged naproxen and its main unconjugated metabolite, 6-0-desmethylnaproxen, were determined fluorometrically in serum. In healthy subjects the elimination half-life of naproxen was 17.7 +/- 3.0 h (mean +/- SD) and it was not significantly prolonged in patients with renal failure (18.1 +/- 5.3) h. No accumulation of naproxen in serum occurred in uraemic patients. On the contrary, serum drug levels were slightly but significantly lower in patients with severe renal failure. The total body clearance and apparent volume of distribution of naproxen were significantly increased in this group of patients. Decreased binding of naproxen to serum proteins was observed in patients with renal failure. The apparent half-life of desmethylnaproxen was of the same order of magnitude as that of naproxen (18.6 +/- 4.4 h), and was also independent of renal function. A good correlation was found between the area under the curve (AUC), the peak concentration of the metabolite and the serum creatinine concentration. These observations suggest increased metabolism and an increased apparent volume of distribution of naproxen in severe renal failure, probably caused by decreased serum protein binding of the drug. However, it is proposed that in naproxen therapy no adjustment of the dosage regimen is necessary in patients with impaired renal function.
71 citations
TL;DR: The ultrastructural differentiation of the human prostatic epithelium and mesenchyme was studied in early developing glands and correlated with the differentiation ofThe Leydig cells of the same individuals during the tenth to sixteenth weeks.
Abstract: The ultrastructural differentiation of the human prostatic epithelium and mesenchyme was studied in early developing glands and correlated with the differentiation of the Leydig cells of the same individuals during the tenth to sixteenth weeks
After initial folding of the basal lamina, the epithelial cells began to migrate into the differentiated, condensed mesenchyme at the end of the 10th week, and in the 11th week some of the prostatic outgrowths acquired a lumen The acinar and tubular epithelium in the fetal prostate remained stratified, and adult type simple epithelium was not seen during the period between the 10th and 16th weeks As a sign of incipient secretory activity, a few epithelial cells became polarized, and secretion granules with flocculent or dense content appeared in the Golgi area and in the apical parts of the cells in the 13th week Occasional direct epitheliomesenchymal cell contacts were visible in association with the appearance of the secretory activity Two cell types, not seen in the normal adult prostate, appeared in the epithelium of the primitive glands Their nature and role in the glandular morphogenesis are not clear
During this time, the ultrastructural differentiation of the Leydig cells continued and their size and number increased They occupied almost the whole in terstitium by the time secretion granules appeared in the prostatic cells These findings support the current notion that androgens secreted by Leydig cells are the major regulators of prostatic development in man
67 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that phospholipase A, which converts leCithin into lysolecithin, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.
Abstract: Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis was induced in rats by injecting 0.2 ml of 5% (92.9 mmol/l) aqueous solution of sodium taurocholate into the common biliopancreatic duct. Lysolecithin was separated from the pancreatic homogenate by thin-layer chromatography and quantified by phosphorus determination. The lysolecithin content increased rapidly, remained elevated for 12 h, and returned to the control level 24 h after the injection. Treatment with a trypsin inhibitor, aprotinin (Trasylol), given intraperitoneally and intravenously during 2 h postoperatively (800,000 units/kg of body weight) had no beneficial effects compared with physiological saline treatment. When the animals were treated similarly with a phospholipase A inhibitor, procaine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg of body weight), 45% of them survived 72 h (p less than 0.01). It was concluded that phospholipase A, which converts lecithin into lysolecithin, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.
TL;DR: The total lipids of whitefish flesh and roe averaged 3.0 and 9.8% fresh weight, respectively, and the polar lipid content of fresh roe was unexceptionally high (2.5%) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The total lipids of whitefish flesh and roe averaged 3.0 and 9.8% fresh weight, respectively. Although neutral lipids dominated in both tissues the polar lipid content of fresh roe was unexceptionally high (2.5%). The fatty acid patterns of the total lipids from flesh and roe and of neutral lipids were similar to each other. Polyenoic acids constituted about half of the total fatty acids and monoenoic and saturated components existed in equal amounts. The calculated iodine values for the total lipids from flesh and roe indicated a slightly higher degree of unsaturation for roe fatty acids. The polar lipids were enriched in polyenoic and saturated fatty acids. Similarities in the composition and content of fatty acids from flesh and roe suggest that storage problems, apparent as a rancidity of roe products, may result from the high content of polar lipids readily hydrolysed during storage.
TL;DR: A questionnaire was used to investigate the approval of various kinds of aggressive behaviour under different specified circumstances and the arousal of feelings of aggression in imagined situations as mentioned in this paper, and an attitude test was presented which discriminated between the two highest of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning.
Abstract: A questionnaire was used to investigate 1) the approval of various kinds of aggressive behaviour under different specified circumstances and 2) the arousal of feelings of aggression in imagined situations. In addition, an attitude test was presented which discriminated between the two highest of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning [1969]. The subjects were a very varied group of 83 adults (aged 17–68 years) from municipal evening courses in Finland. Aggression was most approved when it was given altruistic purpose. Self-defense was rated as the second highest justification for aggression. Aggression was found least legitimate when the reasons were emotional (drunk, rage). The justification of some types of aggressive behaviour were dependent on the conditions under which they occurred, whereas others appeared independent. Killing and torture were the most disapproved kinds of aggressive behaviour. Another's attack was the most powerful instigator of feelings of aggression, whereas frustration seemed relatively unimportant. Females approved of emotional expressions of aggression to a greater extent than did males. The moral test did not correlate with approval of aggression in general, but a couple of more specific predictions about the effects of level of moral reasoning on attitudes to socially sanctioned forms of aggression were tentatively confirmed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a general axiomatic framework for quantum mechanics, namely, a probability function formulation of the theory, is presented, reflecting the ideas of the uncertainty principle and the complementarity principle, respectively.
Abstract: In this work an investigation of the uncertainty principle and the complementarity principle is carried through. A study of the physical content of these principles and their representation in the conventional Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics forms a natural starting point for this analysis. Thereafter is presented more general axiomatic framework for quantum mechanics, namely, a probability function formulation of the theory. In this general framework two extra axioms are stated, reflecting the ideas of the uncertainty principle and the complementarity principle, respectively. The quantal features of these axioms are explicated. The sufficiency of the state system guarantees that the observables satisfying the uncertainty principle are unbounded and noncompatible. The complementarity principle implies a non-Boolean proposition structure for the theory. Moreover, nonconstant complementary observables are always noncompatible. The uncertainty principle and the complementarity principle, as formulated in this work, are mutually independent. Some order is thus brought into the confused discussion about the interrelations of these two important principles. A comparison of the present formulations of the uncertainty principle and the complementarity principle with the Jauch formulation of the superposition principle is also given. The mutual independence of the three fundamental principles of the quantum theory is hereby revealed.
TL;DR: The developed EIA was found to be as specific, sensitive and reliable as RIA in the routine diagnosis of rotavirus and adenovirus gastroenteritis provided that appropriate confirmatory tests were included.
TL;DR: Both the healthy and especially the inflamed samples were able to convert testosterone to 17/gb-hydroxy -5α-androstan-3-one, suggesting that gingiva may be a target tissue for androgens.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemiluminescence of aqueous alkaline luminol solutions has been studied by using rapid alternate positive and negative electrical pulses, and traces of copper are shown to change the proportion of the light emitted during the positive pulses, measurement of which gives a linear log-log calibration plot for 1 × 10 -7 to 6 × 10 −6 M copper in glycine buffer at pH 10.15.
TL;DR: Deciduous teeth of eleven Finnish 45,X females were examined, and their tooth sizes were found to be smaller than those of control females, which might be explained by the decreased amount of the products of the growth-promoting factors located in the X and Y chromosomes.
Abstract: Deciduous teeth of eleven Finnish 45,X females were examined, and their tooth sizes were found to be smaller than those of control females. This finding might be explained by the decreased amount of the products of the growth-promoting factors located in the X and Y chromosomes.
TL;DR: The notion of the Parikh mapping is generalized by considering numbers of occurrences of segments of a fixed length instead of consideringNumbers of letters (i.e., segments of length one) only as is done in connection with theParikh mappings.
Abstract: The notion of the Parikh mapping is generalized by considering numbers of occurrences of segments of a fixed length instead of considering numbers of letters (i.e., segments of length one) only as is done in connection with the Parikh mappings. It is easily seen that the families of regular and context-free languages make difference with respect to these generalized Parikh mappings. On the other hand, properties of the Parikh mappings in connection with λ-free homomorphisms are, in general, preserved in the generalization.
TL;DR: The differences of serum lipids seem to be in connection with the kinds of sport that differ in their energy metabolism requirements, and may be of importance when judging the benefit of exercise on the prophylaxis of atherosclerosis.
Abstract: The concentrations of serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and free fatty acids of Finnish top-class football and ice-hockey players were determined during different training programs and the results were compared with those of a control group The serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol were increased to those football players having more aerobic exercise in their training program The concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and the HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio were lowest in the ice-hockey players, whose training is more anaerobic There were no significant differences of serum triglyceride levels in different groups The serum concentrations of fatty acids were highest in control group and lowest in ice-hockey and football teams during the active playing season The differences of serum lipids seem thus to be in connection with the kinds of sport that differ in their energy metabolism requirements This may be of importance when judging the benefit of exercise on the prophylaxis of atherosclerosis
TL;DR: One of the early events in the pathogenesis of the disease prior to frank demyelination is an alteration in the protein components of the myelin sheath and possibly of glial cells, according to the results of the present study.
Abstract: The SDS-soluble membrane proteins of plaques and of macroscopically normal white matter from multiple sclerosis brain were investigated by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Eleven protein bands were analyzed in detail. The extensive loss of myelin proteins in plaque samples was accompanied by changes in at least three other non-myelin proteins, besides glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which probably reflect gliosis. Densitometric analysis of the PAGE patterns of membrane fractions from MS and control white matter revealed significant quantitative differences in a number of protein bands. A reduction in myelin basic protein (BP) was associated with an equally significant increase in a high-molecular-weight peptide fragment which may prove to be a breakdown product of BP. Small but highly significant differences in the Wolfgram protein and in one non-myelin protein were also a consistent feature of the normal-appearing white matter samples. The problem of defining normal white matter in multiple sclerosis brain is discussed in relation to the results of the present study, which suggest that one of the early events in the pathogenesis of the disease prior to frank demyelination is an alteration in the protein components of the myelin sheath and possibly of glial cells.
TL;DR: Effects of 3-day premedication with baclofen, diazepam, and sodium valproate, which are believed to act via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic mechanisms, on apomorphine- and L-dopa-stimulated human GH secretion were tested in 45 healthy male volunteers.
Abstract: Effects of 3-day premedication with baclofen, diazepam, and sodium valproate, which are believed to act via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic mechanisms, on apomorphine- and L-dopa-stimulated human GH secretion were tested in 45 healthy male volunteers. Sodium valproate failed to modify apomorphine- and L-dopastimulated GH secretion. Baclofen premedication significantly reduced the GH response to L-dopa (the mean of individual peak values decreased from 16.7 ± 2.3 to 9.3 ± 1.7 ng/ml; P < 0.025), but it did not affect apomorphine-stimulated GH secretion. On the contrary, diazepam abolished both apomorphine- and Ldopa-stimulated GH secretion (in the L-dopa test, the mean of individual peak values decreased from 12.0 ± 2.1 to 3.6 ± 0.3 ng/ml; P < 0.01; in the apomorphine test, the mean of individual peak values decreased from 14.8 ± 3.3 to 6.4 ± 2.3 ng/ml; P <0.05). Together with earlier observations that these GABA-ergic drugs in an acute experiment stimulate basal GH secretion in man and that these effects ...
TL;DR: It is shown that for every language L (with the exception of some trivial cases), there is a word w such that, for any pair (g, h), g and h are equivalent on L if and only if g(w) = h(w).
TL;DR: Increased hyaluronic acid synthesis in skin fibroblasts correlated with the severity of the disease but not with the increase in type III collagen synthesis.
TL;DR: DTP‐polio vaccine induced significantly more restlessness than DTP, the only significant difference in adverse reactions between the vaccines.
Abstract: Adverse reactions and anti-DTP antibody responses were compared between DTP- or DTP-inactivated-polio-vaccinated children. The material consisted of 380 children whose adverse reactions were registered by detailed questionnaires given to the parents. IgG-, IgM- and IgA-anti-DTP antibodies of 42 children were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fever, restlessness and local reactions were the most frequent adverse reactions observed. DTP-polio vaccine induced significantly more restlessness than DTP. This was the only significant difference in adverse reactions between the vaccines. An enhancement of IgG-anti-DTP antibody responses at the age of 6 months was observed in the DTP-polio group. The enhancement was transient in antitoxin responses but still present in pertussis antibodies at 8 months of age. Very low and mostly undetectable levels of IgM- and IgA-anti-DTP antibodies were observed in both groups.
TL;DR: The corticosteroid concentrations required for inhibition of hyaluronic acid were very low as compared to those required for inhibited sulphated glycosaminoglycan and collagen synthesis.
Abstract: SUMMARY
The effect of five anti-inflammatory corticosteroids, i. e. hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone 17-butyrate, betamethasone 17-valerate, nicocortonide acetate and nicocortonide, on the synthesis of hyaluronic acid, sulphated glycosaminoglycans and collagen by cultured skin fibroblasts was studied. As inhibitors of all these parameters the steroids could be arranged in order hydrocortisone < hydrocortisone 17-butyrate < betamethasone 17-valerate, nicocortonide acetate and nicocortonide. The corticosteroid concentrations required for inhibition of hyaluronic acid were very low as compared to those required for inhibition of sulphated glycosaminoglycan and collagen synthesis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the 13C chemical shifts for 1,3-dioxane and 50 methyl-substituted derivatives are derived and their magnitude shown to be closely related to the exact ring geometry and other conformational aspects.
Abstract: The 13C chemical shifts for 1,3-dioxane and 50 methyl-substituted derivatives are reported. Substituent effects on them are derived and their magnitude shown to be closely related to the exact ring geometry and other conformational aspects. The results confirm the high chair-twist preference and support the view that 1,4-twist is appreciably more stable than 2,5-twist. Only 2,4-diaxially substituted compounds normally attain a twist form whereas 4,6-diaxial substitution alone is not enough but deform the chair form. A combination of the detailed knowledge on the stereochemistry of the 1,3-dioxane ring and on the type of significant shift parameters leads inevitably to the conclusion that a proper understanding of their interdependence offers a useful tool for conformational and configurational analysis.
TL;DR: Phenobarbitone was a potent inducer of cytochrome P-450, epoxide hydrase and activated UDP-glucuronosyltransferase even during dietary protein deficiency, and Methylcholanthrene induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and native UDPglucursorosyl transferase activities.
Abstract: 1. 1. The hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activities were measured after feeding various protein diets to rats. 2. 2. No changes were found in the hepatic cytochrome P-450 content and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity but aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was decreased by a low protein diet. 3. 3. Epoxide hydrase and UDP glucuronosyltransferase activities were enhanced by the low protein diet. 4. 4. No significant changes of drug metabolizing enzyme activities were found when rats were fed 64% protein diet in comparison with 27% protein diet. 5. 5. Phenobarbitone was a potent inducer of cytochrome P-450, epoxide hydrase and activated UDP-glucuronosyltransferase even during dietary protein deficiency. Methylcholanthrene induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and native UDPglucuronosyltransferase activities. Both inducers cause some induction of ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity even during protein deficiency.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the capillary density of muscular tissue is greatly decreased following the disuse produced by tenotomy or immobilization.
Abstract: Alterations in the capillary density of the M. biceps brachii was studied in 20 cases during 2 months after spontaneous rupture of the tendon. The fiber typing was done using succinic dehydrogenase and myofibrillar ATP-ase at pH 9.4 for the staining, the capillaries were visualized with alkaline phosphatase and PAS reactions, and in each case 1,000 muscle fibers with their capillaries were estimated.
TL;DR: No relationship was established between the degree of metaplasia, the age of the patient, the duration of symptons, and the severity of illness.
Abstract: One hundred and three gallbladders were excised from 81 female and 22 male patients. Different non-tumorous morphologic and histochemical changes and their frequency were studied in these gallbladders and in their various components. Histochemical methods were used to visualize sulphated, non-sulphated acid, and neutral mucins. Sulphated mucin predominated in normal columnar epithelium and in the glands of the neck region, whereas non-sulphated acid mucin and neutral mucin predominated in goblet cell areas, in superficial gastric-type epithelial areas and in antral-type glands. Goblet cells were present in 67 specimens, enterochromaffin cells in 42, superficial gastric-type epithelium in 16, antral-type glands in 40, antral-type mucosa in 8 and intestinal-type mucosa in one specimen. Goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells, and gastric surface epithelium columns appeared initially in the surface portions of the folds. No relationship was established between the degree of metaplasia, the age of the patient, the duration of symptons, and the severity of illness.