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Showing papers by "University of Utah published in 1982"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that MPO can be used as a marker for skin neutrophil content: it is recoverable from skin in soluble form, and is directly related to neutrophIL number.

3,298 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Empirical studies have sought correlations between life histories and potential sources of demographic selection and, in some cases, have attempted to determine if the organisms have evolved as predicted by theory, but few have achieved either goal.
Abstract: Theoretical studies have demonstrated the potential importance of demographic selection in molding life history patterns. Some of the factors which have been examined include density-dependent versus density-independent mortality (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967), fluctuations in the survivorship of some or all age classes (Murphy, 1968; Schaffer, 1974; Hirshfield and Tinkle, 1975), and changes in the mean survivorship of specific age classes (Gadgil and Bossert, 1970; Law, 1979; Michod, 1979; reviewed by Stearns, 197 6a). Empirical studies have sought correlations between life histories and potential sources of demographic selection and, in some cases, have attempted to determine if the organisms have evolved as predicted by theory (reviewed by Stearns, 1977). These studies have found interand intraspecific life history variations that are often consistent with theory. However, in interpreting these variations as the product of evolution and relating them to theoretical predictions, one must both demonstrate that the observed differences have a genetic basis and characterize the type of natural selection. Few empirical studies have achieved either goal. Other criteria for adequately testing life history models are presented by Stearns (1977). Natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata Peters) provide an opportunity to resolve many of the difficulties in empirical life history studies. They are easy to breed and have a short generation

885 citations


Book
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: Functional Family Therapy (FFT) as discussed by the authors is all about helping youth and families who are in trouble, which can be accomplished by changing family interactions and improving relationship functioning as the primary vehicle for changing dysfunctional individual behaviors.
Abstract: Functional Family Therapy (FFT) is all about helping youth and families who are in trouble. Central to FFT is the belief this can be accomplished by changing family interactions and improving relationship functioning as the primary vehicle for changing dysfunctional individual behaviors. FFT shares many similarities with other systems approaches; however, FFT offers a comprehensive framework for understanding adolescent behavior problems that is quite unique. This framework provides the context for integrating and linking behavioral and cognitive intervention strategies to the specific familial and ecological characteristics of each family. As such, FFT is also about therapists, about training and supervision, and about treatment and other (educational, judicial, religious, cultural, political, economic, marketing) systems that surround families, therapists, and agencies.

564 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1982-Blood
TL;DR: Data demonstrate that functioning neutrophils can lose approximately half of their MPO, and MPO appears in the extracellular fluid in active form where it is available to participate in a variety of physiologic processes.

453 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that even linear plasmid DNA was recruited into the concatemer by homologous recombination, even though cultured mammalian cells contain the enzymes for ligating two DNA molecules very efficiently irrespective of the sequences or topology at their ends.
Abstract: We examined the fate of DNA microinjected into nuclei of cultured mammalian cells. The sequence composition and the physical form of the vector carrying the selectable gene affected the efficiency of DNA-mediated transformation. Introduction of sequences near the simian virus 40 origin of DNA replication or in the long terminal repeat of avian sarcoma provirus into a recombinant plasmid containing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. (pBR322/HSV-tk) enhanced the frequency of transformation of LMtk- and RAT-2tk- cells to the TK+ phenotype 20- to 40-fold. In cells receiving injections of only a few plasmid DNA molecules, the transformation frequency was 40-fold higher after injection of linear molecules than after injection of supercoiled molecules. By controlling the number of gene copies injected into a recipient cell, we could obtain transformants containing a single copy or as many as 50 to 100 copies of the selectable gene. Multiple copies of the transforming gene were not scattered throughout the host genome but were integrated as a concatemer at one or a very few sites in the host chromosome. Independent transformants contained the donated genes in different chromosomes. The orientation of the gene copies within the concatemer was not random; rather, the copies were organized as tandem head-to-tail arrays. By analyzing transformants obtained by coinjecting two vectors which were identical except that in one a portion of the vector was inverted, we were able to conclude that the head-to-tail concatemers were generated predominantly by homologous recombination. Surprisingly, these head-to-tail concatemers were found in transformants obtained by injecting either supercoiled or linear plasmid DNA. Even though we demonstrated that cultured mammalian cells contain the enzymes for ligating two DNA molecules very efficiently irrespective of the sequences or topology at their ends, we found that even linear plasmid DNA was recruited into the concatemer by homologous recombination.

449 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that deletion mutants lacking both the cheA-cheW and cheY-cheZ functions were required for the anomalous tumbling behavior observed in these mutants, indicating that an important component of the signal transducing machinery may be altered in cheB mutants.
Abstract: Six Escherichia coli che loci (cheA,-B,-R,-W,-Y, and Z) are located in two adjacent operons that map at minute 42 on the chromosome. Point mutants defective in any of these six functions have aberrant swimming patterns and are generally nonchemotactic. Deletions within the two major che gene operons were isolated in order to examine epistatic interactions among these genes. We first constructed a specialized transducing phage (lambda che22), which carries both of the che operons and their associated promoters. Deleted lambda che22 derivatives were selected by chelating agent inactivation, and these derivatives were characterized by mapping them against a series of host strains with point mutations. Representative nonpolar deletions were then transferred into the E. coli chromosome by homologous recombination. Although the phenotype of cheR mutants (smooth swimming) was expected to be epistatic to that of cheB mutants (tumbly swimming), we found that deletion mutants lacking both of these functions exhibited frequent directional changes or tumbling episodes as they swam. An examination of larger deletions indicated that both the cheA-cheW and cheY-cheZ functions were required for the anomalous tumbling behavior observed in these mutants. Loss of the cheB function was also correlated with an inverted behavioral response to sodium acetate, a strong repellent of wild-type cells. These findings indicate that an important component of the signal transducing machinery may be altered in cheB mutants.

400 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, mathematical renewal theory is used to make a general model of the combined processes of search, encounter, capture, and handling, and a model based on minimization of the probability of death due to an energetic shortfall is presented.
Abstract: Some simple stochastic models of optimal foraging are considered. Firstly, mathematical renewal theory is used to make a general model of the combined processes of search, encounter, capture and handling. In the case where patches or prey items are encountered according to a Poisson process the limiting probability distribution of energy gain is found. This distribution is found to be normal and its mean and variance are specified. This result supports the use of Holling's disc equation to specify the rate of energy intake in foraging models. Secondly, a model based on minimization of the probability of death due to an energetic shortfall is presented. The model gives a graphical solution to the problem of optimal choices when mean and variance are related. Thirdly, a worked example using these results is presented. This example suggests that there may be natural relationships between mean and variance which make solutions to the problems of ‘energy maximization’ and ‘minimization of the probability of starvation’ similar. Finally, current trends in stochastic modeling of foraging behavior are critically discussed.

343 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper analyzes the foraging behavior of the Ache of eastern Paraguay and concludes that it is consistent with predictions derived from optimal foraging models, and infer that these very general models will continue to prove useful in explaining variation in hunter-gatherer subsistence patterns throughout time and space.
Abstract: The determinants of food choices made by hunter-gatherers have long been a topic of speculation and controversy. In this paper, we analyze the foraging behavior of the Ache of eastern Paraguay and conclude that it is consistent with predictions derived from optimal foraging models. We infer that these very general models will continue to prove useful in explaining variation in hunter-gatherer subsistence patterns throughout time and space. [Ache, hunter-gatherers, optimal foraging theory, South America, tropical forest]

340 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1982-Cell
TL;DR: Direct comparison of the degree of ricin resistance conferred by transfer of antiricin antibodies revealed pinosome lysis to be equal, if not superior, to injection mediated by red blood cells.

323 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Davis1, Keller1
TL;DR: Data flow languages form a subclass of the languages which are based primarily upon function application and graphical representations and their applications are the subject of this article.
Abstract: The advantages of each are discussed here. fi Data Flow Program Graphs Data flow languages form a subclass of the languages which are based primarily upon function application (i.e., applicative languages). By data flow language we mean any applicative language based entirely upon the notion of data flowing from one function entity to another or any language that directly supports such flowing. This flow concept gives data flow languages the advantage of allowing program definitions to be represented exclusively by graphs. Graphical representations and their applications are the subject of this article. Applicative languages provide the benefits of extreme modularity, in that the function of each of several sub-programs that execute concurrently can be understood in vacuo. Therefore, the programmer need not assimilate a great deal of information about the environment of the subprogram in order to understand it. In these languages, there is no way to express constructs that produce global side-effects. This decoupling of the meaning of individual subprograms also makes possible a similar decoupling of their execution. Thus, when represented graphically, sub-programs that look independent can be executed independently and, therefore, concurrently. By contrast, concurrent programs written in more conventional assignment-based languages cannot always be understood in vacuo, since it is often necessary to understand complex sequences of interactions between a sub-program and its environment in order to understand the meaning of the subprogram itself. This is not to say that data flow subprograms cannot interact with their environments in specialized ways, but that it is possible to define a subprogram's meaning without appealing to those interactions. There are many reasons for describing data flow languages in graphical representations, including the following: (1) Data flow languages sequence program actions by a simple data availability firing rule: When a node's arguments are available, it is said to be firable. The function associated with a firable node can be fired, i.e., applied to is arguments, which are thereby absorbed. After firing, the node's results are sent to other functions, which need these results as their arguments. A mental image of this behavior is suggested by representing the program as a directed graph in which each node represents a function and each (directed) arc a conceptual medium over which data items flow. Phantom nodes, drawn with dashed lines, indicate points at which the program communicates with its environment by either receiving data from it or sending data to it. (2) …

317 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The beneficial effect of stepped-care treatment on persons with diastolic pressures who had no evidence of end-organ damage and were not receiving antihypertensive medication when they entered the study is supported.
Abstract: In the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program, 7825 (71.5 per cent) of the 10,940 participants had diastolic blood pressures averaging between 90 and 104 mm Hg on entry into the study and were designated Stratum 1. Half were referred to their usual source of care in the community (the referred-care group), and half were treated intensively in special clinics (the stepped-care group). Five-year mortality in the Stratum 1 patients given stepped care was 20.3 per cent lower than in those given referred care (P less than 0.01). Particularly noteworthy was the beneficial effect of stepped-care treatment on persons with diastolic pressures of 90 to 104 mm Hg who had no evidence of end-organ damage and were not receiving antihypertensive medication when they entered the study. This subgroup had 28.6 per cent fewer deaths at five years among those treated with stepped care than among those treated with referred care (P less than 0.01). These findings support a recommendation that in patients with mild hypertension, treatment should be considered early, before damage to end organs occurs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the critical temperatures for all III/V quaternary alloys of the type AxB1-xCyD1-y involving Al, Ga, and In combined with P, As, and Sb were derived using both the DLP model and regular solution model.

Journal ArticleDOI
08 Oct 1982-Science
TL;DR: In an eight-arm radial maze, normal rats demonstrated good immediate retention for the order of first items and last items in the primacy component of the serial position curve, which support correspondence in mnemonic function of the hippocampus in animals and humans.
Abstract: In an eight-arm radial maze, normal rats demonstrated good immediate retention for the order of first items (primacy component of serial position curve) and last items (recency component of serial position curve) of an eight-item (arm) list. In contrast, rats with dorsal hippocampal lesions displayed, on an immediate retention test, disruption of the primacy but not the recency component of the serial position curve. Furthermore, imposing a 10-minute delay before the retention test impaired all components of the serial position curve. These results support correspondence in mnemonic function of the hippocampus in animals and humans.

Patent
01 Feb 1982
TL;DR: A combination physical separation process and thermal fluidized bed process for recovering products from tar sands was proposed in this article, which includes initially separating a portion of the sand from the tar sand, yielding a bitumen-rich concentrate.
Abstract: A combination physical separation process and thermal fluidized bed process for recovering products from tar sands. The process includes initially separating a portion of the sand from the tar sand through a physical separation process, yielding a bitumen-rich concentrate. The bitumen-rich concentrate is introduced into a heated fluidized bed and products are recovered and distilled into their respective fractions. A coked sand is removed from the fluidized bed and placed into a combustor where the carbonaceous residue on the sand is burned to produce a hot burnt sand, a portion of which may be recycled to provide heat to the bitumen-rich concentrate in the fluidized bed. The coked sand and a certain fraction of the distilled products may be recycled to the physical separation process to improve the separation efficiency thereof.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an approach to the study of organizational communication and organizational cultures based on Interpretive Approaches to the Study of Organizational Communication (IAOC). But they do not discuss the relationship between communication and culture.
Abstract: (1982). Communication and organizational cultures. Western Journal of Speech Communication: Vol. 46, Interpretive Approaches to the Study of Organizational Communication, pp. 115-130.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rabbit carotid bodies were pre‐loaded with [3H]dopamine (DA) synthesized from [3 H]tyrosine and then mounted in a vertical drop‐type superfusion chamber which permitted simultaneous collection of released [ 3H]DA and recording of chemoreceptor discharge from the carotids sinus nerve.
Abstract: 1. Rabbit carotid bodies were pre-loaded with [3H]dopamine (DA) synthesized from [3H]tyrosine and then mounted in a vertical drop-type superfusion chamber which permitted simultaneous collection of released [3H]DA and recording of chemoreceptor discharge from the carotid sinus nerve. 2. The time course of the spontaneous release of [3H]DA (superfusion with media equilibrated with 100% O2) in the presence of monoamine oxidase inhibitors exhibited two linear components, an initial steep phase followed after 3-4 hr by a later slower phase of release. 3. When a 5 min low O2 stimulus was delivered during the initial steep linear component of resting [3H]DA release, there was an abrupt increase in release, the magnitude of which was stimulus-dependent. 4. The efflux of total radioactivity from the preparation declined exponentially with time; under resting conditions it was principally non-metabolized [3H]tyrosine. During stimulation, however the efflux increased, and 60-80% of the radioactivity could be attributed to [3H]DA. 5. For a given low O2 stimulus, the ratio of [3H]DA release during the stimulus period over that in the preceding control period remained approximately the same throughout a single experiment. Ratios for different low O2 stimuli (50, 40, 30, 20, 10 and 0% O2 in N2) yielded a parabolic relationship when plotted against stimulus intensity. 6. Transection of the carotid sinus nerve or removal of the superior cervical ganglion 12-15 days prior to the experiment did not affect the release of [3H]DA at moderate stimulus intensities (superfusion with media equilibrated with 30% or 10% O2 in N2) but both procedures significantly depressed release at the highest stimulus intensity (100% N2). 7. Chemoreceptor discharge and [3H]DA release were simultaneously monitored in experiments using superfusion media free of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. In these experiments, the efflux of [3H]dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) was also measured. The increase in peak chemosensory discharge was closely correlated with the increase in total release ([3H]DA + [3H]DOPAC) during stimulation with a series of low O2 stimuli. 8. Release of [3H]DA was almost completely abolished during superfusion with Ca2+-free, high Mg2+ (2·1 mM) media, and the stimulus-related efflux of [3H]DOPAC was significantly reduced. However, chemoreceptor discharge was diminished by only 55%. These data are discussed with respect to their implications for DA as a chemosensory transmitter in rabbit carotid body.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A discussion of the natural limb and those design objectives and compromises which govern the development of its artificial counterpart Specific details of the Utah Arm are reviewed, along with general comments regarding the area of prosthetic limb research and application.
Abstract: The development of a practical multifunction, electronically controlled artificial arm is an extremely complex undertaking. Various technical factors such as the limited capability of man-made components, together with problems in the development of adequate control systems, impair the ultimate performance of any prosthesis. Also, nontechnical problems in clinical, marketing, and economic areas strongly influence the potential success of any system. Consequently, the realization of a practical system with the possibility of near-term application requires simultaneous and coordinated work by personnel in a number of normally unrelated areas of medicine and engineering. The opinions of engineers, physicians, amputees, industrial entities, and institutions responsible for funding the fitting of artificial limnbs must be understood and must influence the design process. This paper begins with a discussion of the natural limb and those design objectives and compromises which govern the development of its artificial counterpart Specific details of the Utah Arm are then reviewed, along with general comments regarding the area of prosthetic limb research and application.


Journal ArticleDOI
Kim Hill1
TL;DR: A scenario for hominid divergence is developed which is consistent with (a) the latest fossil evidence, (b) data available on the behavior of modern non-human primates, (c) archaeologically detectable traces of hominids behavior, and (d) modern hunter-gatherer ethnography.


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1982-Cell
TL;DR: The macrophage cell surface is identified as a site of PA activity relatively protected from soluble proteinase inhibitors and two pathways of plasmin formation by intact macrophages are defined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that differences in color polymorphisms covary significantly with differences in predator densities and in altitudes, suggesting that malecolor polymorphisms track clinally distributed communities of visually hunting predators.

Journal ArticleDOI
Meikle Aw1
TL;DR: There is considerable variation in the plasma content of dexamethasone following oral doses, and simultaneous measurement of both plasma levels of dex amethas one and cortisol has proved most useful in identifying patients with unsatisfactory dexamETHasone suppression tests.
Abstract: The effect of oral dexamethasone on the plasma content of cortisol and dexamethasone was investigated in 175 patients suspected of having Cushing's syndrome. Plasma concentrations of cortisol and dexamethasone were measured by specific radioimmunoassays at 08.00 h following administration of either a low-low (0.5 mg), low (1.0 mg), high (4.0 mg) or high-high (8.0 or more mg) dose of dexamethasone at midnight. All seventeen patients with documented Cushing's syndrome exhibited resistance to the action of low-low and/or low dose dexamethasone on suppression of 08.00 h plasma cortisol content. Nine of twelve patients with pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome had plasma cortisol values of less than 166 nmol/l following high-high dose testing. In 157 patients with suspected Cushing's syndrome, standard dexamethasone testing was considered unsatisfactory in at least 20%. After low-low or low dose tests 11% had supranormal cortisol values, but plasma cortisol content overlapped with values observed in patients with Cushing's syndrome only when plasma dexamethasone content was less than 5.6 nmol/l. Twelve per cent of patients suspected of having Cushing's syndrome had sufficient elevation of plasma dexamethasone values after low dose testing so that marked reduction of plasma cortisol might be expected even in patients with pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome. Four patients receiving anticonvulsants had subnormal plasma levels of dexamethasone for the dose administered, but all exhibited normal suppression when plasma levels of dexamethasone and cortisol were correlated simultaneously. In summary, there is considerable variation in the plasma content of dexamethasone following oral doses. Simultaneous measurement of both plasma levels of dexamethasone and cortisol has proved most useful in identifying patients with unsatisfactory dexamethasone suppression tests.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Continuous electrophoresis buffers are described for polyacrylamide gels at pH values ranging from 3.8 to 10.2 and are likely to be useful in the detection of genetic variation in proteins and in other applications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that sufentanil may be a superior narcotic to fentanyl for use in patients undergoing CABG operations and that preoperative use of beta-adrenergic blocking durgs reduceds intraoperative hypertension with narcotic-oxygen anesthesia.
Abstract: The cardiovascular responses, speed of anesthetic induction, incidence of chest wall rigidity, need for anesthetic supplements (phe-notolamine, N2O, and nitroprusside) to control intraoperative hy-pertension and speed of postoperative recovery were measured and compared in 37 patients undergoing cor

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Seven measures of iron metabolism evaluated by both chemical and histological methods showed a per cent saturation of transferrin above 62% to be the best simply-measured indicator of the affected genotype: homozygosity is accurately predicted in 92% of the cases.
Abstract: Tight linkage between the hemochromatosis locus and the HLA region permits determination of genotype in members of hemochromatosis pedigrees. To determine if simple laboratory measures of iron metabolism could predict the affected genotype without the need for HLA typing, we studied seven measures of iron metabolism: serum iron concentration, total iron-binding capacity, per cent saturation of transferrin, serum ferritin concentration, deferoxamine-induced urinary iron excretion and hepatic iron concentration evaluated by both chemical and histological methods. Discriminant analysis showed a per cent saturation of transferrin above 62% to be the best simply-measured indicator of the affected genotype: homozygosity is accurately predicted in 92% of the cases. The logarithmic transform of serum ferritin concentration was only 71% accurate. Pedigree analysis estimated the frequency of the hemochromatosis gene at 0.069 +/- 0.020 with a recombination probability of 0.015 +/- 0.015 with the HLA region. This corresponds to a heterozygote frequency of 0.13 and a disease frequency of 0.005.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The transferrin receptor number returned to normal after cells were removed to unsupplemented media, despite persistent elevation of cytosolic iron content, and increased iron content did not appear to be the sole factor determining receptor number.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A 14-residue peptide toxin has been isolated from the venom of the marine snail Conus magus, and is presumed to act as they do at the acetylcholine receptor of vertebrate neuromuscular junctions.

Journal ArticleDOI
02 Jul 1982-Science
TL;DR: Results suggest that specific growth factors account for the specificity of neuronal sprouting in the rat hippocampal formation.
Abstract: The rat hippocampal formation was tested for the presence of factors that would accelerate neurite extension from chick parasympathetic (ciliary ganglion) or sympathetic (lumbar chain) neurons in vitro. Two growth factors were identified in extracts of this brain region. One accelerated neurite extension from sympathetic neurons and was blocked by antiserum to nerve growth factor. The other accelerated neurite extension from parasympathetic neurons but was not affected by the antiserum. These results suggest that specific growth factors account for the specificity of neuronal sprouting.

Patent
Jiri Janata1
12 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this article, a chemically sensitive field effect transistor (CHEMFET) is used to measure the concentration of various components in a fluid sample, where an electrical insulating layer is positioned adjacent to the substrate and a fluid pervious bridge member is mounted to the insulating layers so as to form a gap between the bridge member and the substrate, and an adsorptive layer is applied within the gap.
Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring the concentration of various components in a fluid sample. The apparatus comprises a chemically sensitive field effect transistor (CHEMFET) having a semiconductor substrate and a pair of diffusion regions formed at the surface of the substrate. An electrical insulating layer is positioned adjacent the substrate and a fluid pervious bridge member is mounted to the insulating layer so as to form a gap between the bridge member and insulating layer. The apparatus also includes means for imposing an electrical charge on the bridge member, means for imposing an electrical potential between the diffusion regions, and means for detecting current flow between the diffusion regions. The fluid sample to be analyzed is introduced through the fluid pervious bridge member and into the gap where various components of the fluid sample are adsorbed by the bridge member, and in another embodiment, also by an adsorptive layer which is applied within the gap. The adsorptive layer can be specifically chosen so as to render the apparatus chemically selective of one or more fluid components.