Showing papers by "University of Vermont published in 1994"
TL;DR: It is reported that a human gene encoding a protein, hMLHl (human MutL homologue), homologous to the bacterial DNA mismatch repair protein MutL, is located on human chromosome 3p21.3-23.
Abstract: The human DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMSH2, on chromosome 2p is involved in hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) On the basis of linkage data, a second HNPCC locus was assigned to chromosome 3p21-23 (ref 3) Here we report that a human gene encoding a protein, hMLH1 (human MutL homologue), homologous to the bacterial DNA mismatch repair protein MutL, is located on human chromosome 3p213-23 We propose that hMLH1 is the HNPCC gene located on 3p because of the similarity of the hMLH1 gene product to the yeast DNA mismatch repair protein, MLH1, the coincident location of the hMLH1 gene and the HNPCC locus on chromosome 3, and hMLH1 missense mutations in affected individuals from a chromosome 3-linked HNPCC family
2,081 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an understanding of how organizations process market information based on principles derived from models of organizational learning, which can be used to improve the understanding of market information.
Abstract: Our understanding of how organizations process market information can be advanced substantially on the basis of principles derived from models of organizational learning Accordingly, the author ex
1,541 citations
TL;DR: Endoglin is identified as the HHT gene mapping to 9q3 and HHT is established as the first human disease defined by a mutation in a member of the TGF-β receptor complex.
Abstract: Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multisystemic vascular dysplasia and recurrent haemorrhage. Linkage for some families has been established to chromosome 9q33−q34. In the present study, endoglin, a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) binding protein, was analysed as a candidate gene for the disorder based on chromosomal location, expression pattern and function. We have identified mutations in three affected individuals: a C to G substitution converting a tyrosine to a termination codon, a 39 base pair deletion and a 2 base pair deletion which creates a premature termination codon. We have identified endoglin as the HHT gene mapping to 9q3 and have established HHT as the first human disease defined by a mutation in a member of the TGF-beta receptor complex.
1,400 citations
TL;DR: Incentives delivered contingent on submitting cocaine-free urine specimens significantly improve treatment outcome in ambulatory cocaine-dependent patients, and only the voucher group showed significant improvement on the ASI Psychiatric scale.
Abstract: Objective: To assess whether incentives improved treatment outcome in ambulatory cocaine-dependent patients. Method: Forty cocaine-dependent adults were randomly assigned to behavioral treatment with or without an added incentive program. The behavioral treatment was based on the Community Reinforcement Approach and was provided to both groups. Subjects in the group with incentives received vouchers exchangeable for retail items contingent on submitting cocaine-free urine specimens during weeks 1 through 12 of treatment, while the group without incentives received no vouchers during that period. The two groups were treated the same during weeks 13 through 24. Results: Seventy-five percent of patients in the group with vouchers completed 24 weeks of treatment vs 40% in the group without vouchers ( P =.03). Average durations of continuous cocaine abstinence documented via urinalysis during weeks 1 through 24 of treatment were 11.7±2.0 weeks in the group with vouchers vs 6.0±1.5 weeks in the group without vouchers ( P =.03). At 24 weeks after treatment entry, the voucher group evidenced significantly greater improvement than the no-voucher group on the Drug scale of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). and only the voucher group showed significant improvement on the ASI Psychiatric scale. Conclusions: Incentives delivered contingent on submitting cocaine-free urine specimens significantly improve treatment outcome in ambulatory cocainedependent patients.
751 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the mathematical dependency of bone compressive mechanical properties on composition is closely dependent upon the density and mineral content range examined and, in terms of a single compositional measure, is best predicted by apparent ash density expressed as a power function.
619 citations
TL;DR: A rationalized system for describing the shape of the spine is proposed that recognizes the 3-dimensional nature of scoliosis and other spinal deformities and is intended to rationalize communication in both research and clinical practice.
Abstract: Conventional terminology of three-dimensional description of spinal deformity is ambiguous and mostly tied to either a frontal or sagittal plane view of the spine. The article proposes a rationalized system for describing the shape of the spine. The spine is viewed as a line in space ('vertebral body line') with three 'angulations' specifying the orientation of each vertebra. Four axis systems are defined for the whole body, the spine, curve regions, and individual vertebrae, respectively. These in turn define the principal planes of the body, spine, curve regions, and vertebrae. Curvature can be defined as a local measure at a point on the vertebral body line, or as a regional measure between specified end vertebrae. Torsion is defined both as a local geometric property of the vertebral body line, and as measure of the relative axial plane angulations between specified vertebrae. Linear distance measures define the deviations of specified vertebrae from the local, regional, spinal, and global axis systems. Practical recommendations for positioning patients are made. This new system of terminology recognizes the 3-dimensional nature of scoliosis and other spinal deformities and is intended to rationalize communication in both research and clinical practice.
438 citations
TL;DR: The data demonstrate that inactivation of human factor V and human factor Va only occurs in the presence of a membrane surface after cleavage at Arg306, and that the APC related loss of activity is correlated with cleavage of the heavy chain and appearance of fragments of M(r) = 45,000, 30, thousands, and of 28/26,000 doublets.
399 citations
TL;DR: The reaction that is the basis for the use of hemoproteins as efficient agents to block the biological effects of NO is proposed, using electron spin resonance (ESR) to detect and quantify the nitrosylhemoprotein product.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Hemoglobin, along with related hemoproteins such as myoglobin, can be used for the measurement of nitric oxide (NO). The technique is based on the direct reaction between NO and the oxygenated, ferrous form of hemoglobin (HbO2), which yields the ferric form, methemoglobin (metHb), and nitrate. This technique has the following advantages over other methods of NO measurement: all reagents are inexpensive and readily available, no complex techniques are required for sample collection or handling, the only large equipment needed for the basic technique is a spectrophotometer, and the assay is conducted under physiological conditions. This chapter discusses the basic method and describes the applications of the method to a variety of model systems, and points out possible interferences and artifacts. The chapter discusses the reaction that is the basis for the use of hemoproteins as efficient agents to block the biological effects of NO (the endothelium-derived relaxing factor, EDRF). This reaction is also proposed as a basis for the measurement of NO, using electron spin resonance (ESR) to detect and quantify the nitrosylhemoprotein product.
339 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of crude extracts obtained from wild type and endonuclease III deletion mutants of E. coli correlated well with data obtained with the purified enzymes, and uracil DNA N-glycosylase removes 5-OHdU more efficiently than the other two enzymes and has no activity on 5- OHdC even when present in great excess.
328 citations
TL;DR: Although nicotine withdrawal may not produce medical consequences, it lasts for several weeks and can be severe in some smokers, like most other drug withdrawals, nicotine withdrawal is time-limited, occurs in non-humans, is influenced by instructions/expectancy and abates with replacement therapy and gradual reduction.
Abstract: Many of the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal are similar to those of other drug withdrawal syndromes: anxiety, awakening during sleep, depression, difficulty concentrating, impatience, irritability/anger and restlessness. Slowing of the heart rate and weight gain are distinguishing features of tobacco withdrawal. Although nicotine withdrawal may not produce medical consequences, it lasts for several weeks and can be severe in some smokers. Like most other drug withdrawals, nicotine withdrawal is time-limited, occurs in non-humans, is influenced by instructions/expectancy and abates with replacement therapy and gradual reduction. Unlike some other drug withdrawal syndromes, protracted, neonatal or precipitated withdrawal does not occur. Whether nicotine withdrawal is associated with tolerance, acute physical dependence, greater duration and intensity of use, rapid reinstatement, symptom stages, cross-dependence with other nicotine ligands, reduction by non-pharmacological interventions and genetic influences is unclear. Whether nicotine withdrawal plays a major role in relapse to smoking has not been established but this is also true for other drug withdrawal syndromes.
306 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a conditioned response that is learned and extinguished in one context and renewed when the conditioned stimulus is tested in a second context, consistent with the view that retrieval of extinction depends more on the context than does retrieval of conditioning.
Abstract: In three experiments with rats, we demonstrated that a conditioned response that is learned and extinguished in one context (Context A) can be renewed when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is tested in a second context (Context B). In Experiments 1 and 3, the effect was observed in conditioned suppression; in Experiment 2, it was produced in appetitive conditioning. The result occurs when Contexts A and B are equally familiar, equally associated with reinforcement, or equally associated with both reinforcement and nonreinforcement. The results extend the range of conditions known to produce the renewal effect, and they are consistent with the view that retrieval of extinction depends more on the context than does retrieval of conditioning.
TL;DR: The dependence of Amax on N and the form of the relationship vary among Amazonian species and communities, consistent with both relative availabilities of N, P, and other mineral nutrients, and with intrinsic ecophysiological characteristics of species adapted to habitats of varying resource availability.
Abstract: Among species, photosynthetic capacity (Amax) is usually related to leaf nitrogen content (N), but variation in the species-specific relationship is not well understood. To address this issue, we studied Amax-N relationships in 23 species in adjacent Amazonian com- munities differentially limited by nitrogen (N), phospho- rus (P), and/or other mineral nutrients. Five species were studied in each of three late successional forest types (Tierra Firme, Caatinga and Bana) and eight species were studied on disturbed sites (cultivated and early sec- ondary successional Tierra Firme plots). Area x expressed on a mass basis (Amass) was correlated (p < 0.05) with N.... in 17 of 23 species, and Area x on an area basis (Aarea) was correlated (p<0.05) with N.... in 21 of 23 species. The slopes of Amax-N relationships were greater and intercepts lower for disturbance adapted early suc- cessional species than for late successional species. On a mass basis, the Amax-N slope averaged g 15 gmol CO2 (g N) -~ s -1 for 7 early secondary successional species and ~4 pmol CO2 (g N) -1 s -1 for 15 late successional species, respectively. Species from disturbed sites had shorter leaf life-span and greater specific leaf area (SLA) than late successional species. Across all 23 species, the slope of the Amass-N.... relationship was related (p < 0.001) positively to SLA (r 2 = 0.70) and negatively to leaf life-span (r 2= 0.78) and temporal niche during sec- ondary succession (years since cutting-and-burning, r2= 0.90). Thus, disturbance adapted early successional species display a set of traits (short leaf life-span, high SLA and Amax and a steep slope of Amax-N) conducive to resource acquisition and rapid growth in their high resource regeneration niches. The significance and form of the Amax-N relationship were associated with the rela- tive nutrient limitations in the three late successional communities. At species and community levels, Amax was more highly dependent on N in the N-limited Caatinga than in the P- and N-limited Bana and least in the P- and Ca-limited Tierra Firme on oxisol- and dif- ferences among these three communities in their mass- based Ama slope reflects this pattern (6.0, 2.4, and 0.7 pmol CO2 (g N)- 1 s-1, respectively). Among all 23 spe- cies, the estimated leaf N.... needed to reach compensa- tion (net photosynthesis ~ zero) was positively related to the A.... -N.... slope and to dark respiration rates and negatively related to leaf life-span. Variation among species in the Amax-N slope was well correlated with potential photosynthetic N use efficiency, Ama x per unit leaf N. The dependence of Ama x on N and the form of the relationship vary among Amazonian species and com- munities, consistent with both relative availabilities of N, P, and other mineral nutrients, and with intrinsic ecophysiological characteristics of species adapted to habitats of varying resource availability.
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: Ohanian and Ruffini's Gravitation and Spacetime, Second Edition, the authors is the best book on the market today of 500 pages or less on gravitation and general relativity.
Abstract: Now more than ever, Gravitation and Spacetime, Second Edition, by Hans C. Ohanian and new coauthor Remo Ruffini, deserves John Wheeler's praise as "the best book on the market today of 500 pages or less on gravitation and general relativity." Gravitation and Spacetime has been thoroughly updated with the most exciting finds and hottest theoretical topics in general relativity and cosmology. Highlights of the revision include the rise and fall of the fifth force, principles and applications of gravitational lensing, COBE's spectacular confirmation of the blackbody spectrum of the cosmic thermal radiation, theories of dark matter and inflation, and the early universe as a testing ground for particle physicists' unification theories, and much, much more. The ideal choice for a graduate-level introduction to general relativity, Gravitation and Spacetime is also suitable for an advanced undergaduate course.
TL;DR: It is concluded that delayed transfer to the OR remains a problem with significant BP deterioration during delay, particularly following interfacility transfer, and staged injury isolation and repair to allow better resuscitation and warming may lead to improved results.
Abstract: To characterize causes of death in the operating room (OR) following major trauma, a retrospective review of admissions to eight academic trauma centers was conducted to define the etiology of death and challenges for improvement in outcome. Five hundred thirty seven OR deaths of 72,151 admissions were reviewed for mechanism of injury, physiologic findings, resuscitation, patterns of injury, surgical procedures, cause of death, and preventability. Blunt injuries accounted for 61% of all injuries, gunshot wounds (GSW) accounted for 74% of penetrating injuries. Sixty two percent of all patients arrived in shock. Average blood pressure (BP) was 52 mm Hg at the scene and 60 mm Hg on admission, with the period of shock > 10 minutes in 74%. Only 56% were resuscitated to a BP > 90 mm Hg before surgery. Average time to the OR was 30.1 minutes and mean best postresuscitation pH was 7.18. Mean best OR temperature was 32.2 degrees C. Recurrent injury patterns judged as the primary cause of patient death included head/neck injury (16.4%), chest injury (27.4%), and abdominal injury (53.4%). Actual cause of death was bleeding (82%), cerebral herniation (14.5%), and air emboli (2.2%). A different strategy for improved outcome was identified in 54 patients with the following conclusions: (1) delayed transfer to the OR remains a problem with significant BP deterioration during delay, particularly following interfacility transfer; (2) staged injury isolation and repair to allow better resuscitation and warming may lead to improved results; (3) combined thoraco-abdominal injuries, particularly with thoracic aortic disruption, often require a different sequence of management; (4) aggressive evaluation of retroperitoneal hematomas is essential; (5) OR management of severe liver injuries remains a technical challenge with better endpoints for packing needed; and (6) resuscitative thoracotomy applied to OR patients in extremis from exsanguination offers little.
TL;DR: Treatment of malignant pericardial effusion must be individualized with consideration given to the patient's condition and tumor type, the success rates and risks of the various modalities, and local availability and expertise.
Abstract: Objective —To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of malignant pericardial Objective—To fusion and focus on quantitating the success and complication rates of the many treatment modalities and updating recent advances in the field Data Sources —English-language publications were identified by a computerized search (MEDLINE) of these key words:cancer, tumor, malignancy, pericardium, andpericardial effusion This computerized search was supplemented by a manual search of the bibliographies of original research articles and textbooks Study Selection —Studies were included if the outcome of patients undergoing treatment for malignant pericardial effusion was reported separately from the outcome of patients with other causes of pericardial effusions Studies that only reported the combined results of patients with malignant and nonmalignant effusions were excluded Data Extraction —To determine success rates for the various treatment modalities, we examined freedom from symptomatic recurrence of pericardial effusion requiring reintervention as the key end point Where appropriate, we also examined procedural mortality rates Results —Initial relief of symptoms is achieved in most cases with percutaneous pericardiocentesis that, with echocardiographic guidance, can be performed with low morbidity and mortality In many cases, drainage for several days with an indwelling catheter alleviates the effusion without subsequent recurrence Systemic antitumor therapy with chemotherapy or radiation therapy is effective in controlling malignant effusions in cases of sensitive tumors such as lymphomas, leukemias, and breast cancer Local sclerotherapy with tetracycline hydrochloride or bleomycin sulfate is also effective and associated with low morbidity Sclerotherapy with other agents or radionuclides offers no advantages Of the several surgical options, subxiphoid pericardiotomy has the advantage of low morbidity and mortality, can often be performed under local anesthesia, and is highly effective in preventing recurrence Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy has recently been described This intervention is performed with local anesthesia, is effective in preventing reaccumulation, and has a low morbidity Conclusions —Treatment of malignant pericardial effusions must be individualized with consideration given to the patient's condition and tumor type, the success rates and risks of the various modalities, and local availability and expertise (JAMA 1994;272:59-64)
TL;DR: The authors suggest that ambiguity and context may be just as important in classical condi tioning as they are in linguistics, and suggest that Pavlovian cues have multiple meanings, and the behavior they evoke also depends on the cur rent context.
Abstract: Ambiguity is a fundamental as pect of language. Words and phrases often have more than one meaning. The ambiguity is resolved, at least in part, by information pro vided by the context. For example, "Fire!" has different meanings, and evokes very different responses, in the movie theater and in the shoot ing gallery. I would like to suggest that ambiguity and context may be just as important in classical condi tioning. When Pavlovian cues have multiple meanings, the behavior they evoke also depends on the cur rent context.
TL;DR: A correlation between Th1-like cell responses and pathogenicity in CVB3 infection is indicated, indicating that the sex-associated hormones have either a direct or indirect effect on CD4+ lymphocyte responses in this model.
Abstract: Male and female BALB/c mice differ dramatically in susceptibility to myocarditis subsequent to coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. CVB3 infection of male mice results in substantial inflammatory cell infiltration of the myocardium, and virus-immune lymphocytes from these animals give predominantly a Th1 cell phenotypic response, as determined by predominant immunoglobulin G2a isotypic antibody production and elevated numbers of gamma interferon and interleukin-2 (IL-2)-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes. Females infected with the same virus give predominantly a Th2 cell phenotypic response, as determined by preferential immunoglobulin G1 antibody isotypic responses and increased precursor frequencies of IL-4- and IL-5-producing CD4+ T cells. Treatment of females with testosterone or males with estradiol prior to infection alters subsequent Th subset differentiation, suggesting that the sex-associated hormones have either a direct or indirect effect on CD4+ lymphocyte responses in this model. Treatment of females with 0.1 mg of monoclonal antibody to IL-4 reduces precursor frequencies of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells and increases frequencies of gamma interferon-producing cells. This treatment also enhances myocardial inflammation, indicating a correlation between Th1-like cell responses and pathogenicity in CVB3 infection. The Th2-like cell may regulate Th1 cell activation. Adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes from CVB3-infected female mice into male animals suppresses the development of myocarditis in the recipients. Treatment of the female donors with monoclonal antibodies to either CD3, CD4, or IL-4 molecules abrogates suppression.
TL;DR: The data suggest that normal hemostasis may be initiated by the factor VIIa-tissue factor complex and support the concept of multiple feedback reactions which amplify and propagate the hemostatic response.
TL;DR: The results suggest the following signal transduction scheme for activation of K+ currents by C GRP in arterial smooth muscle: (1) CGRP stimulates adenylyl cyclase, which leads to an elevation of cAMP; (2) cAMP activates protein kinase A, which opens ATP‐sensitive K+ channels.
Abstract: 1. Whole-cell K+ currents activated by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in smooth muscle cells enzymatically isolated from rabbit mesenteric arteries were measured in the conventional and perforated configurations of the patch clamp technique. The signal transduction pathway from CGRP receptors to activation of potassium currents was investigated. 2. CGRP (10 nM) activated a whole-cell current that was blocked by glibenclamide (10 microM), an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Elevating intracellular ATP reduced glibenclamide-sensitive currents. CGRP increased the glibenclamide-sensitive currents by 3- to 6-fold in cells dialysed with 0.1 mM ATP, 3.0 mM ATP or in intact cells. The reversal potential of the glibenclamide-sensitive current in the presence of CGRP shifted with the potassium equilibrium potential, while its current-voltage relationship exhibited little voltage dependence. 3. Forskolin (10 microM), an adenylyl cyclase activator, Sp-cAMPS (500 microM) and the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A increased glibenclamide-sensitive K+ currents 2.1-, 3.3- and 8.2-fold, respectively. 4. Nitric oxide and nitroprusside did not activate glibenclamide-sensitive K+ currents. 5. Dialysis of the cell's interior with inhibitors of protein kinase A (synthetic peptide inhibitor, 4.6 microM or H-8, 100 microM) completely blocked activation of K+ currents by CGRP. 6. Our results suggest the following signal transduction scheme for activation of K+ currents by CGRP in arterial smooth muscle: (1) CGRP stimulates adenylyl cyclase, which leads to an elevation of cAMP; (2) cAMP activates protein kinase A, which opens ATP-sensitive K+ channels.
TL;DR: The under reporting of energy intake increased with the amount of adiposity in women, and none of the physiological variables were significantly correlated with over- or underreporting of energy Intake.
TL;DR: This paper provides an overview of trends in research into nonthermal mechanisms as a preliminary to the next WFUMB Symposium on Safety of Medical Ultrasound when this subject will be examined in detail by a select group of international experts.
Abstract: This overview of bioeffects of ultrasound presents some key aspects of selected papers dealing with biophysical end-points. Its purpose is to establish a basis for exposure and dosimetric standards for medical ultrasonic equipment. It is intended to provide essential background resource material for the medical/scientific community, and more specifically for scientific working groups. This document was prepared by members of the Safety Committee of the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. It was produced as a resource document in response to a request for information by Working Group 12 (Ultrasound exposure parameters) of the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee 87, Ultrasonics. IEC TC 87, WG12 is the working group responsible for generating international standards for the classification of equipment by its acoustic fields based on safety thresholds. Our paper is intended to update and supplement information on the thermal mechanism provided in the publication, "WFUMB Symposium on Safety and Standardisation in Medical Ultrasound: Issues and Recommendations Regarding Thermal Mechanisms for Biological Effects of Ultrasound" (WFUMB 1992). It also provides an overview of trends in research into nonthermal mechanisms as a preliminary to the next WFUMB Symposium on Safety of Medical Ultrasound when this subject will be examined in detail by a select group of international experts. The WFUMB-sponsored workshop will take place in Utsunomiya, Japan during 11-15th July, 1994. The purpose of the meeting is to evaluate the scientific literature and to formulate internationally accepted recommendations on the safe use of diagnostic ultrasound that may be endorsed as official policy of the WFUMB. It should be noted that the current publication is not intended for review or endorsement as an official WFUMB document. It is produced as a scientific paper by individuals who are members of the WFUMB Safety Committee, and it therefore represents the opinions of the authors. Nevertheless, during the preparation of this document, contributions were received from members of the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee 87 as well as many other individual experts, and the authors sincerely acknowledge their support.
TL;DR: The cdc42+ gene is disrupted and shown that it is essential for growth, and three site-specific mutations in the Cdc42p GTP-binding domains that correspond to dominant-lethal mutations in S. cerevisiae CDC42 are generated.
Abstract: Cdc42p is a highly conserved low-molecular-weight GTPase that is involved in controlling cellular morphogenesis. We have isolated the Cdc42p homolog from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by its ability to complement the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc42-1ts mutation. S. pombe Cdc42p is 85% identical in predicted amino acid sequence to S. cerevisiae Cdc42p and 83% identical to the human Cdc42p homolog. The Cdc42p protein fractionates to both soluble and particulate fractions, suggesting that it exists in two cellular pools. We have disrupted the cdc42+ gene and shown that it is essential for growth. The cdc42 null phenotype is an arrest as small, round, dense cells. In addition, we have generated three site-specific mutations, G12V, Q61L, and D118A, in the Cdc42p GTP-binding domains that correspond to dominant-lethal mutations in S. cerevisiae CDC42. In contrast to the S. cerevisiae cdc42 mutations, the S. pombe cdc42 mutant alleles were not lethal when overexpressed. However, the cdc42 mutants did exhibit an abnormal morphological phenotype of large, misshapen cells, suggesting that S. pombe Cdc42p is involved in controlling polarized cell growth.
TL;DR: Students exposed to the media-plus-school interventions were found to be at lower risk for weekly smoking than those receiving school interventions only, indicating that the effects of the combined interventions persisted 2 years after the interventions' completion.
Abstract: The long-term cigarette smoking prevention effects of mass media and school interventions were assessed. Adolescents in two communities received both mass media and school interventions; those in two matching communities received only school interventions. Surveys of 5458 students were conducted at baseline in grades 4 through 6 and 2 years after the 4-year interventions were completed, when students were in grades 10 through 12. Students exposed to the media-plus-school interventions were found to be at lower risk for weekly smoking (odds ratio = 0.62, 95% confidence interval = 0.49, 0.78) than those receiving school interventions only, indicating that the effects of the combined interventions persisted 2 years after the interventions' completion.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Evidence that exercise training reduces the amount of body weight lost as fat-free mass during diet-induced weight loss is provided and sex differences do not seem to exist with respect to the composition of diet- induced weight loss.
Abstract: A meta-analysis was performed to examine how exercise training and gender influence the composition of diet-induced weight loss. The groups did not differ with respect to either the amount of body weight lost (mean = -10 +/- 1.4 kg) or fat mass lost (mean = -8 +/- 1.1 kg). However, exercise training significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the amount of body weight lost as fat-free mass compared to dietary restriction only (DO) for the same sex. The percentage of weight lost as fat-free mass for diet-plus-exercise (DPE) subjects was approximately half (P < 0.05) of that for DO subjects of the same sex (DO males = 28 +/- 4% of weight lost as fat-free mass; DPE males = 13 +/- 6%, DO females = 24 +/- 2%, DPE females = 11 +/- 3%). These data provide evidence that exercise training reduces the amount of body weight lost as fat-free mass during diet-induced weight loss. In addition, sex differences do not seem to exist with respect to the composition of diet-induced weight loss.
TL;DR: A mathematical simulation of the tissue factor pathway to the generation of thrombin has been developed using a combination of empirical, estimated, and deduced rate constants for reactions involving the activation of factor IX, X, V, and VIII, as well as rate constant for the assembly of the coagulation enzyme complexes.
TL;DR: Psychoeducational multiple-family groups were more effective than single-family treatment in extending remission, especially in patients at higher risk for relapse, with a cost-benefit ratio of up to 1:34.
Abstract: Recent studies suggest that the multiple-family group is a preferable vehicle for assisting families and treating and rehabilitating persons with schizophrenia within a psychoeducational clinical framework. This approach is probably the most cost-effective treatment for schizophrenia developed since antipsychotic medication.
TL;DR: In some rats, there were persistent decreases in morphine or cocaine intake for several days after a single injection or after two or three weekly injections of one or another of these alkaloids; R-ibogamine produced such effects more consistently than any of the other alkaloid effects.
TL;DR: Analysis of myosin mixtures data suggest that: (1) the two myosins in the mixture interact mechanically and (2) the same force-velocity relationship describes aMyosin's ability to operate over both positive and negative forces.
Abstract: Differences in the mechanical properties of mammalian smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle have led to the proposal that the myosin isozymes expressed by these tissues may differ in their molecular mechanics. To test this hypothesis, mixtures of fast skeletal, V1 cardiac, V3 cardiac and smooth muscle (phosphorylated and unphosphorylated) myosin were studied in an in vitro motility assay in which fluorescently-labelled actin filaments are observed moving over a myosin coated surface. Pure populations of each myosin produced actin filament velocities proportional to their actin-activated ATPase rates. Mixtures of two myosin species produced actin filament velocities between those of the faster and slower myosin alone. However, the shapes of the myosin mixture curves depended upon the types of myosins present. Analysis of myosin mixtures data suggest that: (1) the two myosins in the mixture interact mechanically and (2) the same force-velocity relationship describes a myosin's ability to operate over both positive and negative forces. These data also allow us to rank order the myosins by their average force per cross-bridge and ability to resist motion (phosphorylated smooth > skeletal = V3 cardiac > V1 cardiac). The results of our study may reflect the mechanical consequence of multiple myosin isozyme expression in a single muscle cell.
Case Western Reserve University1, University of Tennessee Health Science Center2, National Institutes of Health3, George Washington University4, Wayne State University5, University of Miami6, University of Texas at Austin7, University of Alabama at Birmingham8, Dartmouth College9, University of Vermont10, Brown University11
TL;DR: Prophylactic use of intravenous immune globulin failed to reduce the incidence of hospital-acquired infections in very-low-birth-weight infants and had no effect on respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intracranial hemorrhage, the duration of hospitalization, or mortality.
Abstract: Background Nosocomial infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. As a rule, their low serum gamma globulin levels at birth subsequently decline to hypogammaglobulinemic values; hence, prophylactic administration of intravenous immune globulin may reduce the rate of hospital-acquired infections. Methods In this prospective, multicenter, two-phase controlled trial, 2416 infants were stratified according to birth weight (501 to 1000 g and 1001 to 1500 g) and randomly assigned to an intravenous immune globulin group (n = 1204) or a control group (n = 1212). Control infants were given placebo infusions during phase 1 of the study (n = 623) but were not given any infusions during phase 2 (n = 589). Infants weighing 501 to 1000 g at birth were given 900 mg of immune globulin per kilogram of body weight, and infants weighing 1001 to 1500 g at birth were given a dose of 700 mg per kilogram. The immune globulin infusions were repeated every 14 days until the infants weighed 1800 g...
TL;DR: These results systematically replicate and extend to humans prior findings in laboratory animals demonstrating that the availability of alternative, nondrug reinforcers can significantly decrease cocaine use.