University of Vermont

About: University of Vermont is a education organization based out in Burlington, Vermont, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 17592 authors who have published 38251 publications receiving 1609874 citations. The organization is also known as: UVM & University of Vermont and State Agricultural College.

Obesity and asthma

Abstract: Obesity is a vast public health problem and both a major risk factor and disease modifier for asthma in children and adults. Obese subjects have increased asthma risk, and obese asthmatic patients have more symptoms, more frequent and severe exacerbations, reduced response to several asthma medications, and decreased quality of life. Obese asthma is a complex syndrome, including different phenotypes of disease that are just beginning to be understood. We examine the epidemiology and characteristics of this syndrome in children and adults, as well as the changes in lung function seen in each age group. We then discuss the better recognized factors and mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis, focusing particularly on diet and nutrients, the microbiome, inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation, and the genetics/genomics of obese asthma. Finally, we describe current evidence on the effect of weight loss and mention some important future directions for research in the field.

Comparison of Multiple-Pass 24-Hour Recall Estimates of Energy Intake With Total Energy Expenditure Determined By the Doubly Labeled Water Method in Young Children

Abstract: Objective This study determined the accuracy of the multiple-pass 24-hour recall method for estimating energy intake in young children by comparing it with measurements of total energy expenditure made using the doubly labeled water method. Design Three multiple-pass 24-hour recalls were obtained over a 14-day period to estimate mean energy intake. Total energy expenditure was measured over the same 14-day period under free-living conditions using the doubly labeled water technique. Subjects/setting Twenty-four children between the ages of 4 and 7 years were tested at the General Clinical Research Center/Sims Obesity Nutrition Research Center at the University of Vermont. Statistical analysis t Tests, paired t tests, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, pairwise comparison to show relative bias and limits of agreement, and regression analysis were used to test the relationships among study variables. Results No difference was found between 3-day mean energy intake and total energy expenditure for the group ( t =2.07, P =.65). The correlation between individual measures of energy intake and total energy expenditure was not statistically significant ( r =.25, P =.24). Conclusions Data from 3 days of multiple-pass 24-hour recalls were sufficient to make valid group estimates of energy intake. The method was not precise for individual measurements of energy intake. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:1140-1144.

ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT: Pathways and Processes of Risk and Resilience

Abstract: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . ... ........ ... . .. . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 EMERGENT THEMES IN THEORY AND RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE...... ............ 267 Models of Adolescent Development: Transactional, Interdisciplinary, and Contextual Approaches........... ....... . ........ ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ .......................... .... 267 Pathways and Trajectories of Development .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... 27 1 Processes of Risk and Resilience . .... . . . . . . . . .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... . . . . . . . ..... . . . . ........ 273 EXEMPLARY RESEARCH ON PROBLEMS OF ADOLESCENCE . . ....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Aggression and Antisocial Behavior .......... . . . . .. .... .............................................. . . ............ .... 274 Depression During Adolescence.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... 279 EMERGENT THEMES ON ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT . . .. ............ .... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 CONCLUSION .............................. .................................................................... ........................ 287

Elementary Ca2+ signals through endothelial TRPV4 channels regulate vascular function

Abstract: Major features of the transcellular signaling mechanism responsible for endothelium-dependent regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone are unresolved. We identified local calcium (Ca(2+)) signals ("sparklets") in the vascular endothelium of resistance arteries that represent Ca(2+) influx through single TRPV4 cation channels. Gating of individual TRPV4 channels within a four-channel cluster was cooperative, with activation of as few as three channels per cell causing maximal dilation through activation of endothelial cell intermediate (IK)- and small (SK)-conductance, Ca(2+)-sensitive potassium (K(+)) channels. Endothelial-dependent muscarinic receptor signaling also acted largely through TRPV4 sparklet-mediated stimulation of IK and SK channels to promote vasodilation. These results support the concept that Ca(2+) influx through single TRPV4 channels is leveraged by the amplifier effect of cooperative channel gating and the high Ca(2+) sensitivity of IK and SK channels to cause vasodilation.

Presenting quantitative information about decision outcomes: a risk communication primer for patient decision aid developers

Abstract: Making evidence-based decisions often requires comparison of two or more options. Research-based evidence may exist which quantifies how likely the outcomes are for each option. Understanding these numeric estimates improves patients’ risk perception and leads to better informed decision making. This paper summarises current “best practices” in communication of evidence-based numeric outcomes for developers of patient decision aids (PtDAs) and other health communication tools. An expert consensus group of fourteen researchers from North America, Europe, and Australasia identified eleven main issues in risk communication. Two experts for each issue wrote a “state of the art” summary of best evidence, drawing on the PtDA, health, psychological, and broader scientific literature. In addition, commonly used terms were defined and a set of guiding principles and key messages derived from the results. The eleven key components of risk communication were: 1) Presenting the chance an event will occur; 2) Presenting changes in numeric outcomes; 3) Outcome estimates for test and screening decisions; 4) Numeric estimates in context and with evaluative labels; 5) Conveying uncertainty; 6) Visual formats; 7) Tailoring estimates; 8) Formats for understanding outcomes over time; 9) Narrative methods for conveying the chance of an event; 10) Important skills for understanding numerical estimates; and 11) Interactive web-based formats. Guiding principles from the evidence summaries advise that risk communication formats should reflect the task required of the user, should always define a relevant reference class (i.e., denominator) over time, should aim to use a consistent format throughout documents, should avoid “1 in x” formats and variable denominators, consider the magnitude of numbers used and the possibility of format bias, and should take into account the numeracy and graph literacy of the audience. A substantial and rapidly expanding evidence base exists for risk communication. Developers of tools to facilitate evidence-based decision making should apply these principles to improve the quality of risk communication in practice.